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JOURNAL 


OF THE 


NEW YORK 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Devoted to Gntomology in General. 


Volume VI, 1898. 


EDITED BY Wm. BEUTENMULLER. 


NEW YORK. 
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, 
QUARTERLY. 

1898. 


PRESS OF 
THe New Era Printinc Company 


LANCASTER, Pa. 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME VI. 


Baker, Cari F., 
Notes on einionantens with Descriptions of Four New Species, 53 


Banks, NATHAN, 
Some Mexican Phalangida, . : : ; ‘ : 181 


BEUTENMULLER, WILLIAM, 
Note on the Nest of Vespa Crabro, : ; : . 199 
Three New Species of Sesiidz, : ; : : : 140 


Casey, Tuos. L., 
Studies in the Ptinide, Cioidz and Sphindidz of America, . 61 


Coeuinterr, D. W., 


Notes and Descriptions of Oscinidz, : : : ; 44 
On the Dipterous Family Scatophagide, . : : / 160 
A New Dipterous Genus belonging to the Therevide, i 187 
Descriptions of Some Lepidopterous Larve, : ; . 249 


Davis, Wo. T., 
Preliminary List of the Dragonflies of Staten Island, with Notes 
and Dates of Capture, : ; ; : : : 195 


Dyar, Harrison G., 
The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars, XIV 


—XVII, ; : : I, 94, 151, 241 
New American Moths and Saompanedl INOLESS* aus 33 
On the Larve of Certain Nematinz and een maith 

Descriptions of New Species, : : 123 
Descriptions of Larvz of Hemileucids from the ie eenne 

Republic, : : , ‘ ‘ . DeG 
Life-History of Calvin Sigeene : 158 


Notes on Certain South American Cochlidiidee and Allied 
Families, : : : 4 : : ; , , ea 


iv CONTENTS. 


GiR@IE, dels 1Roy 
An homet to Classify the Holarctic see ae from the 
Specialization of the Wings, II, . : : : ; Oo 
Reply to Dr. Dyar’s Note, : é ; Me (ES 


HOLianp, W. J., 
Notes on Lepidoptera, . : ; ; 5 ; : Se 


KuNnzE, RICHARD E., 
Life-History of the Two Forms of Cerura Nivea, . ; » 188 


MorTrer, Murray GALT, 
A Contribution to the Study of the Fauna of the Grave.—A Study 
of One Hundred and Fifty Disinterments with Some Addi- 
tional Observations, . : : : : : f 201 


ScHaus, WILLIAM, 
New Species of Noctuids: from Tropical America,’ * .~ ‘. 107 
New Species of Heterocera from Tropical America, . : 138 


SEIFERT, OTTO, 
Life-History of Feralia Jocosa, . elie’ s ies Repetto) 


SMITH, JOHN B., 
Notes on lspenes of Noctua, with Descriptions of New Forms, 98 


‘TOWNSEND, C. H. T., -: 
Diptera from he Lower Rio Gunde or . Tamaulipan Fauna of 
Mexasy ellen: : : . : , : : eS) 


TOWNSEND, C. H. T., and CockERELL, T. D. A., ; 
Coccidz Collected in Mexico by Messrs. Townsend and Koebele 
TTS O7 7 = ; : ANS ae ; ‘ 165 


WEBSTER, F. M., 
Notes and Development of Drasteria Erechtea,  . : ; 27 


Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, 199, 251 


TOUR NATL 


New Bork Entomological Boriety, 
Vol. VI ets hk eee “ERE } No. < 


THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK 
SLUG CATERPILLARS.—XIII-XIV. 


PLATE I, FIGS. I-12. 
By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., PH.D. 


Packardia geminata Packard. 


1864—Cyrtosta geminata PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, III, 343. 

1864— Cyrtosia albipunctata PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 344, 
1865—Cyrtosia ocellata GROTE, Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil. 1V, 322. 
1866—Lackardia geminata GROTE & RoBinson, Ann, Lyc, N. H, N. Y, VIII, 


1880—fackaraia goodellit GROTE, Can. Ent. XII, 242. 

1894— Fackardia geminata, albipunctata NEUMOEGEN & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. 
Ent. Soc, II, 109. 

Larva. 

1891—Dyak, Trans. Am. Ent, Soc. XVIII, 157. 

1891—Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIII, 277. 

1893—PACKARD, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 107. (as “ Larva of Hetero- 
genea ( lortricidia ?)”) 

1894—Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 222. 


SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS. 


Dorsal space moderately broad, flat, narrowing to both extremities, 
arched; lateral space broad, oblique, narrowing to the ends; subven- 
tral space two-thirds as wide as the lateral one, distinct, only slightly 
retreating, suddenly narrowed in front, tapering behind. Ridges 
tubercular and setiferous till the last molt, then smooth ; subdorsal 
ridge obsolete, indicated by the rounded angular change in direction 
between back and sides; lateral ridge slight, dividing the lateral and 
subventral spaces, subtubercular even in the last stage. Setze at last 
rudimentary ; in stage I with the structure and arrangement of Afoda 
y-inversa except that the subdorsal spines have the short branch very 


2 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI. 


rudimentary and the third spine of joint 2 is lacking. Body elongated, 
sides subparallel, rounded toward the anterior end, joint 13 produced 
into a slender pointed tail. Skin covered with large, irregular, conic 
not contiguous, clear granules. Depressed spaces (1) to (8) present, 
small, ill defined, but devoid of the coarse granules. Color very 
whitish green, opaque; a white line along the subdorsal ridge with 
upper dark green, clear border. The centers of the depressed spaces are 
also whitish, but obscured in the general white shading; (1) and (4) 
have green centers, but not contrasting. A fainter white line along 
lateral ridge and subventral edge. ‘The larva is whiter than the backs 
of the leaves on which it rests, a condition necessary to offset the dark 
shade which its thickness produces when looked at from beneath. The 
larva stands about on the same level as 4. y-znversa in degree of speciali- 
zation, exceeding it in the presence of the tail-like modification and 
slightly more reduced setze of stage I, but falling behind in coloration. 


AFFINITIES, HABITS, ETC. 


This species belongs to the group of which Afoda biguttata is typical, 
the palaearctic smooth Eucleids. It departs a little from this type as 
noted above, but not in important characters. Its nearest ally is the 
other species of the genus, /. elegans. ‘The moths emerge unusually 
early in the season, at the same time as Zordricidia testacea, at or be- 
fore the middle of June. The females rest quietly and do not fly at 
all till after pairing, even though several nights intervene.* Normally 
emergence from the pupa takes place during the day, the moths pair 
the subsequent night and the eggs are deposited in the next night. 
Flight of the males begins rather late at night, not till after 9:30 
P. M.. The eggs are deposited singly on the under side of the 
leaves. The larvee frequent dry woods and bushes on the edges of 
fields. ‘They do not inhabit damp or dark locations. Very often the 
larvee are found on low small plants only a few inches from the ground, 
and they are never high feeders. Larvze occurred not uncommonly at 
Bellport, Long Island, in a dry pine and oak woods on small wild cherry 
bushes which had about six leaves apiece and did not exceed a foot in 
height. 


*Most 9 Eucleids fly on the second night after emergence, and if not mated 
the previous night, refuse the g entirely. Pobdetron and Calydia are an exception, 
for they will mate after an infertile flight, but in this case the eggs are without 
vitality, most only proceeding to the first embryonic stages, and those that do hatch 
never live to mature. 


March, 1898.) DYAR: LIFE-HisToriEs or N. Y. StuG CATERPILLARS. 38 


This species has a northern range. I obtained it at Jefferson High- 
lands, N. H., in the White Mountains, where only a few species of 
Eucleidz are found. Its southern limit is not known, though it occurs 
throughout New York. It is one of our rarer species, yet locally fairly 
common. 

There are six or seven stages. The former number is here described. 
When seven stages occur, the extra one is interpolated after stage V. 
It resembles stage V closely, the white depressed spaces being a little 
more distinct, setze large. The larva under observation fell behind in 
length from the measurements given more and more in each stage, but 
attained the same final size, owing tothe extra stage. The young larva 
possesses distinct urticating power, in spite of the absence of stinging 
spines. The sharp setz, though not converted into true spines, proba- 
bly function similarly. 


CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS. 


I have given the characters of the mature larva several times. I sup- 
pose Dr. Packard’s brief description of an unidentified form to have 
been taken from this species, although the description is scarcely deter- 
minate. It could hardly be anything else, however. 

In the present descriptions I have gone a little beyond my brief in 
including in the synomymy the dark forms albipunctata, goodellit and 
_ ocellata. Nothing but the pale form gemnata was bred from these larvze, 
so that there is a possibility of another species. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL. 


£gg.—Rather narrowly elliptical, flat as usual, translucent white on 
glass, shining like a wet spot on the back of the leaf; 1.3.7.1 mm. 
Reticulations rather distict all over the egg, but much rounded, like cir- 
cular shallow pits, varying a little in size. They hatch in 14 days. 

Stage J,—Rounded, thick, tail rounded; spaces all of moderate 
width, the subventral one small. Color translucent whitish. Spines 
transparent, short, clubbed-tipped, the subdorsal ones on joints 5, 7 and 
g, leaning out slightly and the lateral one of joint 5 leaning up. Joint 
2 not much retracted, a large cervical shield with several fine sete. The 
subdorsal spines on joints 4-12 have just a trace of the side branch, seen 
in certain lights as a small irregularity. Skin smooth; slight segmental 
hollows are present dorsally at the upper sides of the bases of the tuber- 
cles. Arrangement of the setz (Plate I, fig. 2), as in Afoda y-inversa 
except that there is only one middle seta on joint 4. The outer third 


4 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


of the seta is everted from the middie portion on hatching, sometimes 
remaining incompletely so. No spines present on first emerging from 
the egg. Length, .g—-1.7 mm. 

Stage J/.—(Plate I, fig. 2.)—Rather elongated elliptical, tail 
rounded quadrate, joint 3 truncate in front. Setze normal, two on the 
subdorsal ridge, one on the lateral, distinct, long, sharp pointed. ‘The 
middle row on the thorax is represented by two setee on joint 3, and by 
one only or a large and a small one on joint 4. Ridges distinct, the 
dorsum and sides concave. Head retracted; joint 2 partly so. Skin 
rather densely frosted with clear conic granules, not contiguous, no- 
where produced into secondary spines. Depressed spaces hardly indi- 
cated (1) as slight hollows, not differentiated by the granules and very 
small. Color pale whitish green, evenly tinted. Length, 1.6-2.5 mm. 

Stage J//.—Narrowly elliptical, tail small, square. Dorsal and 
lateral spaces broad, subventral smaller. Ridges marked, high, seg- 
mentarily tubercular, the setze stiff, black, distinct. Color plate trans- 
lucent whitish green, a faint white line under the subdorsal ridge, not 
reaching either extremity. Skin with remote, low, rounded granules. 
(Plate I, fig. 4), no spines anywhere. Depressed spaces small, shal- 
low, not sharp edged, smooth in the bottom. Length, 2.3-3.5 mm. 

Stage. JV.—Elliptical, tail produced a little and tapering, notched. 
Whitish green, a distinct white band below the skin of subdorsal ridge 
on joints 4-13. Lateral ridge prominent, even with the subventral 
edge or a little beyond it. Dorsal impressed whitish dots (1) distinct 
on the central segments, interrupting the faint green line of the dorsal 
vessel. Skin smooth except for the remote, irregular, clear granules, 
the surface slightly sunken to represent the depressed spaces. Length, 
3-5-5-2 mm. 

Stage. V.—Somewhat more like mature larva; tail truncate. Skin 
more densely clear granular, the granules nearly contiguous. Subdorsal 
ridge with a distinct yellowish white line on joints 3-13; a row of dor- 
sal dots (1), only five of them distinct (joints 5~9). Ridges gently un- 
dulating from the outline of rudimentary tubercles. Setze short, distinct. 
Depressed spaces indicated, but like the rest of the skin, granular. 
Color, translucent green, dark, not yellowish. Head green, eyes black. 
Length, 5.2—7 mm. 

Stage Vf.—(Plate I, fig. 6.) Shape as described. Skin granules. 
transparent, contiguous, covering the whole surface. Depressed spaces 
very small, the dorsal (1) smooth, whitish with green centers ; addorsal 
ones (2) absent on the surface, but represented by white dots below the 


March, 1898.] DyAR: LirE-Histories or N. Y. StuGc CATERPILLARS. 5 


skin. Lateral large areas (4) and (6), indicated by pigment under the 
granules, the smaller ones not represented. Tubercles obsolete, setz 
minute. The body is elongate, rather narrow, highest through joints 
7-8. Color, whitish green, becoming whiter during the stage as the pig- 
ment is slowly deposited. A dorsal green line interrupted by the dorsal 
impressed spots, subdorsal lines straight, yellowish white, connected on 
joint 3 and on the tail, edged above with dark green. A row of white 
dashes on the lateral ridge, the large depressed spaces (4) becoming 
whitish with dark centers like (1). Length, 7-11.5 mm. 

Cocoon and pupa as usual. 

food-plants.—Wild cherry, white birch, black birch, oak, bayberry, 
sour gum, hickory and Céethra alnifolia have been observed. 


Packardia elegans /ackard. 


1864— Cyrtosia elegans PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 342. 

1864— Cyrtosia gusca PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 343. 

1881— Fackardia nigripunctata GOODELL, Can. Ent. XIII, 30. 

1891— fackardia elegans Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 157. 

1894— Packardia elegans NEUMOEGEN & Dyar, Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 76. 


LARVA. 


1864— PACKARD, Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 343 (cocoon; no larva), 
1881—GOoDELL, Can. Ent. XIII, 31 (brief desc.). 
1890—PACKARD, 5, Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm. 149 (quotes Goodell). 
1891—Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIII, 277. 

1893—PACKARD, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XX XI, Ioo, 

1894—Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 222. 


SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS. 


Elongate elliptical, rounded before, joint 13 produced into a pointed 
tail. Dorsal space rather narrow, diminishing a little at the ends, 
slightly arched, highest at joints 6-7; lateral space broad, concave; 
subyentral space broad, narrowly retracted in the middle. Ridges 
moderate, the lateral the most distinct, subtubercular, setiferous; smooth 
in the last stage. Skin rather coarsely clear granular, always without 
secondary spines. Depressed spaces feebly developed, (1) and (4) 
show faintly as pale rings, seen by transparency as if at the bottom of 
pits with convergent sides. Pigment unusually scanty ; a band of green 
color extends along the upper half of Jateral area below the subdorsal 
ridge, elsewhere the body is transparent, faintly colored greenish by the 
blood. Dorsal vessel plainly seen and the contents of alimentary canal, 
showing through the dorsal space. At the end of the last stage the 


6 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


pigment fills in somewhat better. Tail conic, sete of joint 13 widely 
separated on it. First stage as in P. geminata. 


AFFINITIES, HABITS, ETC. 


Closely allied to Packardia geminata, differing only slightly. The 
granulation is more dense, appearing earlier in ontogeny, but the pig- 
mentation is much degenerated. ‘The moths do not emerge as early in 
the season as P. geminata, yet fairly early, June 25th to July 2d, in 
my examples. ‘The females are less quiescent than the allied species 
and fly violently if not mated the first night after emergence. After 
this night they will not mate at all, even though males be present, but 
continue to lay infertile eggs, or else refuse to lay and die in a few 
days. ‘The eggs are deposited singly on the under sides of the leaves 
where the larvz live.* The larve frequent dark woods. The deep 
shade seems to be the essential factor as they will occur in any woods 
whether wet or dry if dark enough. I have found them on the thin 
pale leaves in the dry woods on Goat Island at Niagara Falls and also 
in an almost swampy grove in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. 
I have found them on Long Island, not commonly, as dark woods are 
rare on the Island. ‘The larve are low feeders, but not so low as P. 
geminata. As in the case of its ally, the larvee can be found in fair 
numbers by looking in the right places. Except by breeding the moth 
is seldom taken. 


CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS. 


Mr. Goodell mentions the larva without detailed description. Sub- 
sequently it has been described adequately by Dr. Packard and myself. 
Dr. Packard describes a series of dorsal dark green spots which he says 
‘<does not form a tubercle or flattened wart.’’ This is, indeed, very 
true, because the spot is the center of the dorsal depressed space. I 
suppose the only reason for making this statement to be the same false 
idea of the homology of these structures to which I have referred under 
Tortricidia fasctola. 


* Professor Poulton remarks (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, p. 591), ‘it is well 
known that these larvze ( Eucleidz) rest on the upper surface of the leaves of their 
food plants.” I cannot imagine on what this statement is based. Of the nineteen 
species of North American larvze now well known to me, only one ( Phobetron pithe- 
ctum ) ever rests on the upper side of the leaf, and this in the last stage only when 
its peculiar shape and color make it resemble a piece of dead leaf that had fallen from 
above. I cannot well believe that the two European species have different habits 
from our smooth Palzarctic Eucleids. 


March, 1898.] DyAR: LirE-HisToriEs or N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 7 


DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL. 

Zgg.—Elliptical, flat, 1.0.6 .1 mm.; whitish transparent, 
colorless. Reticulations distinct, irregularly quadrangular, narrow, 
raised. In the bright light with the green leaf behind they appear as 
narrow black lines, bordered bya bright area on both side;, the flat 
cell-areas dusky grayish. ‘They hatch in ro or 11 days. 

Stage J.—Just like P. geminata, the spines arranged the same 
(Plate I, fig. 1); all short with irregularly knobbed tips. Branches of the 
sub-dorsal spines just distinguishable as little protuberances. Elliptical, 
rounded, dorsum and sides grooved, subventral space small. Ridges 
smooth, sete colorless. Skin shining, smooth, colorless, transparent ; 
food green; head concolorous. Length, .8-1.4 mm. 

Stage I/,—Obscure, not shining, pale whitish, just tinted with green, 
translucent. Elongate elliptical, narrow, the tail narrowly quadrate. 
Ridges slight, non-tubercular, two setze on subdorsal ridge, one on lat- 
erai ridge, normal, except only one on the middle row of joint 4; black 
tipped and with stout expanded bases. Skin granules small, sparse, low 
conic, clear, alike everywhere, not produced on the ridges. The largest 
depressed spaces, (1) and (4), are indicated as slight hollows. Length, 
I.3—2.1 mm. 

Stage 1//,—Elongate elliptical, narrowing posteriorly, tail rounded, 
not produced. All frosted whitish, scarcely tinted with green. Setz 
distinct, sharp, black tipped, arising from slight tubercles on the subdor- 
sal ridge, distinct conic segmentary ones on the lateral ridge. All of 
skin surface and tubercles covered densely with small low conic clear 
granules, uniformly even over the obsolete depressed spaces, where they 
are scarcely thinner. The granules are very numerous, almost con- 
tiguous, but rounded, not appressed. (Plate I, fig. 5.) The shape is 
now unusually narrow, dorsal space not narrowing much to the ends. 
Very colorless, translucent, the blood only slightly green and no pig- 
ment present. Length, 1.8-3.0 mm. 

Stage [V.—Narrow, elongate, truncate before; tail produced, but 
tubercular like the ridges. Frosted whitish from the granules and, 
therefore, slightly opaque; almost entirely without pigment, the blood 
visible pulsating, slightly green tinted. An obscure whitish dot under 
the subdorsal ridge at each intersegmental space, representing a sub- 
dorsal line. Setz short, black and distinct. Granules small, even, 
dense, but not quite contiguous, running uniformly over the whole sur- 
face; depressed spaces scarcely indicated anywhere. Length, 2.8-4.0 
mm. ‘ 


8 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI. 


Stage V.—Elongate, anterior end rounded, posterior pointed but 
without a well formed tail. Dorsal space moderate, even, but little 
arched, lateral broad, subventral moderate. Ridges low tubercular, 
with distinct dark sete. Skin clear granular, whitish; all very trans- 
parent, green pigment only in the upper half of lateral space, none in 
dorsal space which appears darker from the food showing by transpar- 
ency. A waved subdorsal line, bent inward on the interspaces, free at 
the ends. Depressed spaces not visible, except faint white rings to 
represent the lateral ones (4). Length, 3.8-5.8 mm. 

Stage VI.—Narrowly elliptical with a pointed tail; setee short, black, 
distinct. Pigment in the upper half of lateral space, the rest of the 
body clear green from the blood, translucent and whitish in the edges. 
A wavy yellow subdorsal line, free at the ends. Dorsal depressed 
spaces (1) very faintly indicated by whitish dots, visible centrally only ; 
lateral (4) as large intersegmental white rings, but probably at least 
the glands of all the spaces (1)-(8) are present, as drops of moisture 
were observed in the appropriate position of them all in the larva under 
observation. Skin granules rather coarse, dense, but not contiguous, 
the depressed spaces not differentiated. Length, 5.0-8.5 mm. 

Stage VIJ.—(Plate I, fig. 9, to). Shape as described. Patches 
of pigment in the dorsal space surround the rings of depressed spaces 
(1). Light yellowish green, lateral edge clearer, dorsal space darker. 
A waved, narrow, yellow, subdorsal line, free at the ends; tail 
reddish brown above. The absence of pigment in the dorsal space — 
makes it look hollow, though it is really flat. Six of the depressed 
spaces (1) are visible as white rings, around which more or less light 
emerald green pigment forms in rings, transverse bands or even 
filling all of the dorsal space (Plate I, fig. 10.). The subdorsal 
line is composed of a series of intersegmental, inwardly lunate, joined 
yellow marks. Lateral space to lower edge of depressed spaces (4) 
pigmented light green, (4) large pale rings with dark centers. A trace 
of pale dots along lateral ridge intersegmentally. ‘Tail long, pointed ; 
setee very small, pale. Skin granules rather large, somewhat irregular, 
not quite contiguous, at the largest depressed spaces, (1) and (4), less 
distinctly granular over the slight hollows. A broken white subventral 
line. Length, 7.1-13 mm. 

Cocoon and pupa as usual. 

food-plants.—Linden, witch-hazel, hop-hornbeam, beech, maple, 
black birch, wild cherry, sour-gum, black oak, chestnut, hickory and 
Leucothoé racemosa, have been observed. 


March, 188. ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 9 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 


. Stage I of Packardiu, dorsal view, enlarged, 

. Stage II, side view enlarged. 

. The subdorsal setze of one tubercle, stage II, more enlarged. 
. Granules of Puckardia geminata, stage IIT, enlarged. 

. Granules of Fackardia elegans, stage III, enlarged. 

. Mature larva P. geminaza, three-quarters view. 

. Moth of P. geminata. 

. The same, dark form. var. a/ézpunctata. 

. Mature larva of /. e/egans, three-quarters view, partially pigmented. 
. The same, dorsal view, fully pigmented form. 

. Moth of P. ef gans. 

«12, The same, pale form, var. fresca, 


— 
OO ON AM BW DN Hw 


AN ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY THE HOLARCTIC LEP- 
IDOPTERA FROM THE SPECIALIZATION 
OF THE WINGS. 


PART IL—THE ITAWK AND EMPEROR MOTHS. 
By A. RADCLIFFE GrRoTE, A.M. 


€. Radius 5-branched; vein I1V2 central or cubital; hindwings with intercostal 


ELSA EM detec race Se cnuecvasens coein cdciadeeouess Tes enenenaes Geslsccee’ res SPHINGIDES. 
et. No costal vein (vein J) on primaries; vein III2 absorbed by Radius; 
crossvein degenerate; vein 1V2 decidedly cubital...... ENDROMIDIDZ. 


cr. A costal vein (vein I) on primaries; vein III2 from Radius before ex- 
tremity of cell; crossvein entire ; vein IV2 not decidedly cubital 


SPHINGIDZE. 
®. Radius 3-4 branched; vein 1V2 central or radial; hindwings with no intercostal 
BLOSSUCIMMene ans ret cicias eros ben ree aite SoVeoE ae oH R SN Doe ENE Staeae'e SATURNIADES. 
dre Vein liV2 continuous with vein’ DVls.,.0.....cscers ccs ereees SATURNIAD. 
CoMMCSIROPeN a tccssctecsket cere mncas Seccdces ses soceeesdasesr-ct cea deraceers ATTACINA, 
d2. Cell closed. 
d3. Hindwings without vein VILL, ......c.csscosccersensesteee SATURNIAN, 
demilind wings withsveiny Vil swenssacy cose secis= «cneeses HEMILEUCINA, 
Se ierenee tie Veet VOI (CLOSSVELM Gc. c 5. wav thnsnyacas oes stenasincssecansaioasswases AGLIAD, 


d4. Hindwings without vein VIII. 
d5. Crossvein, between [V2 and IV1, directed obliquely outwardly 


AGLIAN4, 
Pig SREROSSVELTAUELATISVEISE):» sces yea scchercunyecausns Aside ae sacs AUTUMERINA, 
dm bingwings with) veins VLU rer onc.scsssaneeas CITHERONIAD. * 


* This table (C, D), and that of the Day-Butterflies (4, 4), is compiled in ac- 
cordance with the sequence in the Lepidoptera which I recommend, and not altering 
the Linnean arrangement upon opinionative grounds, 


10 .  JouRNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


ENDROMIDID. 


The subprimary tubercles of the larva (3 and 5) in stage I are 
wanting on the thoracic segments (I to IIL). On the abdominal seg- 
ments the subprimary tubercle 6 is also wanting. In the ‘‘ Saturnii- 
den,’’ page 6, I figure abdominal segment, but the bristles marked ‘‘ 6 ’” 
are too low down for this and evidently belong to 7. I indicate this. 
doubt in the text (p. 5). On the same segments the tubercles 5 and 4 
are separate. There appears to me no insuperable objection to the 
view, that Axzdromis represents an isolated form of the Hawk Moth 
stem, separating soon after this stem had emerged from the Tineid 
trunk. The retention of the intercostal vein is then an independent sur- 
vival of a character shared by both when the Endromid branch made its 
separate way. Dyar has enabled us to show that the type of the En- 
dromid larva is opposed to the Saturnian and the latter to the Sphing- 
oid type. The neuration excuses me in considering Audromis as an aber- 
rant Sphingoid type. It is not improbable that the larva of an existing 
generalized Sphinx might throw some light on the matter through a 
comparison of parallel stages. When we turn from the larva to the 
pupa, we find that the segments of the abdomen are capable of move- 
ment in Lxdromis and by their aid the pupa is forced out of the cocoon. 
before exclusion, as in Axthrocera, Cossus and the Tineides gen- 
erally. Preparations before me of Ezdromis and Anthrocera, hatched in 
my breeding cages, show a striking similarity in this habit. The Sphing- 
idze seem to have the habit also, inasmuch as the naked pupa is stated 
to wriggle its way to the surface of the ground to allow the escape of the 
moth. Such species as transform on the surface within a slight cocoon, 
have not, to my knowledge, been observed as to this point. This habit: 
indicates a direct connection of the Sphingides with the Tineides. 
The links between Audromis and Sphinx appear to have dropped out ;. 
also those by which we might more surely trace the relationship between: 
adult forms of the Sphingides and Tineides. Nevertheless, I call atten- 
tion to the fact that the Anthroceridz represent a Tineid branch possi- 
bly related to the stem which threw off the existing Sphingides. 

Leaving these characters, we will consider the neuration. And first 
the shape of the wings is modified, and this probably in accordance 
with the method of flight. Disposed as I am to consider the Sphingides 
and Saturniades as parallel groups, each specialized in a different way, 
and the Saturniades unquestionably the more highly so, I would com- 
pare the Endromididze with the Saturniadze and the Sphingide with the 


March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. ll 


Agliadze (the Citheroniadz especially). For the moment we will con- 
sider and compare the Endromid and Sphingoid wing. The vein on 
costal edge of primaries (vein J) present in the Hawk Moths is absent in 
LEndromis. This vein (or thickening, according to some of the costal 
edge) is found in the Hesperianz but not, so far as Iknow, in the Pam- 
philinz. The most striking difference between Zndromis and Sphinx, 
is found in the evident effort in the former to get rid of vein III2. 
This springs from the Radius, near III1, in the Hawk Moths. In Zn- 
dromis it is absorbed and appears asa short branch before apex.* This is 
a secondary character, belonging to the general direction of a diminution 
in the normal number of the radial veins. ‘This direction has appar- 
ently been followed out and brought to a higher stage throughout the 
Saturniades. But the inequality of its expression is here no indication 
of the phylogeny, seeing that it is everywhere exhibited in different per- 
fection and upon different lines of descent. It is my second direc- 
tion in the general evolution of the lepidopterous wing. 

In my jrst direction,+ the suppression of the Media, Zxdromis has 
progressed further than Sf/zvx. For the cubital direction of vein IV2, 
often only indicated in the Hawk Moths, here becomes assured and evi- 
dent. The crossvein already shows signs of degeneration. The wing, 
in broadening, has lost the strength requisite to sustain swift and pro- 
longed flight. There is, in Azdromis, a less crowding of the veins; 
they do not appear so like rigid and parallel rods. ‘There is a larger 
space between the Cubitus and vein VII, so that VI there appears as a 
fold in the membrane. Both families retain VIII as a loop to VII on 
primaries, and there is no trace of other internal veins. On secondaries 
vein VIII is equally preserved. Looking at the two wings [am met 
with no character which renders it unlikely that they may have had a 
common origin. Here is where positive character may be said to end 
and where the tact and experience of the observer comes into play. 
But, on the threshold of this disputable region, I can yet point to the 
intercostal vein and throw the onus of proof on those who dispute the 
classification. As between Hudromis and Sphinx there is no question 
which has submitted to most specialization in the neuration. In both 


*In Amphidasys betularia the absorption of III2°by IIIt is clearly seen to be 
in process of being carried out. 

+ Perhaps we should call this rather the “second direction,” seeing that the sup- 
pression of the radial veins is used as a primary divisional character of the Suborder, 
but in the lepidoptera, as we find them now, the breaking up of the median system 
excites everywhere the chief interest. 


12 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


main directions Exdromis shows the most progress. Still, weshall have 
to discuss the relation between these specializations and habit, although 
here the matter may detain us no further. 

It may be here remarked that it is not strictly correct to speak of 
the Cubitus ‘* becoming three or four branched.’’ The Cubitus is always 
two-branched. It is the movement of the lower branches of the 
Media, which become varyingly attached to the Cubitus, thereby giving 
the appearance of increasing the number of the cubital veins. In the 
opposite direction, it is the same way with the Radius. 


SPHINGID. 


The absence of homology between the anal horn of the Hawk Moths 
and the similarly situated hypertrophied tubercle of the Emperor Moths 
has been determined by Dyar and is illustrated by me in the ‘‘Satur- 
niiden,” pp. 7-8. The two groups have then no immediate connection 
and the correspondence with the Citheronians is illusory, the common 
habit of pupation of secondary acquirement. The venation, both of 
Endromis and Sphinx, entirely warrants this view of the case. We 
need not detain ourselves with these matters here but pass on to the 
venation. ‘The mass of preparations I have made show me that this offers 
no characters of precision for a division into subfamilies. The wings 
appear cast, like iron, into the same mould. Still there is a play with 
the branches of the Media and it is often not difficult to decide, as be- 
tween distinct forms, which is the more specialized. Harder to embrace 
these forms into groups. A form like Cephonodes picus seems special- 
ized from the amount of absorption of vein I1V1 by the Radius on 
primaries, the retreating, almost vanished cell on secondaries, the fusion 
of IV3 with V1. Cephonodes is more specialized than Hemaris. As 
between Macroglossum and Aellopos it is hard to distinguish ; they seem 
practically identical. The obliquely transverse and rigid crossvein of 
primaries is the same and all goes to show that the position assigned by 
me to Aé//opos in 1865, among the Macroglossians, is correct and that 
its placement among the Cheerocampians in the Philadelphia List is er- 
roneous. A study of the neuration seems to favor the idea that the 
Macroglossians are really the more highly specialized of all the groups. 
‘On the other hand, that portion of the hind wing between Cubitus and 
the anal margin appears generally more lappet-like in the Macroglossians 
(shared by <Aé//opos) as compared with the Elephant Hawk Moths. 
There is a decided indentation of the outer margin between V2 and VII. 
Almost does this character seem a probable test to distinguish the groups. 


% 


March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 1s 


Still, it reappears more or less evidently and constantly not only in the 
Cheerocampians but in the Eyed Hawk Moths; an indentation appears 
in, Sphinx ligustri and Hyloicus pinastri and is replaced by a broad ex- 
cision between Vi and VII in Ditina titie. It appears less evidently in 
elpenor and “ineata. There seems then mainly the movement in the 
branches of the Media, which simply affords a criterion for the relative 
specialization. Judged by this, Acherontia atropos is more specialized 
than the majority of the Smerinthoid types, although it is overlapped by 
tiie and nearly reached by Smerinthus popult.* The shape of the 
secondaries in the Eyed Hawk Moths varies much. This differs even 
in Calasymbolus astylus and Eusmerinthus geminatus, while Copismer- 
inthus oced/ata and the allied North American species are distinguished 
by the tibial claw. 

On the whole, then, the neuration of the Sphingidze offers apparently 
no opposition to the general sequence of Kirby, which is that adopted 
by me in the Buffalo Catalogues, except that I gave the Eyed Hawk 
Moths a central position. But, for probably the true reason, viz., that 
I regarded the Smerinthinz as nearer a more original Sphingoid type, 
from which the present groups have emerged in different directions. I 
was much struck by the resemblance of Amédulyx with Smerinthoid 
genera, and fancied that the Chzerocampians might have had a separate 
and nearer connection with the stem which the Eyed Hawks represent. 
Hence I gave these acentral position. The discovery of Ambulyx sexo- 
culata Grote, strengthened this view of the case. But the arrangement 
of the genera adopted by Kirby is open to betterment in the light 
thrown by the details-of the neuration. This is, however, a matter 
for the future student and need not to be here discussed. 

From an examination of Siberian and European examples I would 
here simply correct Kirby’s list of the species of Smerinthus and Eus- 
merinthus (Cat. pp. 711, 712). Copismerinthus is not a synomym of 
Eusmerinthus Kirby, as wrongly cited (p. 712) but of Smerinthus 
Kirby. This author has not understood the character and mixed the 
species. Lusmerinthus wants, Copismerinthus has, a tibial claw. 


* From a note made by me when examining Latreille’s works, ofzz/i is indi- 
cated as the type of Smerznthus, by being once solety cited. I regret that my note 
is not definite and that I have been unable, despite several efforts, to again consult 
all of Latreille’s publications, Kirby prefers Di/ina of Dalman, 1816, for ¢i/éz, and 
this is probably correct. 


14 JournaAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Eusmerinthus Grt., 1877. Copismerinthus Grt., 1886. 


Type: £. geminatus. Type: C. ceriszz. 
1. kindermanni Led. 1, ocellata Linn. 
2. cecus Mén. v. atlanticus Aust. 
3. planus Walk. 2. cerist Kirb. 
argus Men. opthalmicus Boisd. 
4. geminatus Say. vancouverensis Butl. 
? gamaicensis Dru. 3. ? salicett Boisd. 


The classificator must rely in great part on the body characters, the 
pattern of ornamentation, and, so far as I see, will run no great risk of 
being contradicted by the neurational features overturning his group- 
ings. Nevertheless, when taking the question of specialization in hand, 
the neuration will afford him valuable hints which he will do well to re- 
spect. As to the name for the above genus ( Copzsmerinthus) Kirby has 
adopted my former and original opinion that oce//ata was the type of 
Smerinthus, an opinion I retained in my ‘‘ Hawk Moths of North 
America.’’ But, from my notes of Latreille, I believe ofulz may be 
really the true type of his genus. Whichever way the matter is settled, 
by reference to the original works, I have at least here sorted out the 
species accordingly as the front tibize are or are not armed. The North 
American genera Paonias (for excecatus), Calasymbolus (astylus) seem 
to me on other grounds distinct from each other and from the above. 
(Consult an article on the frenulum of the British species of Smerznthus, 
by Geo. C. Griffiths, Ent. Record. VI, 250.) 


SATURNIADES. 


In the ‘‘ Saturniiden,’’ p. 6, I figured the first larval stage of the Silk- 
worm, Lombyx mori, showing, from the arrangement of the tubercles, 
that this larva was related to the large group circumscribed by Dyar and 
which I had called Agrotides. The Silkworm has therefore to be ex- 
cluded from the Emperor Moths. The Saturniades, cleared of this 
foreign element, have been taxonomically defined by Dyar by the 
presence in the larva of a system of subprimary tubercles, wanting in 
the Sphingides, as here accepted.* The pupa gives the moth within the 
cocoon. The Citheronian habit is not recorded. A nearer relation- 
ship, such as we can show for the Sphingides, with the Tineides is not 
yet indicated. ‘There exists a temptation to regard the Ptochopsychide 


* Mr, Grote has misunderstood me. I separate the Saturniides and Sphingides on 
the position of tubercle iv; neither group has distinguishable sub-primary tubercles. 
Lndromis is a Bombycid except for the absence of sub-primary tubercles in stage I, 
which I do not regard as a strong character at present. I shall return to this point 
elsewhere.—H. G. Dyar. 


March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 15 


and Psychidz as standing in a connection with the ancestral line of the 
Emperor Moths, which may be merely noticed in passing. 

Bearing in mind the two directions in which the evolution of the 
wing is chiefly displayed, we find in the Attacinz their fullest develop- 
ment. In fact the wing of Rothschildia jacobea represents almost the 
ideal apex of the movement. In the frs¢ direction, the Media and its 
system, as such, has completely disappeared. ‘The crossvein has 
vanished. Veins [V2 and IV1 form part of the system of the Radius, 
vein IV3 forms part of that of the Cubitus. ‘That portion of the cross- 
vein, belonging to it morphologically, lying between [V2 and IV1, has 
become physiologically the base of vein IV2*. Jn the second direction, 
the radial branches are reduced to three from five. Added to this, the 
concave inner margin of the secondaries has lost vein VIII. By this 
latter character we are reminded of /agzdio, and that the concave margin 
is a specialization is made clearer in this case by its more excessive de- 
velopment, attended by a shrinking in the length of vein VII, in the 
more specialized Parnassius. 

There will come a time, to speak after the fashion of Mr. Strecker, 
and the ancient Greeks, when the uncritical classification which thrusts 
the Papilionides between the Blues and the Skippers (these latter two, 
as we believe, nearly related) will be read with amazement. The fable 
that the Papilionid wing is the most generalized must give way to the 
view that it is peculiarly specialized by the suppression of vein VIII of 
secondaries. Generalized it is, as compared with Parnassus, but it 
should not be compared with the other butterflies, since it has had a 
different line of development. Undoubtedly, the irritable defense of 
Mr. W. H. Edwards that Papilio has six walking legs and Vymphalis 
only four, was not sufficient to dispel the illusion clinging to the system 
of Bates. It was also felt that the more ideal championship of Wallace, 
that /apilio was so large and complete, could not excuse its being 
placed ‘‘at the head”’ of a phalanx in reality, a phalanx spreading over 
the plain of the present without a leader. All this was perceived, and 
other similar attacks upon a system adopted by my friend Dr. Scudder, 
and thus made part of the supreme cult of Boston, fell equally power- 
less. So that newcomers, rising from obscurity, felt themselves obliged 
to confess the creed as a matter of ‘‘ my opinion,’’ and to follow up the 
futile expression of credo guia ineptum by the statement that ‘‘ the 
sequence is in accord with the more conservative modern classification.’’ 
Where this more conservative modern classification leads to we may see 


* Compare Mittheilungen aus d. Roemer-Museum, No. 8, p. 24. 


16 JourNAaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI-- 


in the case of Mr. Meyrick, who puts the Caradrinidze ‘‘ at the head.’” 
As matters stand Mr. Meyrick will undoubtedly be applauded to the 
echo by Mr. Hulst. Because, in the Lepidoptera, ‘‘students have 
specialized (!) and few collectors, even, go outside of the Macro- 
Lepidoptera.’’ Prof. J. B. Smith has, ‘‘ therefore (?) secured the co- 
operation of Dr. Henry Skinner in the Rhopalocera ;’’? and Dr. Skinner 
warrants the endorsement of the Preface of the Philadelphia List by 
placing the Milkweed Butterfly ‘‘ at the head’”’ of the ‘‘ Nymphalide.” 
After this specimen of ‘‘modern classification’? one may well put the 
List by with the feeling that whatever may be the cardinal error of the: 
Boston creed, neither in Brooklyn or Philadelphia is there any salva- 
tion. The suppression of vein VIII of the secondaries, in the most 
specialized of the Emperor Moths, is a direct monition of the value of 
the character in the Papilionides. In this latter super-family the more 
specialized forms show clearly additional features of advancement, so 
that the lessons taught by the suppression of vein VIII is no longer 
needed to enable us to appreciate their development. The reason why 
this was not considered is, that the gauge for specialization offered by 
the wing was not understood, so that loose notions as to sequence and 
rank were not only permitted, but, the more bizarre they were the more 
they were thought ‘‘scientific,’’ until at last we are landed in the 
anarchy offered us by Mr. Meyrick. 

The Attacinz have served us here for a text upon Pagiiio, and to the 
Emperor Moths we now return. The fact that the diminution of the 
radial veins in a secondary development, occurring in pursuance of 
evolutionary law, up and down throughout the more specialized groups 
(such as the Parnassinze, Pierinze, Lyczeninz, Saturniadz and Agliade), 
is shown by a table published by me separating the genera of Attacinz 
as the Radius is 3 or 4 branched. For a study of the whole insect leads. 
me to regard the 3-branched P/i/osamia as a specialization of the 4- 
branched Adtacus with which its phylogeny probably lies, rather than as- 
nearly related to Sama; with which it has the suppression of III3 in 
common. 

Leaving the Attacinze, with open cell, we come to the more gener- 
alized Saturnianee* with the crossvein present and, so far asI can see, 
almost everywhere at least partially functional. Undoubtedly here is a 


* It is more correct to commence with the more generalized forms, but I have be- 
come convinced that in the Lepidoptera it will always be more practical to adhere to 
the Linnean sequence, and this for a variety of reasons, among them this, that the 
contrary course will never be adopted by “ collectors,” who willthus be deprived of 
the light thrown or reflected by “ scientists.” 


March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 17 


gap. The gradual stages of disintegration of the crossvein, such as I 
found in the Pierinze and Nynphalinz I have not so distinctly met with 
in the Emperor Moths. But the first step towards this stage is marked in 
the Saturniane and has already everywhere attained full expression. It is 
the conversion of the crossvein between IV2 and IV1 into the physio- 
logical base of IVz, so that the crossvein proper seems to lie merely be- 
tween [V2 and IV3 and we can classify the Saturniane under the rubric : 
vein IV2 continuous or on a long stem with veinIVr. That the Satur- 
nian have attained a high relative grade of specialization is seen by the 
loss of vein VIII on secondaries and the absorption of the radical veins 
on primaries. They have lagged behind the Attacinze in the first direc- 
tion: the suppression of the Media and its system. One point more 
and I have done with this typical subfamily. In the Saturniades vein 
VIII appears as a loop to VII on primaries. In Actas and Telea 
(proving the relationship of the dissimilar appearing imagos) this vein 
VIII has an outer inferior spur or prolongation. Is this a trace of the 
vein VIII in its former position as a parallel vein? Or is it a trace of an 
absorbed additional vein? Or is it a sporadic, or extra-growth? We 
notice it in Cas¢nia. Its isolated appearance in two Saturnian genera 
makes it remarkable. Misled by Mr. Meyrick’s figures of Geometridz* 
I at one time thought the curved internal vein of Pagz/io might corre- 
spond to the internal vein figured by him in Veni@ia macularia. But it 
seems not, since the vein figured by Mr. Meyrick does not exist in the 
Geometrid form. . 

Next, we come to the Hemileucine, and here is a case of dis- 
puted classification, a matter I try here to uncover, with the help of the 
annexed diagrams of neuration obtained by photographic process. 
Both Professor Comstock and Dr. Dyar unite my Hemileucinz with my 
Automerinz under one “ family,’’ which they call Hemileucide after 
Packard. The origin of this notion may be traced back to Grote and 
Robinson, who, in 1866, established the group Hemileucini with the 
same contents.+ A glance at the figure of the neuration of Hemileuca 
mata, which may also be found in Professor Comstock’s beautiful Man- 
ual, p. 342 (a book I regret to have only recently become acquainted 
with), shows that its condition is what we might expect from a more 
generalized Saturnian. On the secondaries vein VIII is retained, and 
the retention of this vein is a generalization and repeated everywhere. 
This affords no proof of the want of relationship between Heméleuca 
and Saturnia; if it did, it would equally imply a want of consanguinity 


* Consult : Ill. Wochenschrift fiir Entomologie, Band II, No. 38. 
+ Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 376, October, 1860. 


18 JournaL New York EnTomoLocicaL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI. 


with Auwfomeris. But here it is evidently vein VIII which is added to 
what is, in its total pattern, in its flowing venation, its wide interspac- 
ing, its treatment of the Media and its system, its position of vein 1V2 
—ain all these points—the wing of a Saturnian, not the wing of an 
Aglian. What the addition of vein VIII makes to the wing of an 
Aglian we see in C7theronia. ‘The student will follow me here better by 
a glance at the figures given, in this way complying with Hamlet’s re- 
quest to look first on this picture and then on this. How impossible 
does it not seem, that a classification can be correct (and a classification 
which represents even approximately the phylogeny) which would de- 
rive the Automerid from the Hemileucid wing, or the reverse!’ Is it 
conceivable that the malleable Hemileucid wing should have stiffened 
into the Automerid? Or that the rigid wing of Cvtheronia should have 
produced both? Or to believe with Dyar, that the wing of Ag/a could 
have become transformed into the wing of Saturnia and Attacus, while 
the very wing of Agéa, its pendant, the wing of Aufomeris, should 
break out with Afemilewca? For those who believe in the ‘‘ more con- 
servative modern classification’”’ it will be no argument to appeal to~ 
Hiibner and that this writer considered maza to be a Saturnia; and, 
in fact, we see that Hiibner was often mistaken, such as Professor 
Smith never is. But, in spite of all his mistakes, we believe that here 
Hiibner is quite right; right also, in the ‘“‘Tentamen’’ and in the 
‘¢ Verzeichniss,’’ in recognizing two main groups of the Emperor Moths, 
which we call Saturniade and Agliade, and that Hemmz/ewca belongs 
to the first and Avfomeris to the last. We shall try to make this clearer 
by our remarks on the next family. 


AGLIADA. 


It is to Dr. Packard that we are indebted for calling our attention 
to the fact that Agéa is a specialized Citheronian, and this from other 
grounds than the neuration, grounds we must here pass over. Before 
taking up the neuration of the Agliade, we will revert for an instant to 
ffemileuca again. The vein we call III1 4+ 2 in Hemileuca springs from 
the Radius above the cell. In the Agliade this is the normal condition 
of affairs. Its point of emergence travels upwards a little in Aga, as 
compared with Avtomeris, and herein is the latter the more generalized. 
But in Saturnia it has already been absorbed to a point of issuance 
from III3 + 4, just before the apex. Now, this is just what we would 
expect in a generalized Saturnian, and it follows naturally the presence 
of vein VIII in Hemzleuca. But the type of Saturnia, the long stem 
upon which IVr and IV2 sit, is already fully developed in Memileuca. 


March, 1808. ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. +g 


There remains, then, but the absorption of IlI1 + 2 on primaries, and 
the loss of VIII on secondaries to evolve out of Hemileuca the type of 
Saturnia ; and this without violence and following the lines of evolu- 
tion which we have shown to be followed by the lepidopterous wing. 
Now to form the Hemileucid wing out of the Citheronian or Automerid 
type we must have recourse to violence, and this violence is apparently 
not considered but committed by Professor Comstock and Dr. Dyar. 

The neurational type of Agda and Automeris is practically identical, 
so that their position is parallel to that of Atfacus and Saturnia. We 
may consider them together. ‘They differ exactly by characters on a 
line with the evolutionary advancement we have everywhere pointed 
out. In the jrs¢ direction a hesitating and half-expressed step has 
been taken by Agha. The cross-vein, s#/ uneven, still distinctly rem- 
iniscent of its true character as a crossvein becomes oblique between [V2 
and IVr. Inall the Automerinz from South America I have yet been 
able to study, the cross-vein is transverse asin Automeris zo. The point 
of issuance of III1 + 2 varies somewhat, but little. In this, the second 
direction, as we have above seen, Ag/a is again more specialized. But 
otherwise the wings are identical. Neither express any of the distin-. 

_ guishing features of the Saturnian type. Inasmuch as the first direction, 
the suppression of the Media, is everywhere less progressed, both Agéia 
and Awf/omeris are more generalized than the Hemileucid and Saturnian 
type. In their progression they have lost vein VIII of secondaries, here 
passing Hemileuca by, while the absorption of the radial veins would have 
rested at the Hemileucid stage. These are all secondary lines of ad- 
vancement, unequally entered upon. We conclude that Agéia repre- 
sents Awfomeris in the Old World and that it is the more specialized 
type. Both have sprung from the same near ancestors, the same stem, 
whether independently, or together, or whether Agda may be looked 
upon as the outcome of an Automerid form, we can only surmise. But 
there they are and they belong together, their sundering, by any sys- 
tem of classification, from their common stem, is an act of violence and 
equivalent to a denial of any lessons to be derived from the neuration, 
at least so long as their common characters cannot be explained away. 
Weare confident that it is impossible and that the classification we pro- 
pose is natural and in accordance with the facts. 

It does not diminish the difficulty to multiply the families ; if we, 
out of the six subfamily groups originally proposed by me, make, in- 
stead of two, the whole six figures as families in our books. Always 
will Hemileuca, Saturnia and Attacus come together, always will C7¢he- 
ronia, Automeris and Aglia coalesce upon the type of wing. That 


20 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V2. 


there is a difference in the closeness of contact we have urged. This 
difference is the measure of their nearness to a common ancestor. Thus 
Attacus and Saturnia are close together, while Hemzleuca stands apart a 
little, still sharing the common type of wing which is indicated by 
the long stem of the two upper branches of the Media. And Ag/a and 
Automeris are, in an opposite way, quite nearly related; while Cztheronia 
stands still further off from these and is much more by itself, though still 
exhibiting the Aglian type of wing, the absence of stem to the upper 
branches of the Media, the transverse cross vein, the stiff, equal dis- 
tanced, parallel veins. To a brief review of what we have published 
about C7theronia we devote the rest of this paper. 

The student must study with this paper what Dr. Dyar has written 
in Can. Ent., 1896, 303, and the phylogeny there given. The drawing. 
there given is correct, except that I suppose the original Aglian stem (as- 
sumed to be represented by the existing Citheronian branch) has given 
off both Agia and Auéomeris ; whether together, or one after another, or 
whether Agéia be an outcome of Automerid-like ancestors, which I am 
now inclined to assume, I do not decide. My original view of the 
separation of the six into the two groups is here maintained. I placed 
“Hemileuca parallel with Citheronda, or but slightly advanced from the 
difference in general type, from the common retention of vein VIII of 
secondaries. Above Cvtheronia, as having proceeded from the same 
stem I placed successively Automeris and Ag/a, the latter being the 
most specialized. The antennal characters bear out this division. In the 
Aglian group the female antennz are short and simple, with few excep- 
tions in specialized forms. In Aétacus and Saturnia they become 
pectinate. I consider C/theronia as specialized in peculiar directions, 
and as baving lost much original character and added new ; still, by the 
retention of vein VIII, as being, rather, the representative in direct line 
of the original stem. But this view is, for the moment at least, 
subordinate in importance to the correct placing of Hemzleuca, to the 
breaking up of the assemblage of Awtomeris and Hemileuca by Grote 
and Robinson, Packard, Comstock and Dyar. This isthe main classif- 
catory result which I believed to have attained in my recent studies of the 
Emperor Moths. For, whether Cztheronia represents the main branch 
(in assuming which I am not a little influenced by Dr. Packard’s 
paper), or whether Avéomeris, is clearly of inferior value to the main 
fact, that Ag/ia, Automeris and Citheronia belong together, while A?- 
tacus, Saturnia and Hemileuca represent another, and, on the whole, 
more advanced phylogenetic line upon the same stem. The student. 


March, 1898 ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF I.EPIDOPTERA. 21 


may consult also my illustrated paper in the ‘‘ Verhandlungen der 
Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte’’ 1896, p. 197. Ina 
linear series we would arrange the generic types thus: Aéfacus, Saturnia, 
fTemileuca, Aglia, Automeris, Citheronia. 

In a foot-note, Journ. N. Y, Ent. Soc., VI, 46, I have written that the 
crossvein becomes oblique in 4g@a and Citheronia. As I recollect, I 
had in my mind to write Zuc/es, but a fresh study of the latter genus, 
and all the Citheronians now accessible to me, has led me to the con- 
clusion that everywhere in this group the crossvein remains transverse. 
No steps that I can now clearly recognize as such have been taken, as in 
Aglia, towards an independence of IVz. But even were my former 
statement correct, the argument supposed to be drawn from it is futile. 
For the movement is secondary in its nature and would not indicate any 
necessary nearer connection between Agéia and Citheronta. What we 
want is primary character, underlying the general type of the wing and 
this we have found in the long stem of IV2 and IVr in Saturnia, 
together with the other comparative characters here discussed, as opposed 
to the issuance of IV2 from the crossvein in Agda, together with the 
equally opposing features above summarized. 

We have above admitted that the peculiarly Citheronian type of the 
Agliadz, stands at a greater distance from Agta and Aufomeris than 
these two from each other. It remains here to point out these differ- 
ences and emphasize the conformity to a common type of wing. The 
wing in the Citheronians has pursued a slightly varying form of special- 
ization of the Media from the other groups of Emperor Moths, one that 
we meet on occasion again in the Day-Butterflies and also the Hawk 
Moths. How far this variation is caused by the mechanics of the wing, 
I cannot now enter upon. Vein IV1 travels up the lower edge of the 
Radius, and the extent of its absorption by the Radius is the measure of 
the specialization of the genera. These stand, in ascending order, 
Eacles, Citheronia, Anisota. 1 do not know the neuration of Sphingt- 
¢ampa, nor whether it bears out my formerly expressed idea that it stood 
nearer to Zacles than to Citheronia. It is probably a specialized form. 
But although the wings of Citheronians are on the whole perhaps more 
specialized, as compared with Awsomeris, and in a different way, we 
have more than a reminder of the Aglian and Automerid pattern. The 
Radius is four-branched, and this is the natural precusory stage of the 
three-branched, here the Aglian and Automerid, wing. In Awisofa vein 
IJI1+2 has traveled up the Radius and is given off beyond the cell. In 
the median system vein [V2 inclines to the Radius, and vein IV3 


« 


29 JourNnAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1. 


comes into near contact with the Cubitus, thus following the course of 
specialization in the entire group, by which the middle branch of the 
Media becomes radial in disintegration. But the pattern remains dis- 
tinctly Aglian, the veins are stiff, tend, even in the most highly special- 
ized forms, to remain equidistant, there is no effort to lead to the 
Saturnian pattern, indeed there seems no possibility of a progression in 
this direction, vein IV1 having taken quite a contrary course, a course 
entered upon already by the most generalized form, Zac/es. But this 
course is possible from the Aglian, not possible from the Saturnian types. 
Vein VIII of the secondaries is retained, while it is shortening. Know- 
ing, as we do from Dyar’s studies, that the larva conforms to the Satur- 
niades type, it becomesa matter of comparative less importance whether 
we confer upon the Citheronians family rank. Under this general view 
of the position of Cztheronia, we consider the slighter correspondences 
in venation with the Hawk Moths to stand in relation to the narrowing 
of the wings and the habit of pupating in the ground to have been 
separately acquired. ‘The Citheronians have pursued a peculiar path in 
evolution and one that stands in relation with their comparatively 
limited geographical distribution. They seem confined, as long ago 
pointed by me, to America, east of the rocky backbone of the two 
continents. 

From the clear exposition of Dyar, Can. Ent., 28, 303, it seems im- 
possible to reconcile a phylogeny based on the larval tubercles of the 
Saturniades with the one proposed by me onthe neuration. ‘Taking the 
latter as the final appeal we are obliged to suppose, that A¢tacus and 
Saturnia on the one hand and Agia on the other have independently 
acquired the tubercles on anal plate. According tothe value placed by 
Dyar on these organs, I must agree that this seems impossible. On the 
other hand, I cannot find it probable, indeed, it scarcely seems to me 
possible, that Agfa (which, in the same wing pattern of venation, 
clearly represents a more specialized type than Aufomeris) should belong 
to the Saturnian branch and wing pattern, as a generalized type. Nor 
does it seem to me within the range of probability, that Aw/omeris or 
Citheronia could have produced the wing pattern of Hemzleuca. On 
our respective trees, the groups represented by Hemzleuca and Agha 
change places. The female antennz of Agia, Automeris and Cither- 
onia are of one type, so far as I can see; also those of Attacus, Satur- 
nia and Hemileuca hold together, both types appearing distinctive. 
Hlemileuca is just what one would expect of a generalized Saturnian ; 
Aglia, just what one could agree that a specialized Automerid might 


March, 1898] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 23 


be. Vein VIII on secondaries has been retained by the two ‘ lowest’’ 
groups on the respective branches, Hemzleuca and Citheronia, exactly 
as appears most natural, in my tree, wheras in Dyar’s Hemileuca goes 
to the top. The association of Hemileuca and Automeris as equivalent 
groups by Dyar seems, from this point of view, impossible. The whole 
wing pattern of the Agliid branch on my tree holds together, with 
Citheronia as its slightly dissenting feature, while the whole wing pat- 
tern of my Saturnian branch holds together without any discordant ele- 
ment whatever, unless the presence of VIII in Hemileuca is one, but this 
does not prevent Dyar placing it with Avfomeris. So that it is possible, 
from the neuration, to admit of three ‘‘ families :’’ Saturniadz, Agli- 
adz, Citheroniade. Further than this we cannot go, and the matter 
must be left for more light. If Aga belongs to the Saturnian branch 
and Hemileuca to the Automerid, then Dyar is correct, if not, then I 
am justified. 

The strength of Dyar’s argument and his system in general lies in 
the indifferent nature of the position of the tubercles. Where such 
ornaments or their details can be proven to be useful to the organism, 
adaptive, they are clearly secondary and their importance fails. I 
cannot judge of the value of the tubercle on the anal plate, but 
must take Dyar’s word for it that it is primary. So we are ata 
deadlock. The pattern of the wing venation, not the position of 
the movable veins, is for me primary. In this case Hemileuca dis- 
plays the Saturnian pattern. The presence of vein VIII on second- 
aries is subordinate in value to this. Hemzleuca, from the pattern 
of neuration, can not, by any reasonable process, have either been 
derived from Awfomeris, or alongside of it, or represent its ancestor— 
the rdle Dyar expects to fill, since it is less specialized. Its capabilities 
are exceeded by one and allof these demands. Aztomeris, on the other 
hand, may very well have thrown off Agéa, indeed I believe that Agdia 
sprang from Automerid-like forms. I can also clearly see, that Saturnia 
must have sprung from Hemileucid-like forms. j So different are Saéwrnza 
and Agdéia they are with difficulty compared. Cvtheronia, while at the 
bottom, showing the Castnia-like pattern of Ag@a and Automeris, pre- 
sents a modification in the movement of vein 1V1, analogous to the 
Sphingidz, Pierids and Memeobius. Attacus and Saturnia show the 
Nymphalid movement of the meridian branches, but add to it the Pierid 
and Lyczenid specialization of the radial branches. Rothschildia taco- 
ée@ has the most specialized neuration of any lepidopteron known to 
me. On another line, the common White butterfly competes with it. 


24 JourNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Not only does Rofthschildia carry the Nymphalid and Lyczenid secon- 
dary movement of the veins to an extreme, but it shows also the sub- 
primary Papilionid specialization of the hindwings, the inner margin 
hollowed out, and VIII vanished, characters evinced by the Attacinz. 
No better proof can be offered to sustain the thesis, that rank is a rela- 
tive conception and that corresponding specializations are worked out 
upon different phylogenetic iines. And we see that it is inevitable, that 
systematists like Mr. Scudder, who erect an imaginary sequence upon 
the fastening of the chrysalis, or other congruous class of facts, and 
finding some example, like Oemezs, which meets their fancied require- 
ments, proceed to place this ‘‘ at the head ”’ of the lepidoptera, must be 
doomed to disappointment. 

The arrangement for the new check list may be provisionally laid 
down here, so far as embraced, by the two parts of my revision now 
published. I may say, that, so far as my preliminary studies are con- 
cerned, I believe to recognize eight superfamilies in the Lepidoptera : 
Papilionides, Hesperiades, Sphingides, Saturniades, Bombycides (Agro- 
tides), Tineides, Micropterygides and Hepialides. I would keep as 
near as may be to the Linnean sequence, transferring the Sesiadze and 
Anthroceridz from the Sphinges to the Tineides; and the Cosside, 
Apodidz, Ptychopsychidz and Psychidz from the Bombyces to the 
Tineides. 

Tosumup: In Hemileuca, as in Saturnia, veins 1Vi and IV2 are 
furcate at the extremity of a long stem. This stem is morphologically 
the extension of that piece of the cross-vein lying between IV1 and the 
Radius. Vein IVr is thus prevented absolutely from ascending the 
Radius, as it can in Agwa and Automeris, where no such extension 
takes place or offers to take place, and does in C7/heronia. ‘The neur- 
ation here demands, in a positive manner, the classification advanced 
by me. No looking at the neuration ‘‘ broadly,’’ no trifling as to terms 
or the theoretical value of certain changes in the movable veins, can 
ever obscure this point, which proves that Ag/ia can never be brought 
into a connection, either as a derived or original representative form, 
with the typical Saturnians. ‘The dichotomy proposed by me is borne 
out by all exotic Saturnians I have been able to study. On the other 
hand, the reference of Adromis to the Sphingides is not positively de- 
manded by the neuration ; a shorter vein, connecting II and III, and 
bending down II, near base of hindwings is present in Bombyx mort. 
From uncompleted studies in the Lachneide, this may not be homol- 
ogots. The union is at most not contradicted strongly. It becomes 


‘March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 25 


somewhat probable by the extension of the movable pupa from the web, 
a character not found in the Bombycides (Agrotides). 


A, PAPILIONIDES. 


Fam. I. PARNASSIIDA. Type. P. apollo. 
“ II. PAPILIONID. “  P. machaon. 
B. HESPERIADES. 
Fam. III. PIErRIDé&. Type. P. rape. 
“ 1V. NyMPHALIDA. “ON, lucilla, 
& V. AGAPETIDA. “A. galathea. 
46 VI. LIMNADID. “OL. chrysippus. 
“6 VIL. LipyrHeicé®. CC GCL ES 
46 VILT. NEMEOBIIDA. “OWN, lucina. 
Be IX. RrioDInID& “OR, Lysippus. 
“6 X. LYC@nNID&. «  L. endymion (teste Scudder.) 
“ XI. MEGATHYMIDA, “ OM. yucce. 
ee XII. HESPERIADA. “« H, male. 
C, SPHINGIDES. 
Fam. XIIT. ENDROMIDID. Type. #. versicolor. 
“XIV. «=SPHINGIDA. < S. ligustré. 
D. SATURNIADES. 
Fam. XV. SATURNIADA. Type, S. pavonta maior. 
« XVI. AGLIADA. Ke cate 
« XVII. CiITHERONIADA WO (CR aed 


EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES II AND III. 


The accompanying figures of the neuration of Saturniades are obtained by photo- 
graphic process and may thus be relied upon for exactness. The numbering of the 
veins is in accordance with the corrected Redtenbacher-Comstock system as applied 
to the Lepidoptera. IIL1— Radial veins; 1V— Median veins; V = Cubital veins. 

Fig. 1.—Saturnia pavonia maior. This and the succeeding represent the 
Saturnian type, in which I1V2 becomes continuous with IV1. The crossvein ap- 
pears to obtain merely between IV2 and IV1 the middle branch of the Media 
becomes Radial. In the Attacinze, here not represented, the crossvein vanishes. 

Fig. 2.—Hemileuca maia,—The same Saturnian type is exhibited with the 
secondary distinctions that vein II1I1-++-2 springs from the Radius above the cell. In 
Saturnia it has travelled upwards toa point just before apex; by this character 
Hemileuca is more generalized. Also with the difference that vein VIII of hind 
‘wings, suppressed in A¢facus and Saturnia, is here retained. Else it equals 
Saturnia. 

Fig. 3.—Agla tau, This and the succeeding figure represent the Aglian type 
of wing. Attention is called to the oblique outward direction of the still uneven 
portion of the crossvein between IV2 and IV1, the first indication of a secondary 
movement tending to the disintegration of the system of the Media. 

Fig. 4.—Automeris io. The crossvein is transverse, and no indication of the 
secondary movement of the crossvein in Ag/za is observed. The point of issue of 
I1I1-+-2 is removed further towards the base of the wing. In these two points the 
Automerid wing lags behind, or is more generalized, than the typical Aglian wing. 
Else it equals 4g/ia. 


JourNnaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


26 


‘sapeiurtiyes ‘q ‘sapisutyds “9 
‘LV prisV *epRIUIN}ES 
‘xepeluoray NG ‘episuryds 
: , : ee DAD Ee 
“UII IW9 FT 
‘euULIAWO Ny 
_ ‘eurIsV 
*RURIUINILS 
"ULILY 


*"NOILVYNEN AHL OL ATAAIHD AONAAAAAA HLIM SHLOJ YOUAMWY GNV AMV]] AHL AO SAAYL TVOIOOTVANAL) GaSOdONd 


March, 1898.] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 27 


NOTES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA 
ERECHTEA (Cramer).* 


PLATES IV AND V. 


By F. M. WEBSTER. 


The preparatory stages of this species have been studied by Professor 
French,} and I have no expectation of adding anything to his careful 
and painstaking work. Mr. M. V. Slingerland{ has also reared the 
species from the egg, but his studies relate more especially to the char- 
acters of the adults and those of closely allied species and varieties. My 
own studies were begun with the idea of watching the individual devel- 
opment of the young as closely as I was able, gleaning any points re- 
garding such development as was possible, and which had not been al- 
ready recorded. I can hardly claim that the work was premeditated, 
as, but for what might be termed a bit of carelessness, the study would 
have never been commenced. 

September 24th, I captured a female moth and, killing her as was 
supposed, placed her on the setting board. On the following day it 
was found that she had revived and though unable to release herself, 
had struggled about and completely ruined herself so far as a desirable 
specimen was concerned (which I later had cause to regret), and, in the 
meanwhile, deposited a number of eggs. As she was captured among 
grass and clover, it was probably during the performance of that duty 
that she fell into my hands, and the labor was finished while pinned 
upon the setting board. 

The eggs were of a malachite green, as described by Professor 
French, but I found them somewhat more flattened at the poles than he 
has described, though the drawings made from alcoholic specimens 
hardly represent them as they appear when freshly deposited, the flat- 
tening at the poles being closely illustrated by the appearance of the 
upper end in the middle of the three illustrations on Plate IV, the eggs 
from which drawing was made being those deposited by an unmated 
female. 

The eggs were placed near a bunch of grass, transplanted to the 
vivarium, but they hatched while no one was about the insectary to ob- 


*Read before Section “ F,” Zoology, of A.A.A.S., Detroit, Michigan, August 10 
1897. 

+Papilio, Vol. IV, pp. 148-149. 

tInsect Life, Vol. V, pp. 87-88. 


28 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1. 


serve them, and it was not until several days that the young were found 
on the blades of timothy. On October roth, however, they were found, 
and at that time had precisely the appearance that French ascribes to 
the larvze before first moult, viz., the two extremities of the body were 
of a pinkish color while the intermediate portion was of a greenish hue, 
which I ascribed at the time to the color of the food showing through 
the almost transparent walls of the body. In this case, I believe the 
egg stage was about twelve days, instead of five days, as observed by 
Professor French, as the eggs had not hatched on October 8th, and the 
larvee did not show the reddish stripes, which indicate the period fol- 
lowing first moult, on October 12th, but did show them on the 14th. 
‘This would give an egg period of twelve days, and the larval period to 
first moult five or six days, instead of three, as Professor French found 
it to be at Carbondale, Illinois. Was this difference due to latitude or 
to the advanced season when my observations were made? This will 
certainly be an interesting question. The very young larve have every 
appearance of belonging to the Geometridz, and when feeding on the 
blades of grass, eat the substance of the blades only, leaving the veins 
and the epidermis almost intact. After the first moult they begin to 
eat through the leaves and along the edges, causing cleanly cut notches. 
The grass plant was now enclosed by a glass cylinder placed in a ver- 
tical position, and the larve, by jerking the posterior part of the body 
while hanging to the grass blades by the feet, threw the excreta away 
from them, and it could be observed in abundance on the inside of the 
glass, where it had been caught and held by the moisture collected 
there. If in any way disturbed, however, they hang by the penulti- 
mate and anal pairs of feet and wave the body about frantically, and 
then remain quiet, clinging by the three pairs of prolegs, the body 
arched nearly in the form of the letter 5, the anterior feet and legs bent 
backward beneath the body, which is usually placed parallel with the 
blade on which it is stationed, but not holding to or touching it. On 
November 4th, some of the larvee were observed in the act of moulting, 
the first time I had observed them to do so, though this was doubtless on 
account of my not having been able to give them daily attention. It 
will be observed that these larvae were now a few days less than a month 
old. Professor French found the date of last moult to vary from 19 to 
25 days from hatching. 

My larvee had now become reduced to six, and by the roth of Novem- 
ber, these varied so greatly in size that I was led to measure the lot, 
and by so doing found that there were really two series, in point of 


March, 1898] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 29 


size, each series comprising three individuals and measuring in length 
as follows: 1 inch; 14); inches; 1} inches, and 4} inch; 13 inch; 
and inch. The larva measuring +4 inch moulted on November roth. 

On account of being almost continually absent from home, I was 
now compelled to turn the larve over to my assistant, Mr. C. W. Mally, 
who gave them nearly all the attention they had throughout the re- 
mainder of the time that they were under observation. 

After December 1, the larve appeared to increase in size very rap- 
idly, the larger ones becoming lighter in color, and could hardly be 
distinguished from the yellowish and brown blades of grass, more or 
less eaten, and along which they would stretch themselves and remain 
for a long time, occasionally moving the head from side to side with a 
sort of trembling motion. This protective coloration had been observed 
from the time of the first moult of the larve, the brown stripes and 
greenish background blending with the discoloration of the part of the 
blades of grass that had been attacked, while the lighter green corre- 
sponded with the portions of uneaten epidermis, backed by the green 
color of the blades behind them. As the larvee became more aged the 
colorschanged to a more decided brown hue, intermingled with yellow- 
ish, and with this change there came a decided disposition to pass more 
of the time nearer the base of the grass plants, where these colors pre- 
dominated, than higher up, where the prevailing color was a uniform 
green. Earlier in the life of the larvee, the upper portion of the blades 
of grass were more generally attacked, none being cut off from below 
and falling down to turn to yellow and brown, while now at this later 
period,many blades were eaten only for a short distance above the ground: 
and falling down took on the yellow and brown. Whatever might 
have caused this change of habit, it was certainly not on account of the 
lower portions of the blades being more tender and succulent, though 
with the continually increasing bulk of the individual larva there would 
naturally follow a greater aversion to activity, and a less disposition to 
climb to the higher portion of the blades of grass. It seems to me that 
we here have a most interesting case of adaptation, and one that was 
not anticipated when these observations began. 

On December 3 the three larger larvee began to show signs of un- 
easiness, crawling about the cages, and again stretched at full length on 
the side of the same, and again down among the grass, feeding. 

December 7, one of the larger larva, which will be hereafter desig- 

_nated as No. 1, and the adult and chrysalis is shown under this number 
in the illustrations, settled down in a corner of the breeding cage, fas- 


30 JourNnAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


tened a few silky threads over itself, a labor which was completed the 
following day, and passed into the pupal stage, having passed a larval 
period of, approximately, sixty-one days, and seventy-four days from 
time of deposition of the egg. 

The remaining two of the three larger larvee crawled down to the 
bottom of the breeding cage and began constructing their cocoons, but 
died before pupating. The imago of larva No. 1, issued January 13, 
1897, thus giving a pupal period of thirty-five days, and one hundred 
and nine days from date of oviposition. 

Of the series of three smaller larvee, after December 4, two of them 
increased in size very rapidly, and, in fact, seemed to be gaining upon 
those of the first series, while the third, which, so far as could be de- 
termined, had continued to be the smaller since the time of measure- 
ment on November 19, did not increase in size so rapidly. While the 
two just mentioned became slightly lighter in color, precisely as had the 
three larger ones, this one continued to be much smaller and darker in 
color, the blackish stripes being quite conspicuous. 

The first larva of the three smaller ones to pupate will be designated 
as No. 2, the moth and cocoon beeing so numbered in the accompany- 
ing illustration. This was one of the two light colored larvee of this 
series, and began fastening the blades of grass together on the night of 
December 8, the imago issuing January 19, 1897, after a pupal period 
of forty-one days, and one hundred and fifteen days from date of ovi- 
position of the egg. 

The third larva reared to the adult moth will be designated as No. 
3, including adult and cocoon. This was second of the lighter colored 
of the second and smaller series, and began pupating during the night 
of December 9g, but did not finish doing so until the following day, leav- 
ing the blades of grass which it had begun fastening together, with the 
evident intention of constructing a cocoon therefrom, and appropriated 
a bit of cotton that happened to be within reach, and constructed its 
cocoon from that, thus forsaking a natural material for an artificial, and 
seemingly one of more practical utility. The imago appeared January 
23, 1897, after a pupal period of forty-four days, and one hundred and 
seven days from the deposition of the egg. 

The third of this series and the smallest of the larve studied, 
escaped from its breeding cage, December 15, evidently when searching 
about for a satisfactory place in which to spin its cocoon. It continued 
to be of a darker color throughout, but had attained to the same size as° 
its fellows. Later, an adult of this species was found dead in the insec- 


March, 1898.] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 31 


tary, during the latter part of January, and as this was the only example 
found and the date of finding corresponds so nearly with that of the 
appearance of the remainder of the whole series, together with the fact 
that there was hardly a possibility of a larva having been unintentionally 
introduced from without, there is little doubt but that this was the imago 
from the larva which had escaped from its breeding cage. It was very 
similar to No. 1, being about the same size, but somewhat darker in 
color. The mother of the whole three being lighter and of the type of 
No. 2. 

About October 10, 1896, Mr. Mally brought in from the fields three 
larvee, seemingly nearly full grown, and these were placed on clover and 
blue grass in a breeding cage in the insectary. About October 22, all 
three of these formed cocoons similar to the one shown in No. 4, which 
is composed of three clover leaflets fastened together, while still attached 
to the petiole, thus making a neat and deceptive case, having three quite 
conspicuous angles. The weight of the pupa of course caused them to 
turn downward, but even then they appeared like a drooping, withered 
leaf, and for this reason very apt to be overlooked. One of these three 
pupz was preserved for a cabinet specimen, the second died, while the 
third transformed December 6, and is shown with cocoon in No. 4. 

Of two larve brought in from the fields and placed in jelly cups 
about October 21, one formed a very slight cocoon of silk as shown in 
No. 5, and the other fastened blades of grass together, as shown in No. 
6, notwithstanding both were supplied with grass for food, and hence 
both had the same material from which to construct their cocoons. The 
imagos both appeared December 18, 1896. 

The latitude of Wooster, Ohio, where these experiments were carried 
on, is 40° 48/, while that of Carbondale, Illinois, where Professor 
French studied the species, is about 37° 45’. It will be observed that 
with him the egg period was less than half as long as with me, while 
with him the species developed in from 41 to 66 days from the egg, 
the majority going from 48 to 53 days, with me this period varied from 
107 to 115 days. The eggs which furnished the basis for his breedings 
were deposited August 13, and those which I followed were deposited 
on September 24 or 25. 

I am quite certain that, here in northern Ohio, the insect goes into 
the winter in the larval stage, as I have observed nearly full grown larvze 
crawling about after the middle of November, though hibernation may 
also occur with pupz or even adults. In southern Ohio, I have ob- 
served seemingly freshly emerged adults early in April. All of my 


32 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI. 


larve upon which these studies are based were kept in the insectary,. 
and in a temperature varying probably from 60° to 75° Fah. 

The species is a grass as well as a clover insect, as will be observed. 
from the foregoing, and asthe striped body of the larvae would indicate, 
but it would seem that the clover leaf is especially desirable as material’ 
for constructing the cocoon, and it is just possible that the lack of this: 
building material would account for the great variation in tastes in select- 
ing such as was at hand to supply the place of clover leaves, thus the 
better illustrating natural selection. 

The variation in rapidity of growth I am totally unable to account 
for, as there was an abundance of food, and the larve were never 
crowded. With the individual variation in size and time required for 
development in the larvee, as well as their difference in coloration, to- 
gether with the equally striking difference in the appearance of the 
adult, it would seem that in this case at least individual variation offered 
no very narrow basis for the evolution of forms, which, under a favor- 
able environment, might still further progress through varieties to species.. 
That this may have actually transpired, is witnessed by the exceedingly 
close resemblance between Drasteria erechtea Cram. and D. crassiuscula 
Haw., either one of which might have given origin to the other, through 
the same course of evolution as that, seemingly, being followed at pres- 
ent by varieties agricola G. & R., ochrea Grt., and adstincta Neum., the 
two latter being considered by Mr. Slingerland as varieties of D. crassz- 
uscuda. It only requires that these varieties become sterile to each other 
and the parent stock when crossed, in order for them to become species,. 
as valid as either of the two just mentioned. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV AND V. 


Fig. 1. Dvrasteria erechtea and cocoon. 


66 


Eggs, enlarged (pl. IV). 


2 
3) 
4. 
66 5. 66 66 66 66 
6 
7° 
8. Larva, enlarged (pl. V). 


March, 1898-] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOTHS. 33 


NEW AMERICAN MOTHS AND SYNONYMICAL 
NOTES. 


By Harrison G. Dyar, Pu.D. 


LITHOSIIDZZ. 


Hyproprepia mexicana Druace. 

1885. Lithosta mexicana DRuvCcE, Biol. Cent. Am. Lep, I, 131, pl. 13 ff 2, 3. 

1892. Crambidia mexicana KIRBY, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 338. 

Dark mouse gray, a narrow yellow line on costa, through middle of cell to mar- 
gin and along the internal margin, just a trace on the outer half of submedian fold. 
Secondaries all gray. Sides and posterior part of thorax and tip of abdomen pink. 

Two specimens, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H.G. Hubbard). Coll. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. 

More heavily shaded with gray than in the specimen figured by 
Druce, but doubtless conspecific. 


Bruceia hubbardi, sp. nov. 


Similar tu 2. pulverina Neum., but smaller. The colors are the same in both 
species but the diffuse dark powderings of fore wings are differently shaped. In 
hubbardi there isa series of terminal dots, absent in fz/verzna, and there is a dis- 
tinct angular line resting on anal angle where in fw/verina there is only a diffuse 
powdering. Expanse, 22-25 mm. 

1é, 29 9 Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H, G. Hubbard), July 4. 
Type no. 3840, U. S. Nat. Mus. 


Crambidia lithosioides, sp. nov. 


Dark slate gray, secondaries lighter at base. A very narrow pale yellow line 
along costa almost to apex, along anterior edge of collar, broken centrally, and on 
posterior orbits faintly; otherwise immaculate. Expanse, 2I mm. 


One 9, Texas. (Belfrage.) Type No. 3784, U.S. Nat. Mus. 
Resembles Lithosia bicolor. 


Crambidia uniformis, sp. nov. 


Dark slate gray, all the veins of primaries finely lined in dull-ocherous; second 
aries and abdomen a shade paler gray. Expanse,19 mm. 


One 9, Washington, D. C. (F. C. Pratt). Type No. 3790, U. S. 
Nat. Mus. 

Size and appearance of C. /ithosioides, but without the ocherous 
costa. 


Palpidia, gen. nov. 


Primaries 12-veined, median 4-branched, veins 3 and 4 on a short stalk, 7 to 9 
stalked, 10 from the apex of the cell; 11 from sub-costal. Secondaries 8-veined, 


34 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


median 3-branched, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 from the cross-vein, weak, 6 and 7 frem the 
apex of the cell, 8 joined to subcostal for one-third of the length of the cell. Frenu- 
lum divided (9). 

Eyes large, no ocelli; antennz simple (9 ), palpi long, obliquely ascending 
twice as long as the head and rising above the vertex, second joint long, closely 
sealed, third distinct, smabl. Body slender, legs with long spurs, two pair on the 
hind tibze; wings long, narrow, the costa nearly straight but depressed at apical 
third, outer margin straight, curved at anal angle; secondaries considerably shorter 
than primaries. 

In the synoptic table falls with Zanfura Kirb., but this genus 
possesses ocelli and must be removed to the Noctuidz (see later in this 


article). 


Palpidia pallidior, sp. nov. . 

Pale ocherous, veins pale ocherous, all the interspaces thickly irrorate with black 
scales. Secondaries whitish. 

One ¢@. Cocoanut Grove, Florida (EK. A. Schwarz). Type No. 
3783, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Resembles Crambidia pallida Pack. 


EUCHROMIIDA. 
Lycomorpha /arvis. 


The account of this genus by Neumoegen and Dyar (Journ. N. Y. 
Ent. Soc., I, 102) contains two important errors. We did not observe 
that vein 8 was present on the hind wings of coccinea Hy. Edw., having 
only examined the type without removing it from the drawer, and hence 
wrongly allowed it to remain in Lycomorpha. We mistook for ZL. fut- 
gens Edw. the specimens which stand in the Edwards collection as 
Ptychoglene equalis and described these. It will be noticed that our 
description contradicts Edwards’ original one (Papilio I, 116). These 
specimens bear a label, I think, in Mr. Schaus’ handwriting, but they 
do not belong to Ptychoglene, as vein 8 of secondaries is absent; more- 
over they do not fit Walker’s description of P. @gualis, as the costal 
edge is not black and the thorax is red instead of black. I propose to 
call them Lycomorpha schaust. 


Lycomorpha pulchra, sp. nov. 


Head and body black; thorax above, including collar and patagia, red. Wings 
bright red, the fringes of both narrowly black and a very narrow black line on the 
outer fourth of costa and internal margin of primaries. Expanse, 25 mm. 


1 6, Texas (Belfrage). Type No. 3786, U.S. Nat. Mus. 
Of the species described as Lycomorpha, sinuata and coccinea Hy. 
Edw. belong to Ptychoglene (Arctiide); mexicana Druce, constans, 


March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOTHs. 35 


vata, latercula and fusca. Hy. Edw. to Triprocris; marginata, notha 
Hy. Edw. and centralis Walk. to Pyromorpha (Pyromorphide); augusta 
Hy. Edw. is a Euchromian, but it does not belong to Lycomorpha as 
vein 10 is stalked on fore wings and 5 is present on hind wings. It 
may form a new genus when this family is revised, or may come in 
some genus at present unknown to me. It falls into Cfenwcha in the 
synopsis. From the description I think vegza Schaus must go with it. 
Of the other species I have seen but half, and they may not all be con- 
generic. Judging from the above, they may belong anywhere in five 
genera of three families, representing two super-families. But, assuming 
them to be congeneric, they separate as follows. Those which I have 
reason to believe correctly placed generically are preceded by an as- 
terisk. Species not placed, ch/ora Schauf. 


Synopsis of Lycomorpha. 


~., “Dia GUS as See een ne Ree arn re AM Lin tin BEA earth 2 
minora blacks. patazia red OF yellow. a\<tavsre cis see coe bie «ale ore als «je a's <iasein 3 
BREAN AMEE Oy ateter n’afeleia sieiaie’, «orev ialakece eres aya cisions) amare clots! slabeys arate o-clot theta orate 8 

2. Secondaries dull orange, with narrow black margin...........-.. teos Schaus. 
Secondaries with a broad black margin.............. viridiceps Feld & Rog. 

3. Primaries with black reaching from outer margin to near middle of wing..... 4. 
Black border of primaries covering about one-third of wing...............- 6 
BlACKaDOrdemContined to thes inn Pe sal) stcersteicvofeciereieleleisielersieleiclaysieisieley< efetels 7 

Ae Outen plac kainvthe) form ofa) DOLGebar. snisicie dine ole cieleleleyerersieisic/a|eieisiel= «(sels sie.e 5 
Ontewolackia longitudinal: band...¢2 ccc secccccteesce sac *fumata J/oschl. 

BRGTIALIESHOTAN ZEAL DASC).)a < ic iaiapac/see mg cr alsieraie xls. o Sereveierertieleraie's *pholus Drz. 
EHATIES COAL DASE. wists sine ented alles a ele ails cies seielble 8 *miniata Pack. 

6, Secondaries black almost to costal margin..... .......contermina Ay. Edw. 
Secondaries black on outer half...,........ nisferetasieverete desertus ¢ Ay. Zdw, 

47. Red; secondaries nearly all black...... FOU SDGUDOOUICAAC *fulgens Hy. Edw. 

“Orange ; secondaries with fringe only black........... .... anacreon Druce. 
$8. Primaries red, with rather broad outer black border.......... *schausi Dyar. 
PSMHMARIESRL CH paWEMD DIA CK) TKI OC rave; ori diey/ous coselat=: oie )etaretsiel <ieinle lofalelw/a)x's's|s.sicin'sl= 9 


Primaries orange, with two transverse black bands....desertus 2 Ay. Zdw. 
9. Secondaries with outer black border covering half or more of wing..*grotei Pack. 
Secondaries with only the fringe black.............e0eeeees *pulchra Dyar. 


ARCTIID:. 


In my revision of genera (Can. Ent. XXIX, 212), I included two 
with ‘‘ vein 8 of secondaries wanting.’’ This is not strictly the case in 
the sense that vein 8 is wanting in the Euchromiidz by coalescence 
with 7, for in the series culminating in Luwpseudosoma and Eucereon it 
has disappeared by atrophy, apparently, while in Bertho/dia it is vein 6 


36 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE. 


that has disappeared by coalescence with 7. In some species of this 
group vein 8 coalesces with 7 to end of cell, producing the appearance 
of the absence of vein 8. These two groups of Phzegopterids are thus 
essentially Arctian, though apparently showing the Euchromian struc- 
ture. 

Bertholdia was erected by Mr. Schaus in this Journal (IV, 137) with 
type specularis H. S., containing three species. These are superficially 
recognizable by the large triangular vitreous patch on costa, but other 
species without this mark must ultimately come in the genus. Mr. 
Schaus has kindly given me a number of specimens of Sertholda, 
among which I recognize a new form, apparently uncharacterized. 


Bertholdia schausiana, sp. nov. 

Intermediate between sfecularis and ¢rigona. Primaries lead color, shaded with 
pink more or less, especially toward anal angle, dotted with black. Costa red, ex- 
cept at the vitreous patch, whereit is yellow. The patch is excavated superiorly be- 
tween vein 6 and costa, produced outward in the interspace 5—6 or simply angled, the 
lower border nearly straight, lightly shaded with yellow, the veins black dotted. The 
shape is most like ¢7zgona but distinctly angled in the interspace 5—6 and not pointed 
below. Basal yellow spots absent, or one small one present. Body and hind wings . 
as in ¢rigona. Expanse, 33-39 mm. 


1,39 9 from Mr. Schaus without locality. (Coll. Dyar.) 


Synopsis of Species. 
(Group r with large vitreous patch.) 


1. Secondaries vitreous with gray outer border.............-. specularis 7. S. 
Secondaries white, without gray border.............c0--ceceenseoeee GOO eye 
2. Primaries with white subterminal line................. albipunctata Schaus. 
Primaries ‘without this limes 5). ceckydic crore sors els epee one erate: «evi eve eters ate: mee ere Be 


3. Subapical patch rounded below, scarcely crossing vein 4; basal spots reduced 
schausiana Dyar.. 

Subapical patch pointed below to vein 3, or further expanding downward ; basal 
spots usually expanded ......... se oaDoDG.COOG! Goud ee iarsiend trigona Grote. 


Gorgonidia, gen. nov. 

Primaries with median vein 4 branched, cross vein of cell slightly concave, 6: 
from the apex of cell, 7-10 stalked ; secondaries with vein § absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 
8 joining the subcostal for over half the length of the cell. Wing long, produced, the 
secondaries small, trigonate. Palpi robust, not reaching vertex of head, first andi 
second joints subequal, third minute. Ocelli touching the eye. Male antenne serrate 
ciliate. Two pair of spurs on hind tibize. 


The male has a stridulating organ on the thorax like that of the 
Asiatic genus Dionychopus, 2. ¢., SécJosoma (?) nivens Ménét. of Kirby’s. 
catalogue. (See Psyche, VII, 415, for description. ) 


March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOoTHs. 37 


Gorgonidia mirabilior, sp. nov. 

Primaries vermilion red, crossed from the costal margin nearly to the middle by 
three yellow bands, narrowing inferiorly and edged with black except below; an 
elongated slate colored patch beyond the cell reaching the margin, sharply truncate 
basally, its lower inner angle produced to join a large rounded similarly colored patch 
which rests on the anal angle separated from the edge by a narrow red line and reach- 
ing above to vein 2 and basally to near the middle of the wing. Secondaries pink- 
ish red, vermilion on costa and internal margin. Body vermilion, ocherous tinted on 
head and front of thorax ; posterior edge of collar pink in the middle. Posterior 
edges of abdominal segments below narrowly white. Femora, tibiae and tarsi black, 
lined and powdered with white. 


1 ¢, Piches & Perene Vs., 2,000—3,000 feet, Peru. (Soc. Geog. 
de Lima). Type No. 3791, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Closely allied to Zatrephes buckley: Druce from Ecuador, and Z. 
garleppi Druce from Bolivia, which will also come in this genus. 


Trichromia neretina, sp. nov. 

Head dark ochre yellow on vertex, front purplish brown. Thorax purple brown; 
abdomen bright red dorsally, pale yellow below; legs pale yellow, fore femora 
bright red in tront, tibize and tarsi outwardly ocherous. Fore wings purplish brown, 
a yellow band from middle of..costa to middle of outer margin, very narrow and dis- 
located (at vein 4 ) centrally, wide on the margins and running very narrowly along 
‘costa, more widely along outer margin to apex, cutting off the apical portion of the 
ground color into a rounded spot. The ground color is darkened where it joins the 
yellow. Secondaries straw yellow, tinted with ochre on the margins. Below as 
above, but the dark marks fainter, the basal patch pale and diluted with pink, the 
apical one more uniformly slaty. Expanse, 27 mm. 

1 6, Piches & Perene Vs., Peru, 2,000-3,000 feet. (Soc. Geog. 
de Lima.) Type No. 3792, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Very similar to Veritos repanda Walk., but entirely without the sex 
mark. 

Trichromia and Veritos may probably be separated by the sex 
mark, if not otherwise; but at present the species are mixed and I list 
them together below. Six of the species listed by Kirby seem not con- 
generic. I have not examined specimens, but think that amas¢ris and 
asana Druce, as well as cu¢heans Druce (described since the catalogue) 
will fall near, if not in Bertholdia Schaus. 


Synopsis of the similar species of Trichromia and Neritos. 


Mem SeCONdares dark, DYOWD. 2/6010 0/0 olcie's » si=\-l25/s)olelnielsieis sais civ siaipis sles es «ese 2 
Secondaries pale yellow or pink.........-ceseeeceeesccees pecs cafel sikiaterehsie: s/s 4 
2. Yellow band of primaries broken in the middle................. onytes Cr. 
Mellow, band) crossing the Wingy < s/scejs)s ole aitelsis els niincclocina cs svcesnscewce 3 
3. Abdomen dark, head red. ....6. ccc cee cece teeter ssc scene psamas Cr. 


Abdomen red above, head yellow...........2eeseeeeesees sithnides Druce. 


38 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V2. 


4. Yellow band of primaries crossing the Wing. ..........2.ceeeeecsccees éo00 5 
Yellow band broken in the middle..................- eyaieete (tere wisteniee arecres CO 
5. Abdomen red or pink above..... Hy GUO KUEG ObUsuCnobadgdousooad saiiewtie , 6 
Albdomen: syellowss is sei sjeyeranschis mite told eewiets ca evs aise araree Netancnene etalon ter eveis teins belatsle mes 
Omteadiyellow,secondariess pinks: senna meee eens patara Druce. 
Head ocherous on vertex only ; secondaries yellow...... Sala tavase else ool ake waierece ete 7 
Head reddish brown, secondaries yellow............. ..0.-+> samos Druce. 
7. Male with elliptical sex mark near base of fore wing.......... repanda W/é. 
Malejwithoutiaisexsmarkisnvry. ctor lstsietee scereieirenieiee iets .. Meretina Dyar. 
8: Head yellow ac yercs srsncieieiiclostmenc errs stibiiz webigiaie a caladarebe em eRe s tipolis Druce. 
Head gray...... naive’ whale Tacauatcite lett uatlenetare vu: Siajedeuntavereyanstemetrenonn eats pandera Schaus. 
g. \Costalspot yellowtroccja:: citer s cccrctet cvssiors aveysiciee choeae sotto ss flavoroseus Wa/k. 
Costal spot broadly centered with brown... ............-- ....cotes Druce. 


Trichromia is not a Lithosian, as placed in Kirby’s catalogue, as 
ocelli are present. ‘The neuration of the species here described is as 
follows : 


Primaries with 4-branched median, cross-vein of cell strongly angulated, form- 
ing a right angle, 6 from the apex, 7-10 stalked, 10 given off before 7, 11 close to 
apex of cell, 12 from base. Secondaries with two internal veins, median 3-branched, 
veins 3 and 4 on a long stalk, 5 absent, cross vein angled, 6 and 7 on a long stalk, $ 
joining the subcostal for only about one-third of the cell, curving and rather remote 
from 7, strong. Tuibialspurs normal, small. The ocellus is pale, situated in a black 
ring which is about as wide as the diameter of the ocellus itself and does not touch the 
eye. 


Pygarctia muricolor, sp. nov. 


Fore wing mouse gray with a slight bronzy reflection, translucent except along 
the margins and apically; hiad wing translucent grayish, darker along the outer 
margin, pale at the anal angle. Head dark gray in front, vertex ochre yellow ; collar 
mouse gray, narrowly edged with ochre behind ; thorax gray, the edges of the pata- 
gia a shade lighter; below ocherous, including coxz; legs gray. Abdomen buff, a 
dorsal row of small dots and a rather broad lateral band mouse gray. LExpanse, 41 
mm. 


1g, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No. 
3787, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

To give a wider comparison with southern forms this species may be 
provisionally placed in the genus Opfharws Walk. on superficial resem- 
blance. ‘The following are its structural characters : 

Accesory cell present, veins 7-10 from its apex, 8 and 9 stalked; 8 of secondaries 
joining cell for half its length, faint at the tip; no veins absent. Palpi oblique, por- 
rect, not reaching the vertex, first and second joints subequal, third half of the sec- 
ond ; tibial spurs normal, short. Body slender; antennz long ; hind wings rather 
large. 

Assuming the described species of Ofharus to be congeneric, they 
would separate as follows : 


March, 1808 ] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOrTHs. 39 


1. Abdomen continuously marked with orange or yellow, not transversely 


aril eul smeepeeeetetcreretate Tart cvciobeicisteis [el avoveboyaiey se) Siel's eirails) a) cel spel'e pie le csipyave isieye fare mie 2 
Abdomen not con*inuously orange, transversely banded or spotted with pale, 6 
PAO OMMING awit Ol bstaTKS walks pciciararovalere uel leveiejeiciel= sie e.sile.clsleicis/etevelers eysie II 

2. Abdomen dark dorsally............... sie stderaierpustenaie apenetssie basalis Walk. 
Abdomen ocherous dorsally.......... Sao6s00 Bieiotetabeiclniniatorsieieveletsle atetousfaters 3 

2. Abdomen with lateral spots.......... aoobooedac dic SonCOODHO NOE AaSH.aOr 4 
NN OMenewitheanlateral pany. ate. ccve: a\clet sie masuels erefovermteyiel ove ey cicilasene'ole e's icjalerere 5 

4. Secondaries unicolorous, translucent at base..... . euchetiformis Ay. Zdw. 
Secondaries ocherous on basal half........ SCRE OC OAC CRON ruficollis Drace. 

5. Abdomen blackish below...... § 6, COU RHIOON Go.0 coau BO OOOUC gemma Schaus. 
PU DMOMPHEQGHEFOUS: DELOW ss c:¢ «6.00 a s)s eis 0s «= 'vinwiueiel acne v6 muricolor Dyar. 

6 Abdomen yellow or red, transversely black banded ............ breyeverenteverers Hf 
Abdomen dark brown, spotted with testaceous or white....... DHaaC 5 © 

7. Secondaries brownish..... Riuchey ave era cetaset ate <siee ake aay, Natotane eieianevevetederare Gio lonerats 8 
Secondaries pink on internal margin...............0..00- .rhodosoma 42/7. 

Sa larces twonyellow dots onl head. «. .. .<jcis.ecjeee oon cee slice oscie gigas Dogn. 
Smaller, thorax with small blue dots................. albipunctatus Druce. 

9. Abdomen with testaceous spots on the sides..............procrioides /Va/k. 
Abdomen banded with yellowish and with white spots...... mundator Drace. 
NGO HOA TAMA WAN Got Ose ooassouposodscoubcnod Cosouuonanododc fe) 

10. Two lateral rows of white spots on abdomen...............4. tristis Schazs. 
Cine GHeln JANSEN TON eogogncoodooadon GosdaDboooboAHuOdoI. dolens Druce. 

PEP MMSE LIN ATIOS TOW MMalafs1e) eh, <iets 616; staleia, setelajy wicca S ciete lish <yaleiet> carbonarius Dogz. 
PTMIMNES EN. ce bboowanaedhe bdotodd bacdonoDDDdKdodbobOdEd Gdboce son 12 
[27a darker shade) crossing the celles... < .js.06cs0ce eee sc cs morosus Schauws. 
Primaries uniform dark gray......... 5 Sica eieranerats Buena: ge lugubris Schaws. 


Ptychoglene flammans, sp. nov. 


Deep bluish black. Fore wings bright scarlet, the outer margin broadly black, 
broadest at anal angle and twice inwardly waved, namely at submedian and discal 
folds ; inner margin narrowly lined with black. Costal edge of secondaries broadly 
red on basal two-thirds. Below as above, the outer border of primaries straighter 
within. Expanse, 31 mm. 

2 6%. Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No. 
3785, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Apparently allied to Ahrada Druce, but the border of primaries is 
irregular. 

Ptychoglene has the venation of Zubaphe, but differs in the longer 
narrower fore wings. In this genus will also come coccinea Hy. Edw. 
as North American. 

Of the described species, porfonia Druce is Eubaphe ostenta Hy. 
Edw.; sp/endida Druce is green and can hardly belong to this genus. 
The others separate as follows. I have marked with an asterisk those 
examined by me. 


40 JournaL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


To) Hhorax,yincludinewpataciaiblackreyertyecty-tieieetclelel tale ciep-isle mod metedctl-tertarate \2 
Patagia red or orange, at least at base. ..5.......00-eeeccecterens coce 6 
Mhorax, meludimempatagias ned ay .cine etererstien rel ieietel= ..*coccinea Hy, Edw. 

2. Primaries black along costal edge .............5.-005- VEDgdoooodoD Hodion ss < 
Primaries :ed along costal edge............ ..--- Lege nate eisro oratetay ome roverstisvaters 5 

2B.) Secondaries) black except alompCOstarreiaiets setters token afeieineieteraretstet= terete 4 
Secondaries red with black border........... .2.-eeeee- *sanguineola Zav. 

4. Costal edging of primaries broad .............00-0e00- *erythrophora edd. 
Costal edging of primaries narrow ..........-..606- Uonaee seks zqualis Walk. 

54. Outer border events .)-mi-eaie cee esc a Ni erat Bey rca ste phrada Druce. 
@uter borderitwicerdentate:|s =o cn- saciees cio sieieireretorte *flammans Dyar. 
Outer border sinuately widened below......... apetene cheretors *sinuata Ay. Edw. 

6°) Costall margin of primaries red) 2s). elocie e ee) aoe w cles s=-elel lela) <-1-1-1 aye 
Costal margin’black atbase <2. 2. de.-0cs ses an Eee eae snares ira Druce. 

fe secondaries blackvor mostly Sonat pects ict lees lel ereier«eletsiereieiel | eitvabr=ts 8 
Secondaries orange on basal half .............00eeeeeee- pamphylia Drace. 

8. Primaries black except red costal line.............. rubromarginata Druce. 
Costal half of wing red................- iebaleleie sional gisrstetsia xylophila Drace. 
Primaries red, outer margin broadly black.......... sopo006 pertunda Druce. 

NYCTEOLIDA. 


Arctiide, Nycteoline, HAMPSON, Moths of India II, 128. 
Noctuide, Sarrothripine, HAMPSON, Moths of India IT, 365: 
Cymbide, KirByY, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 279. 

Nycteolide, SMITH, List. Lep. 23. 

Pseudoipside, GROTE, Syst. Lep. Hild. 

Nycteole, HUBNER, Tentamen. 
Pseudoipes, HUBNER, Tentamen. 


. 


I see no sufficient distinction between Hampson’s Nycteolinze and 
’ Sarrothripine. The primary distinction founded on vein 8 of second- 
aries is negatived by some of his Sarrothripinze, and the structure of the 
groups seems otherwise the same. The males have the bar-shaped 
retinaculum in both. The green and gray moths differ superficially, 
but the larvee and cocoons are the same and are not Arctian. They 
are excluded from the Lithosians by the presence of ocelli. Family 
type WVycteola revayana Scop. 


Nycteola proteella, Walsh. 


1864, WALSH, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 609, note fe Tortricid ). 

1867, WALSH, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. VI, 272, note. 

Similar to revayana, but smaller and without the prominent angles at base of 
costa of fore wings. Gray, shaded with brown. Basal line curved, t.a. line straight, 
black, narrow ; t.p. line wavy, strongly arcuate outward opposite cell; s.t. line undu- 
late, shaded. The wing is nearly uniformly grayish with the lines faint, or heavily 
shaded with blackish and brown between the lines and more distinctly marked; very 
variable. Expanse, 14-17 mm. 


“March, 1898.] Dyar: NEw NortH AMERICAN MOTHS. 41 


Three examples from Walsh collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. 


NOCTUID#. 
Cydosia Westwood. 

New synonyms of this genus are Pethetria Hy. Edw. and Zantura 
Kirby. C. majuscudla, the type of the genus, belongs toCydosza. Neu- 
moegen and Dyar placed it in the Lithosiidz, but ocelli are distinctly 
present, as I have proved in fresh material. We could not examine the 
type freely, so failed to discover them. 

The other species of Penthetria, namely parvula, from Florida, is a 
Tineid forming a curious pedunculate, lace-work cocoon. It is at pres- 
ent without reference to any genus. 


Synopsis of forms of Cydosia. 


Primaries with three golden brown bands. 


Many white spots on wing and thorax..... 5 pps oade soon noE nobilitella Cr. 
“MIRE 0S Sas Se Ses oROoC cee Gra oEaTOCeouso occ aurivitta G. R. 
Primaries without any markings. ......-..0c0s-0s0ecseeses majuscula Hy. Edw. 


Euclidia diagonalis, sp. nov. 

Pattern of markings as in &. in¢ercalcaris Grt., but the pale mark that arises 
near the anal angle is directed to the outer third of the cell instead of joining the 
pale reniform as in the allied species. Other markings similar but rather more 
drawn out longitudinally. A black streak runs through the cell, obscuring the puncti- 
form orbicular. The white t. p. line is rather diffuse and shaded, straight, joining 
ithe oblique mark below. Expanse, 44 mm. 

One? , Mesino Valley, New Mexico (Wheeler Survey, through A. 
S. Packard). Type No. 3844, U.S. Nat. Mus. 


Apatela minella, sp. nov. 

Closely allied to A, fragilis Guen, but uniformly shaded with dark gray. Head, 
thorax and fore wings blackish gray, the lines as in /ragzdzs, the centers of t. a, and 
t. p. lines whitish and rather contrasting. Ordinary marks outlined in black, the 
basal dash indicated. Abdomen dark gray; secondaries scarcely darker than in 
fragilis. 

One?. Type No. 3843, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

The specimen is without locality label, but probably from Rocky 
Mountain region. 

This may be a western form of fragilis. 


NOLID. 


Following Dr. Chapman’s views on the phlyogeny of this group, I 
place them as a distinct family at the bottom of the Bombyces or between 
the Bombyces and Tineides. The larval characters correspond with this 


42 JouRNAL NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. _ [Vol. VL 


position. Hampson makes them a subfamily of Arctiidee and Meyrick 
includes them in the Arctiadz, with which no fault is to be found if 
their different origin be kept in mind. 

The following is a revision of our species, following Meyrick for 


genera. 
Synopsis of Genera. 


Eximaniessto-veined.s (eantenncerciliate amen eee . Reselia 
Primaries I1-veined, g antennz slenderly pectinate.............0.cceceeee: Nola. 
Primaries (F2.veinedin jcntcsctomce conc ee eee Meganola. 


Reeselia Hitdn. 


Argyrophyes Grt. falls as a synonym on Meyrick’s definition; also- 
Lebena Walk. 
Synopsis of Species. 


Di. CEPIMATIOSIBTAY ees oy Sb aoa eles SNe see ER ORES eee eC Ee 2 
Primariés in part’ ‘white %2'.2 2.0. Segtorice ncaa oie hee eee ee 3. 
2. Three costal dots, on basal, t. a. and median lines........triquetrana /7¢ch. 
Tw» costal dots, on basal and t. a. lines........... HON ee -minna Buz. 
3. Wing shaded, grayish on costa and anal angle ..........- sorghiella Riley. 
Wing) with marks contrasted, "im part black: j2)tsci)2 see ie eee 4. 
42 basaluwhiteyspace cution: trom castameeeiyare ee eee eenieetee menalopa Ze//. 
Basal white space reaching costa, at least narrowly...........0.02eeceees Ss. 
5. pMedian band broadie. tite. re Reka to acto cero pustulata /Vaik. 
Median band defined only on outer half ...............000-: cilicoides Grt. 


The type of Wolaphana triguetrana Fitch is in the Nat. Museum, 
and is ¢rinotata Walk. = sexmaculata Grt. Nola hyemalis Stretch = NV. 
minna Butl. , 


Nola Leach. 
Synopsis of Species. 


I. T.p. line outwardly arcuate opposite cell........... po conoonceuonuanDCe: 2. 
dep linemeanlyastralphtynotibentesa eer emrrerireeer sen ieee sooosoad Zk 
2. Wing lines usually heavy as compared with costal spots.............-.. pooo 3% 
Wing lines slight, costal spots heavy............. Baten cerreraye es phylla Dyar. 
3. Larger, markings blurred on a dark ashen ground............. _.fuscula Grt. 
Medium, markings somewhat contrasted on a whitish ground. .minuscula Ze/. 
Smaller, the markings usually slender, the ground more ashen ..... ovilla Grz.. 
4. Basal dash on primaries less distinct than outer costal dot...... involuta Dyar. 
Basal dash strong: 5 :[c:cc..\elereeis eters ae oe RO RS en, Cone exposita Dyar. 


Nola involuta, sp. nov. 

|| V. zznescula Dyar, Psyche, VI, 248 (1892). 

Fore wing dusky gray; t. a., t. p. and s. t. lines oblique, parallel, fine, finely 
dentate or dotted, nearly straight, the s.-t. faintest, but waved and bordered out- 
wardly by a pale shade. On costa at base a brown dash ; a brown tuft of scales on 


2 


March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN Morus. 43 


t. a. line below costa, surrounded more or less by a diffuse cloud. Hind wing 
whitish, gray on the margin. Expanse, 18 mm. 


Two & $, Los Angeles, Cal. (Koebele, Coquillett), 9 Santa Barbara, 
Cal. (Dyar). Type No. 3779, U.S. Nat. Mus. 


Nola exposita, sp. nov. 

|| V. Ayemalis Dyar, Psyche VI, 110 (1891). 

Fore wing pale gray, thinly scaled; t. a., t. p. and s.:t. lines oblique, parallel, 
fine, finely dentate, nearly straight; lines obscure, especially the s.t. On costa at 
base a brown dash; a brown tuft of scales ont. a. line below costa; a slight brown 
shade between t. a. and t. p. lines, especially on internal margin. Secondaries 
whitish, translucent. Expanse, 16 mm. 


One ¢ Phoenix, Arizona (Dyar). Type No. 3780, U.S. Nat. Mus. 
Close to zmvoluta, but the larval habit is different. 


Nola phylila, sp. nov. 

Thorax and primaries bright silver gray. Lines as in *zmzscula, but very slen- 
der, minutely dentate. Three raised whitish dots in the cell, above which two dis- 
tinct brown-black marks on costa, one at base, the other at end of cell. Secondaries 
and abdomen dark gray. Expanse, 17 mm. 

Two? 9°, Long Island, N. Y. (Dyar), Washington, D. C. (Koebele); 
also several other specimens. Type No. 3781, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

The larva lives on the oak, but is different from ovz//a and has differ- 
ent habits. 


Meganola, gen. nov. 


Primaries 12-veined, median 4-handed, 7-10 stalked, 7 given off befcre Io. 
Secondaries 7-veined, median 2-branched, vein 4 absent, 5 given off a little below mid- 
dle of cross vein, 6-7 stalked, 8 joining subcostal for about one-third the length of 
cell. Hind tibize with two pairs of spurs, legs long, slender. Palpi about three times 
as long as head, broad, flattened, thickly scaled, obliquely descending. No ocelli. 
Primaries with three raised tufts of scales. 


Meganola conspicua, sp. nov. 


Thorax ani fore wings dark gray. T-.a. line just visible, arcuate, dentate; t p. 
line rather distinct, blackish, bent inward below median vein and obsolete on costa, 
finely blunt-dentate, free or closely paralleled inwardly by the median line which, 
when present, is irregularly dentate and bent towards base on costa; subterminal line 
obscure, inwardly waved, faintly bordered with whitish outwardly. A row of fine 
terminal white points with black scales inwardly. On costa at base a brown dash and 
a few brown scales also on the raised patches in middle and at end of cell. Second- 
aries grayish, pale at base. Expanse, 26 mm. 


Three? 9, Texas; Colorado; Fort Grant, Arizona (H. G. Hub- 
bard). Type No. 3789, U.S. Nat. Mus. 


44 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


LACOSOMID. 
Lacosoma arizonicum, sp. nov. 


g fore wing slightly incised at anal angle and roundedly produced at vein 3, the 
apex rounded, not falcate; hind wing rounded, somewhat sharply angled at anal 
angle, and slightly excised between the veins. Body flesh color, shaded with rosy 
pink on head and pectus; antennz yellowish with long pectinations. Wings pale 
brown, the basal half shaded with rosy pink, sparsely irrorate with brown. An ob- 
scure discal dot on both wings, black, overlaid with white, and a narrow, very slightly 
flexuous outer common brown line. Expanse, 29 mm. 


One ¢. Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H.G. Hubbard). Type No. 
3789, U.S. Nat. Mus. 


PYROMORPHID. 


Acoloithus rectarius, sp. nov. 
Entirely black, the collar concolorous. Fore w:ngs slightly bluish, hind wings 
greenish. Expanse, 13 mm. 


One example, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G Hubbard). Type 
No. 3788, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Possibly not distinct from Harrisina mexicana Schaus, which I have 
Not seen. 


NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID-A. 
By D. W. CoguiLtett, Washington, D. C. 


The insects comprising this family belong to the group of acalyptrate 
Diptera in which the auxiliary vein is imperfect or wanting, and the 
‘crossvein, which usually separates the discal from the second basal cell, 
is wanting, as is also the anal cell. The legs are short and rather 
robust. The only other family possessing these characters is the Ephy- 
dridz, but in these the head is usually much broader than high, the 
aristee of the antennze are sometimes long pectinate on the upper side, 
the sides of the face are usually provided with bristles and the oral 
opening is often excessively large, none of which characters occur in 
the Oscinide. 

In studying up the extensive series of specimens contained in the 
collection of the National Museum several new forms were met with, 
and it was found necessary to make a few corrections and additions to 
the genera given in Osten Sacken’s catalogue. A large series of speci- 
mens of Ofetiophora straminea, the type species of this genus, collected 
in Texas by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, shows that this genus is a synonym of 


March, 1808.] CoQuILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID&. 45 


Hippelates. LElachiptera is the older name for Crassiseta, as Mosidlus 
is of Gymnopa. The last named genus is not mentioned in Williston’s 
recent manual. One European genus, Avrzma, is now for the first time 
reported from this country, and a new genus, Ceratobarys, is erected 
for the Hippelates eulophus of Loew. The genus Sigalessa of Loew, 
although placed by its author in the Asteidz, and by Dr. Williston in 
the Drosophilidz, may with propriety be admitted into the present 
family, from which it does not differ in any more important character 
than the shortened second longitudinal vein. 

The genus Z//ifoneura is unknown to the writer in nature; all of 
the other genera reported from this country are represented in the 
National Museum collection. 


Table of Genera. 


I. Costal vein terminating at the tip of the third vein........ gdoogonsa0g008 pee 
Costal vein continued to the fourth vein................-4-- F5adna30500¢ 6 
2, Hind crossvein present ...... snooesoonsoodouscad Sead oopsooddoosbasas 3 
Hind crossvein wanting............2000.20 SA dersreet vor tocdawstehsts Elliponeura. 
= Pestenion femora not thickened 0.05. 0500 326 c oleate eine no stm ainmiemceneanes 4 
Posterior femora unusually thick......... ake fereiaveie tots eteye het eeeat Meromyza. 
4. Front projecting in front of the eyes at least two-thirds the length of their hori- 
PANT AUCH AI CLE TURE No tedelettedeil sy clever r= eislcue orevoleveerepela tale) oloke tater steraiene: cleusucyoters 5 
Front not projecting more than one-half of the diameter of the eyes..Chlorops. 
5. Third joint of antenne at least twice as long as wide .......... Ectecephala. 
Third joint only slightly longer than wide ..........-...000seeeeeee Eurina. 
6. Hind tibize each bearing a stout curved spur at tip of inner side............ 7 
lr ecnti nicer Gestitutel of SHCRISPUTS Haye ciel eiolelele = ale) 1 elelaleie lela eelels lee cle) = se 
7. Antennal arista unusually broad ............ serene ..+.e.....Ceratobarys. 
Antennal arista SlOAGer o..10:6 i iniais acts wis veiw sie ne wie eke eee Hippelates. 

8. Tip of second vein less than the length of the hind crossvein beyond the first. 
Sigaleessa. 
Tip of second vein several times the length of the hind crossvein beyond the 
LLP SCR PENSE RE or Tole fel sy sis uniavssnseiwinvekeleue ete emisiersials ASR DOS AUODUS soci aoe 9 
g. Arista of antennze not broadened .............+28 20% A fejeleustor ere siete SLO 
restr nanasally ProAdeHeM) 1.0510 x, <r leis s/o 6)s.nveve opine sien wae 6 Elachiptera. 
10. Last section of fourth vein three or more times as long as the penultimate sec- 
DING. 5 GAL ObA gs Id DO ISU DO ROS TOneo: SODoO DSH OOOO TSUC Ly sola bison II 
Last section less than twice as long as the penultimate SECHOR | vs sio6 Mosillus. 
11. Antennal arista bare or pubescent. ............. jn sobeosodyacg snaabas 12 
Antennal arista short plumose ............eeseeeeeees HOD SOA SAC Gaurax.. 
12, Epistoma noticeably produced forward. .........0e2 seu eeeeeeees Siphonella. 
POA NGE PLOUUCE LOL WAG ..-\. <a.0 acl ei= sie ale ale » pivip's nls 4 > en o/ens Oscinis. 


Descriptions of New Species. 
Eurinaexilis, sp. nov. 
Head yellow, the frontal triangle, antennz, thickened base of the arista, the 
clypeus and occiput, except the sides and lower part of the latter, black; frontal. 


46 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


triangle polished, toward the sides striated, its lower end broad, rounded, reaching 
lower end of the front, sides of the latter bare ; third joint of antennz subquadrate, 
only slightly longer than broad. Thorax black, the sides and pleura yellow, the 
latter marked with four black spots, mesonotum coarsely punctured, scutellum yel- 
low, convex. Abdomen black, the sides and venter yellow. Coxe, femora and 
tibiz reddish yellow, the middle of the hind tibize and all tarsi black. Hialteres yel- 
low. Wings grayish hyaline, third and fourth veins strongly diverging apically, hind 
crossvein twice its length from the small. Length, 4 to 5 mm. 


Fourteen specimens, Beverly, Mass., June 4 and 20 (Edward Bur- 
gess), and Colorado (Carl F. Baker and H. K. Morrison). Type No. 
3798, U.S. Nat. Museum. 


Chlorops aristalis, sp. nov. 


Head yellow, the front triangle, third joiat of antenne, clypeus and occiput ex- 
cept the sides and lower part black, arista white, the thickened basal part yellow ; 
frontal triangle polished, the sides converging to below the middle of the front, 
then as a narrow line extending to the lower edge of the front, sides of the latter 
bearing short, black, bristly hairs; third joint of antennze one and one-half times as 
long as broad, concave above and convex below ; palpi unusually large, projecting 
nearly one-third of their length beyond the anterior oral margin. Thorax yellow, the 
mesonotum subshining, marked with five nearly contiguous black vittz, the pleura 
marked with three blackish spots; scutellum yellow, convex. Abdomen dark 
brown, the sides and venter yellow. Coxe, femora and tibia: yellow, the tarsi 
brownish. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein one and two thirds times 
its length from the small. Length, 3 to 4 mm. 


Three specimens. North Carolina and southern Georgia. Collected 
by H. K. Morrison. Type No..3799, U. S. Nat. Museum. 


Chlorops scabra, sp. nov. 

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, second antennal joint and narrow upper edge 
of the third, the clypeus and occiput except the sides and lower part, black, arista 
brown, the thickened base black ; frontal triangle polished, its sides converging to 
below middle of front, then nearly parallel, extending to lower end of front, sides of 
the latter bearing short black bristly hairs ; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly 
shorter than wide. Thorax black, the sides and pleura yellow, one or two spots on 
the pleura, and the sternum largely black ; mesonotum subshining, coarsely punc- 
tured ; scutellum yellow, convex. Abdomen dark brown, the sides and venter yel- 
low. Legs reddish yellow, a broad black band near middle of.each hind tibia, apices 
of tarsi brown. MHalteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein over twice its 
length from the small. Length, 3 to 4mm. 


Two specimens. Oswego, N. Y. Collected July 17, 1896, by 
Professor Sheldon. Type No. 3800, U. S. Nat. Museum. . 


Chlorops rubida, sp. nov. 
Head yellow, an ocellar dot and narrow upper edge of the third antennal joint, 
black ; frontal triangle polished, punctured, each puncture bearing a short hair, a me- 


March, 1898.] CoQuILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINIDA. 47 


dian, longitudinal carina on lower half of the triangle sides of triangle converging to 
lower end of front, pointed at the apex, sides of front bearing short black bristly 
hairs ; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly longer than wide. Thorax yellow, 
five dorsal vittae and two spots on the pleura, reddish yellow ; scutellum light yellow, 
flattened. Abdomen black, the ends, side; and venter yellow. Legs reddish yellow. 
Halteres light yellow. Wings hyaline, the hind crossvein slightly more than its length 
from the small. Length, 3 mm. 


Two specimens. Colorado (H. Kk. Morrison), and Placer Co., 
Cal., in August (A. Koebele). Type No. 3801, U.S. Nat. Museum. 


Chlorops graminea, sp. nov. 

Head yellow, an ocellar spot, one on lower part of the triangle, the third anten- 
nal joint, thickened base of arista and two vittze on the occiput, black, sides of triangle 
partly or wholly brown, terminal portion of arista white ; frontal triangle opaque, 
punctured, bare, the sides converging to lower end of front, the apex broadly rounded, 
sides of front bare; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly shorter than wide. 
Thorax yellow, opaque, five dorsal vittze and three or four spots on the pleura, black- 
scutellum convex, yellow, toward the sides brown. Abdomen black, the narrow hind 
margin and sides of each segment, and middle of venter, yellow. Legs reddish yel- 
luw, apices of femora, both ends of the tibiz, and bases of the tarsi, light yellow, 
Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein slightly more than its length from 
the small. Length, 3 mm. 


Two specimens, Lancaster, Cal. Bred by A. Koebele. Type No. 
3802, U.S. Nat. Museum. 


Chlorops pullipes, sp. nov. 


Head yellow, the frontal triangle, antennz including the arista, the clypeus, 
palpi and occiput except the sides and lower part, brown or black ; frontal triangle 
polished, the sides converging to lower end of front, sides of front bare ; third anten- 
nal joint subquadrate, slightly longer than wide. Thorax polished, the dorsum black, 
sometimes marked with two yellow vittze, pleura yellow, marked with four black 
Spots; scutellum yellow, flattened. Abdomen black, hind margins of the fourth 
(usually) and fifth segments yellow. Legs brown or black, the trochanters, apices of 
femora, both ends of tibize, and bases of tarsi, yellow. MHalteres yellow. Wings 
hyaline, hind crossvein slightly more than its length from the small. Length, 2 to 4 
mm. 


Sixteen specimens. Santa Fé, N. Mex. (T. D. A. Cockerell, in 
July and August), and Cafion City, Colo. (H. F. Wickham); other 
specimens from Colorado were collected by C. F. Baker and H. Kk. 
Morrison. Type No. 3803, U.S. Nat. Museum. 

Chlorops assimilis 4/acg. An examination of the type of Szphon- 
ella obesa Fitch proves that it isa synonym of the above mentioned 
species. Chlorops trivialis Loew and C. distriata Walker belong in 
the same category. 


48 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI 


Chlorops prolifica O. S.A study of co-types of this species re- 
ceived from Dr. J. A. Lintner, shows it to be a synonmy of C. variceps 
Loew. 

Gaurax anchora Zoew. This species has been re-described by Dr. 
Williston under the name of £/achiptera dispar in Forbush and Fer- 
nald’s report on the Gypsy Moth, page 390. 

Gaurax montanus, sp. nov. 


Head black, the lower part of the front, antennz, except the arista, face, cheeks, 
proboscis and palpi, yellow; frontal triangle polished, the sides convex, the lower 
end not reaching below lowest fourth of the front, sides of front opaque ve'vety ; 
third joint of antenne reniform, one and one-half times as broad as long, arista 
densely short plamose. Thorax polished black, a large yellow spot above the middle 
coxze ; scutellum semicircular, yellow, the extreme base brown. Abdomen black, 
the base yellow. Legs, including the coxz, light yellow. Knob of halteres black,. 
the stem yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm. 


Two specimens. Mt. Washington (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) and White 
Mts., N. H. (H. K. Morrison). Type No. 3804, U. S. Nat. Museum. 


Hippelates capax, sp. nov. 


Head black, the lower part of the front, the face, cheeks and palpi, yellow ;. 
frontal triangle subshining, the sides convex, the lower end not reaching below the 
lowest third of the front, sides of front exceot the lower part opaque velvety, each 
bearing a row of short bristles ; third joint of antennz circular, arista pubescent ; 
vibrissze rather large. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen black, subshining, the ven-- 
ter basally yellowish. Legs dark brown, bases of femora and of tibiz, yellow.. 
Knob of halteres bright yellow. ‘Wings hyaline. Length, 3 mm. 


Northern Illinois. A female specimen collected October 27, 1895,. 
by Dr. W. A. Nason. Type No. 3805, U. S. Nat. Museum. 


Hippelates bicolor, sp. nov. 


Head black, lower part of the front, antennz, except the extreme apex, and the 
arista, face, cheeks and palpi, yellow; frontal triangle polished, the sides concave, 
the apex reaching lower end of front, bristles on sides of front very short, vibrissz- 
wanting ; third joint of antennz reniform, one and one-half times as broad as long. 
Thorax and scutellum polished black, the latter semicircular, wider than long. 
Abdomen yellow, sometimes marked with a dorsal row of black spots and a lateral: 
black vitta. Legsand halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm. 


Lake Worth, Fla. Two specimens collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson.. 
’ Type No. 3806, U. S. Nat. Museum.: 
Siphonella inquilina, sp. nov. 

Head black, the lower part of the front, antennz, face, cheeks and palpi, 
yellow ; frontal triangle polished, the sides convex, the apex not reaching below the- 


lowest fourth of the front; third joint of antenne orbicular, slightly wider than. 
long ; palpi projecting one third of its length beyond the oral margin. Thorax. 


March, 1898.] © COQUILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID#. 49 


black, polished, in front of the scutellum bearing numerous black, bristly hairs ; “scu- 
tellum black, subtriangular, along the sides bearing numerous black, bristly hairs and 
at the apex with a pair of bristles which are pressed together toward their tips. Ab- 
domen black, the base yeHow. Coxz, femora and tibize black, the trochanters and 
tarsi yellow. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm. 


Thirty-two specimens. Virginia; and St. Louis and Kirkwood, 
Mo. Type No. 3807, U.S. Nat. Museum. 


Oscinis virgata, sp. nov. 


Head yellow, an ocellar dot, which sometimes extends over the entire frontal 
triangle, the occiput except the lower edge, the antennz including the arista, the 
clypeus and apex of proboscis, black ; frontal triangle polished, reaching only slightly 
below the middle of the front, the latter bearing numerous short, black bristles ; third 
joint of antennz suborbicular, slightly wider than long. Thorax subshining, yellow, 
the mesonotum marked with three black vittze, a brown spot beneath the humeri and 
another beneath the wing ; metanotum in the middle black ; scutellum yellow, semi- 
circular. Abdomen black, the venter yellow. Coxze, femora and tibice yellow, outer 
side of front femora, and the front and hind tibia, tinged with brown; tarsi brown. 
Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 3mm. Colorado. 


A specimen of each sex collected by Carl F. Baker. Type No. 
3808, U. S. Nat. Museum. 


Oscinis pectoralis, sp. nov. 


Head yellow, the frontal triangle, occiput except the lower edge, and the antennz 
including the arista, black ; frontal triangle polished, reaching only slightly below the 
middle of the front, the latter bearing black bristly hairs; third joint of antennz 
nearly circular, slightly wider than long. Mesonotum subshining grayish black, the 
sides and pleura reddish yellow, a brown spot beneath the humerus and another near 
middle of pleura; scutellum grayish black, semicircular; metanotum black. Ab- 
domen black, the base and venter yellow. Coxze, femora and tibice yellow, the tarsi 
brown. Wicgs hyaline. Length, 3 mm. 


Franconia, N. H. A female specimen collected by Mrs. A. T. 
Slosson. Type No. 3809, U.S. Nat. Museum. 


Sigaloessa flaveola, sp. nov. 


Yellow, dorsum of thorax and of abdomen reddish yellow, the antennal arista 
and anterior oral margin black, a vitta on middle of occiput, a spot on front end of 
thorax, one above each humerus, a vitta on upper part of pleura and two spots on the 
lower part, brown; knob of halteres brown. Frontal triangle very small, scarcely 
exceeding the ocelli; third joint of antennz orbicular, as long as wide. Wings 
hyaline, third and fourth wings strongly converging toward their tips, apex of second 
vein only slightly beyond the hind crossvein. Length, 1.5 to 2 mm. 


Eight specimens. Franconia, N. H., Biscayne Bay, Fla. (Mrs. A. 
T. Slosson), and Washington, D. C. The specimens from the latter 
locality were collected on windows by the writer during May and July. 
Type No. 3810, U.S Nat. Museum. 


50 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


DIPTERA FROM THE LOWER RIO GRANDE OR 
TAMAULIPAN FAUNA OF TEXAS—II.* 


By C. H. TyLer TOWNSEND. 


TABANIDA. 
Tabanus atratus 7. 


Twoég ¢. April 16, and July 11. Brownsville, Texas. 
The eyes are slightly pubescent. First posterior cell completely 
closed, very short petiolate. Length, 20 to 22 mm. 


SYRPHIDAS. 
Eupeodes volucris O. S. 

One?. May 2. Brownsville, Texas. Taken on foliage. 

Length, 7 mm. Has ground color of abdomen brown, instead of 
black. This record extends the range of this species very considerably 
It is a characteristic species of the Plains, belonging distinctively to the 
Upper Sonoran subregion, and is one of those species which indicate 
the extension of the dilute Upper Sonoran to the Lower Rio Grande 
region. ‘There is a certain element of UZpser Sonoran present in the 
Tamaulipan fauna; and it is interesting to reflect that the dilute Upper 
Sonoran reaches to, and actually meets and mixes with the dilute /Vzo-. 
tropical here on the Lower Rio Grande. 


Baccha tropicalis Zowns. 


This species was described in Section I. It is most nearly allied to 
B. notara Loew of Cuba, a specimen of which from Florida has recently 
been identified by Mr. W. D. Hunter (with Dr. Williston’s assistance). 
The Florida specimen, while stated to be a ¢ (Can. Ent. April, 1896, 
Pp. 97), possesses the peculiarities of wing coloration and abdominal 
markings distinctive of the 9 of ¢ropicatis. If it bea 6, it is certainly 
a most aberrant one, judging from the usual sexual characters in this 
Neotropical group of Baccha. 

Notre.—While referring here to Mr. Hunter’s papers, I wish to 
point out a few errors that he has made. In the Can. Ent. for April, 
1896, p. 96, he states that up to that time there had been recorded only 
one specimen of Laccha tarchetius Walker, besides the type in the 
British Museum; and that that specimen was from New Jersey, col- 
lected by Mr. Keen, and is now in the National Museum. If he will 
refer to the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. for March, 1895, p. 38, he will find 


* Section I of this paper appeared in JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 1897. 


March, 1898.] . T'OWNSEND: DIPTERA FROM THE TAMAULIPAN REGION. 51 


that I recorded the species there from the District of Columbia, in a 3 
which I collected August 19. On page rot of the same paper, Mr. 
Hunter says that, with the exception of Kansas records, Sfidomyza 
guadrifasciata Say had not been recorded ‘‘ outside of some of the ex- 
treme eastern States.’’ I have recorded it from Michigan, in my paper 
above referred to. The fact that, throughout his paper, he repeatedly 
quotes Snow’s records of species from Colorado and New Mexico, and 
entirely ignores my previous records of the same species of Colorado, 
New Mexico and Arizona, indicates that my paper was not seen by him. 
The drawing of broad statements as to distribution, without consulting 
the literature bearing on the subject gives rise to wrong impressions and 
can not be too strongly condemned ; especially when it is remembered 
that my paper was a long and important contribution, on Syrphidz par- 
ticularly as well as other diptera, and appeared fully a year before, and 
in such a prominent medium as the Transactions of the American En- 
tomological Society ! 


Volucella tamaulipana, sp. nov. 


S 9. Length, 5% to 8% mm., both sexes ranging through these sizes. 

The Q in life is easily distinguished by having a lighter or more yellowish abdo- 
men and scutellumthan g. This is not by any means apparent in dried specimens. 
Front and face light yellow, faze much produced downward toa blunt point ; face and 
front white- pilose, vertex with black hair, cheeks with heavy shining black or brown 
stripes ; facial stripe much less distinct, fuscous, brown at oval margin. Face very 
gently concave above the slight tubercle. Frontal vitta moderately broad, shining 
brown, lighter arteriorly. Frontal triangle yellow, tinged with fuscous along middle, 
hairs somewhat brownish. Antennz about half as long as face, reddish-yellow ; third 
joint subequilateral, a little bulged on edges of basal portion, and slightly narrowed 
on apical portion; arista hardly as long as antenne, thinly long hairy above, and 
more thickly short hairy below. Thorax greenish-black, thickly clothed with shoit 
yellow hair, with a patch of black hair on posterior central portion of disk next the 
yellow prescutellar spot, whole of scutellum and larger or smaller prescutellar 
spot bright yellow, the wide lateral margins of thorax same except a fuscous 
space immediately above base of wings. A yellow spot on pleure directly be- 
low humeri, and a fuscous pale area in front of wing bases. Hair of scutellum 
bright yellow on anterior half or less, abruptly black on posterior half. Some longer} ur 
weak bristles or hairs on edge of scutellum. Metanotum shining black, with an 
arcuate line of yellow next scutellum, and a fuscous areabetween. Disk of scutellum, 
viewed from above, appears broadly fuscous Abdomen of a general yellowish brown ; 
first segment blackish in middle, and black on narrow hind border ; second segment 
wholly light yellow, except the sinuate hind margin blackish or brown, or with a 
median line of the brownish separating the elongate lateral yellow markings. 
Third segment with the same yellow markings quite distinct on anterior half 
of segment in some specimens, more or less distinctly divided by a median vitta, 


52 JourNnaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI. 


ino hers very indistinct. When distinct these spots are usually evenly rounded on 
whole hinder border, and often reach to but little short of hind margin of segment. 
Fourth segment usually yellow on anterior lateral portion, often indistinct in dried 
specimens. Pubescence of fourth segment wholly white ; of third white on front 
margin, very narrowly on median line but covering about half the length of segment 
on sides ; pubescence of second white on about anterior half, somewhat irregularly 
following the yellow markings. Rest of pubescence of abdomen black. Pubescence 
of venter white, except near apex. Legs yellowish-brown, the knees yellowish, the 
tarsi clear brownish-yellow except last two joints (and sometimes tip of next) black. 
Second vein strongly sinuous near extremity. Wings hyaline, narrowly tinged with 
yellow along whole costa; less than the oblique apical third yellowish fuscous, with 
brown cloud on section of second vein at extremity of marginal cell, and a subhyaline 
space before it. A lighter space in end of first posterior cell. Heavy clouds on 
aaterior crossvein, the crossveins at tip of second basal cell, and the origin of third 
vein. Brown cloud of stigma connected with that of anterior crossvein by a fuscous 
patch. Clouds of origin of third vein and tip of second basal cell are also connected 
by fuscous. Fuscous of tip narrowly and irregularly extended along inner margin ot 
wing. The proximal boundary of the apical fuscous of the wing extends approxi- 
mately from the end of the dilute stigma obliquely across to the end of second 
posterior cell. 

Eleven 9s, and twenty-four és, as fullows: All the Qs June 24, ex- 
cept one June 28: all the és June 24, except two June 25, one June 28, 
and one July 3, near Brownsville, Texas. All on flowers of Lippia 
lanceolata Michx., except two és (June 25) which were hovering in 
air under shade of a large tree in woods. Others were seen hovering in 
this manner and poised in the air, in company with them. J copula 
June 24. 

This species belongs to the group of V. pusilla, satur, etc. The ap- 
ical fuscous of the wing has the same inner boundary shown in the figure 
of pusilla given by Williston (Synopsis Syrph. pl. 6, fig. 3). It is one 
of the short, stout species, with the abdomen subround, and wider than 
the thorax. 


CONOPID. 
Zadion albonotatum Zowzs. 
The species was described in Section I. It is on the order of Z. 
splendens Jaeun., being practically, so far as effect goes, a melanistic 


and intensified color form of that species. It is, however, a perfectly 
good spec'es, being quite distinct in its emphatic coloring. 


March, 1898.] BAKER: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA. 53. 


NOTES ON SIPHONAPTERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
OF FOUR NEW SPECIES. 


By Gor. BARKER, 


Early in the course of my studies on the Siphonaptera I wrote Dr. 
Berg in Buenos Ayres, relative to the Pulex grossiventrix of Weyenberg 
which I had referred to Sarcopgsylla. He very kindly sent me speci- 
mens of both male and female. ‘These show some remarkable charac- 
ters which justify the foundation of not only a new genus but a new 
family. JI would here again call attention to the fact that we have yet 
no record of any fleas from bats in this country. The bat species are 
among the most interesting. I hope collectors having the opportunity 
will certainly secure specimens from any of our bats. 


Family MEGAPSYLLID, fam. nov. 


Body very large in the pregnant female, but the abdomen does not lose the nor- 
mal texture or structure, the sutures remaining distinct, although much connective: 
membrane is exposed between the plates. Antenne normal. Eyes very large, in a 
rather small head. Mouth parts very stout, the labial palpi six or seven jointed 
(impossible to say which without dissection). Fourth tarsal joint very small, more 
or less connate wiih fifth, causing the tarsi to appear four-jointed. Last tarsal joint 
and claws greatly en'arged, the spines on the former inclining to somewhat foliaceous. 


Megapsylla, gen. nov. 

Head evenly rounded above in female, uneven and unituberculate in front in the 
male. Prothorax in the female with five or seven remote, short, stout, dark brown 
teeth ; inthe male unarmed. Fore tibize very small and short, but swollen. Max- 
illae small, extending only to one-half of second joint of maxillary palpi. 


Megapsylla grossiventris ( Weyend.). 

1879, WEYENBERG, Boletin de la Acad. Nat. de Ciencias Repub. Argent, III, 
p- 188. ( Pulex grossiventris. ) 

1895, BAKER, Can. Ent. XXVII, p. 3. (Sarcopsylla grossiventris. ) 

Length of $ 2.5-3.5, of 9 4 mm. to often 6.5 mm. when pregnant. Head and 
thorax, with legs, reddish to dark brown, abdominal plates dark smoky. Edges of 
antennal groove very minutely and thickly spinose. Sparingly bristled, but the 
bristles stout ; the spines on the legs heavy, those on the fore tibie becoming very 
thick and tooth-like, and those on the fifth tarsal joint more or less flattened. Claws 
very large and recurved to the length of the fifth tarsal joint. Dorsal segments each 
with a single row of long bristles, six on a side. Upper claspers of male very large, 
naked, twice as long as broad, sides subparallel, tips obliquely cut off downward and 
backward. 3 


Lives on the Armadillo (Dasypus minutus) in the Argentine Re- 
public (Weyenberg and Berg.) 


54 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Pulex longispinus Wagner, Horz. Soc. Ent. Ross. XXIII, 1889, p. 


355: 

Pulex lamellifer Wagzer, ibid. XXIX, 1895, p. 504. 

The descriptions of these two species did not come to my hands 
until after the publication of the Preliminary Studies. They both be- 
long in my Division I of the genus. ‘The former name was also un- 
fortunately used by me. To the species described under this name by 
me I will now give the name a@visws. An examination of further ma- 
terial may show it to be a Zyphlopsylla. 


Pulex multispinosus, sp. nov. 


Male. Length, 3mm. Head flat above, strongly rounded in front, face nearly 
vertical. Eye rather small but distinct, and near lower edge of head. Antennal 
groove extending obliquely through center of head to near upper margin; near the 
lower edge of head, with three very long and stout spines and three smaller in front 
and three long and stout ones behind. Bristles on second antennal joint as long as 
third joint. Labial palpi about equalling fore coxze in length. Pro-, meso, and me- 
tanotums of nearly equal length, their discs with numerous small bristles; the pro- 
notum provided with a ‘‘comb’’ of about forty teeth. Dorsal segments, each with 
one row of medium-sized bristles, twelve on a side, and two rows of minute bristles ; 
ventral segments with a single row each, of four or five on aside. ‘Tarsal spines, all 
small and weak, especially those on fore tarsi. In fore tarsi joints 2 and 5 are of 
equal length, a little longer than 1 and about equalling 3 and 4 together. In middle 
tarsi joints 2 and 5 are of equal length and about three-fourths of 1 which equals 3 
and 4 together. In hind tarsi 1 equals 2 and 3 together, 2 equals 3 and 4 together, 
while 5 is scarcely half of 1. The decrease in length and width of joints in hind tarsi 
is very marked. Upper claspers very short and broad, trapezoidal in shape and un- 
armed. 


Described from one male collected at Raleigh, N. C., by Messrs. 
H. H. and C. S. Brimley. The host is the Rabbit (Lefus sylvaticus.) 
This species belongs to my Division II, but is widely distinct from any 
described species. It has a greater number of teeth in the pronotal 
comb than any described flea excepting Hystrichopsylla obtusiceps. 


Pulex gillettei Baker. 


Prof. A. P. Morse has taken this species on the Screech Owl (Z- 
gascops asio) at Wellesley, Mass. The habits of the birds of prey make 
them at least temporary hosts for several species of fleas usually found 
elsewhere. 


Pulex howardii Beazer. 


This flea is proving to be one of our most common and widely dis- 
tributed species, both geographically and as to hosts. Mr. D. B. Young 


March, 1898.] BAKER: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA, 55 


has collected it at Newport, Herkimer Co., N. Y., on the Wood-chuck 
(Arctomys monax) and the Flying Squirrel (Sciwropterus volucelia). 
Mr. Hubbard has taken it from a nest of the Silvery Mouse (Cereus 
giganteus) at Tucson, Ariz., and in debris of the Colorado River at 
Yuma, Ariz. 


Pulex brunneri 2aker. 


Collected by Professor J. M. Aldrich at Moscow, Idaho, on the Sper- 
mophile (Spermophilus columbianus). 

Belonging to a group of my Division II, which is composed of 
essentially American species. This group includes irsutus, colora- 
densis, bruneri, montanus and divisus, and is distinguished by having 
one or both of the apical spines on the second joint of hind tarsi greatly 
elongated and exceeding in length joints 3 and 4 together. 


Pulex arizonensis, sp. nov. 


Male. Length, 2mm. Head evenly rounded from occiput to mouth. A few 
bristles below, before and behind antennal groove. Bristles on apex of second an- 
tennal joint few but long. Eyes normal. Labial palpi somewhat exceeding fore 
cox. Pronotal comb of eighteen spines. Dorsal segments with two rows of bristles 
each, the principal row of six to seven bristles on aside. Fore and middle tarsi very 
weakly spined, hind tarsi with spines long and slender. In fore tarsi joints I and 3 
are of equal length and a little shorter than 2, while 5 is as long as I and 2 together. 
In middle tarsi joints 1, 2 and 5 are subequal in length and as long as 3 and 4 to- 
gether. In hind tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together, and is somewhat shorter than 2, 
while 1 equals 2 and 3 together ; the bristles on the apex of joint I are about as long 
or shorter than joint 2. Upper claspers unarmed, little more than twice longer than 
wide, sides subparallel, bent below, apex rounded. 


Described from a male taken by Mr. Hubbard at Tucson, Ariz., in 
a nest of Silvery Mouse. 
Typhlopsylla pectiniceps Wagner. Horz Soc. Ent. Ross, XXIII, 
1889, p. 347- 
Typhlopsylla bidentatiformis Wagner. Ibid., p. 351. 
These are two other species previously also overlooked by me. The 
former is widely distinct from any other Zyphlopsylla by reason of hav- 


ing combs of fourteen teeth each on either side of the head. The latter 
is quite near the wnzpectinata of ‘Taschenberg. 


Typhlopsylla assimilis Zschd. (var. ?). 


Three females, nearer this species than any other, were taken on 
the Screech Owl (Megascops asio) at Wellesley, Mass., by Professor A. 
P. Morse. This occurrence is to be considered accidental. These 


56 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VB. 


specimens cannot at present be definitely referred to this species with- 
out the males. 
Typhlopsylla nudata, sp. nov. 


Female. Length, 2mm. This species is well distinguished by the almost entire 
absence of bristles on the body, coxze and femora. The labial palpi about equal, the 
maxillary palpi somewhat exceed, the fore coxz in length. Head otherwise normal, 
no vestige of eyes. Spines of tibize few and rather weak, spines on fore and middle 
tarsi very weak, almost entirely absent on the former ; on hind tarsi long and slender, 
those on apex of first joint shorter than joint 2, but one of those on apex of joint 2 is. 
much longer than joints 3 and 4 together, asin Pulex bruneri and allies. Middle 
and hind femora apparently deeply emarginate behind, before the apex, with an acute 
tooth before the emargination, a character not before noted in any American flea 
(Skuse mentions it for his Stephanocircus). In fore tarsi joints I, 2, and 3 are sub- 
equal in length and little longer than 4, while 5 equals I and 2 together. In middle 
tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together and is a little longer than 1, the first four joints 
decreasing in length in this order, I, 2, 3, 4. In hind tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 
together and 1 equals 3, 4, and 5 together, while 2 is somewhat longer than 5. 


Described from two females taken by Mr. Hubbard from inner nest 
of Veotoma albigula, at Tucson, Ariz. ‘This is the most interesting spe- 
cies of the genus yet found in North America. When the final disrupt- 
ing of Zyphlopsyla comes this will fall in a genus by itself. 


Typhlopsylla charlottensis, sp. nov. 


Female. Length, 1.75 mm. Head with two oblique rows of spines, the lowest 
much the stronger. Bristles on apex of second antennal joint short. Labial palpi 
nearly equalling fore coxee. Pronotal comb of fourteen stout teeth. Dorsal segments 
with two rows of bristles, the principal row of five to seven long stout bristles on either 
side ; ventral segments with three to four onaside. Fore coxz strongly bristled. 
Spines of fore and middle tarsi very weak, of hind tarsi strong. In fore tarsi joints 
I and 2 are equal in length, 5 equals 3 and 4 together, and 4 is one-half of 1. In 
middle tarsi 1 equals 2 and 3 together or 4 and 5 together, while 2 equals5. Inhind 
tarsi spines all short, joint 2 is three-fourths of 1, equals 3 and 4 together and is one- 
fourth longer than 5. 

Described from two females taken in a mouse nest at Massett, Queen 
Charlotte Islands, by Rev. J. H. Keen. It is nearest to americana, 
from which, however, it is very distinct as described above. 


“March, 18,8 ] Ho.tianp: NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. ait 


NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. 
Ma | ItOLLAND, WLDi, F:Z.5., Sc. 


The species named Lycena fuliginosa by Mr. W. H. Edwards and 
as such listed in his Catalogue of-the Butterflies of North America, pub- 
lished as an Appendix to the First Volume of the Butterflies of North 
America, has been in the Catalogue annexed to Volume II transferred 
to the genus Zhec/a. This is a palpable error, as an examination of the 
types reveals. I called the attention of Dr. Skinner to this fact long 
ago, and recently upon the occasion of a short visit paid me by Mr. 
Beutenmuller, I likewise called his attention to it. The fact seems to 
be worthy of publication. Edwards was right in his original location of 
the species. The upper side is of a uniform grayish brown and the 
maikings of the underside as well as the form of the wings are of a truly 
lyceenine character. 

Entomclogists have been puzzled for many years past by their fail- 
ure to discover anywhere within the limits of the United States speci- 
mens of the species named /Pamphila omaha by Mr. W. H. Edwards. 
‘The original description, which appeared in the Proceedings of the 
Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vol. II, p. 21, stated that the 
type came from ‘‘ Pike’s Peak’’ and was contained in the collection of 
Mr. Newman, of Philadelphia, the well known collector, of whom the 
writer cherishes pleasant memories. In a letter recently received from 
Mr. Edwards he tells me that the specimens were collected by Mr. 
William Wood. Wood, I am informed, was a taxidermist, who also 
traded in a small way in insects, and had a lot of miscellaneous stuff in 
his shop coming from all sorts of places. He was not at all careful, 
so I am told, and but little dependence could be placed upon his lo- 
cality labels, which were as likely to be incorrect as correct. 

After Mr. Edwards had written his original description of P. omaha 
he returned the types to their owner. If I am not mistaken they are 
contained at present in the collection of the American Entomological 
Society of Philadelphia. Atall events, two specimens labelled Pamphila 
omaha Edwards, are to be found there, corresponding perfectly with 
the description given by Edwards. They are mounted on common 
pins, not insect pins. 

In the Edwards Collection there is a single specimen of Pamphila 
omaha, marked ‘‘ P. omaha, —mingo, Edw., Kanawha Co., W. Va.”’ 
Mr. Edward writes me that so far as he is able to recall the facts this 
specimen, which is the original type of his Pamphila mingo, was taken, 


58 JournaL New YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI- 


as the label states, in Kanawha County. He tells me that having re- 
turned the types of P. omaha, he fell inadvertently into the error of re- 
describing the species three years afterwards under the new name. 

In my studiesof the He-periidz I have been led to amass an exceed- 
ingly large collection of the Hesperiidee of the world, and the other day 
Dr. Barnes, who was with me spending a little time in the examination 
of the Edwards Collection, called my attention to the obvious identity 
of P. omaha with the East Indian Zedicota mesoides Butler, of which 
I possess a large series of specimens. I had not noted the fact before, 
but, when my attention was called to it, the positive identity of the two 
things became at once manifest. 

I strongly suspect that Pamphila omaha Edwards is not a native of 
this country. If we had only to do with the types originally acquired 
by Mr. Newman from William Wood I should have no hesitation what- 
ever in saying that we are dealing with an error brought about by a mis- 
taken locality-label. The assertion of Mr. Edwards that the type of 
P. mingo was taken in Kanawha County is the great obstacle to such a 
conclusion. Still it is possible that Mr. Edwards was mistaken also. 

Elwes in his recent Revision of the Oriental Hesperiidz, published 
in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. XIV, p. 
254, gives the synonymy of the species. I reproduce it here, intercalat- 
ing the additional synonyms of American origin: 


Telicota dara Kollar. 
Flesperia dara KOLUAR, Hugel’s Kaschmir. Vol. IV, p. 455 (1848). 
Flesperia omtha WN. H. EDWARDS, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. II, p. 21 (1863). 
Pamphila mesa Moork, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 509, Pl. XXV, fig. 9. 
Hesperia mingo W. WH. EpwaArpbs, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. VI, p. 207 
(1866). at 
Famphila flava MuRRAY, Ent. Mo. Mag. XII, p. 4 (1875). 
Pamphila nitida MABILLE, Pet. Nouv. II, p. 114 (1877). 
Pamphila taxilus MABILLE, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXI, p. 38 (1878). 
Carterocephalus omaha STRECKER, Butt. and Moths of N. A. p. 175 (1878). 
Pamphila trachala MABILLE, Pet. Nouv. II, p. 237 (1878). 
Pamphila mesoides BUTLER, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Ser. 2, Zool. Vol. I, p. 
554 (1879). 
Padraona mesoides MOORE, Lep. Ceylon, I, p. 171, Pl. LXXI, figs. 5, 5a (18381) 
Carterocephalus omaha EDWARDS, Butt, N. A. Appendix (1884). 
Telicota masoides DISTANT, Rhop. Malay. p. 383, Pl. XXXIV, fig. 24 (1886). 
Padraona pseudomesa Moore, Lep. Ceylon, I, p. 170 (1881). 
Padraona dara WATSON, Hesp. Ind. p. 57 (1891). 
Padraona dara LEECH, Butt. China etc. p. 596, pl. XL, figs 13, 14, vars. 


(1891). 


March, 1898.] HoLuaNnD: NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. 59 


Pamphila heterus MABILLE, Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. III, no. 31, p. 
72 (1883). 

Pamphila heterus STAUDINGER, Iris, II, p. 145 (1889). 

Padraona heterus SEMPER, Schmett. Philipp. p. 303, Pl. XLIX, fig. 15, ? 
(1892). 

Whether all of the several forms thus merged under Zedicota dara 
Kollar, are positively identical may perhaps be questioned a little, but 
of the identity of Z. omaha, with the form described as P. m@soides by 
Butler there is not a shadow of doubt. 

Mr. Elwes, in his revision of the Hesperiidze of the Oriental Region 
referred to in the foregoing paragraph, describes as a new species a Zed:- 
cota to which he gives the name of szmplex (Cf. p. 253, Pl. XIX, Fig. 
15, ¢). This is the same species which I described in the Proceedings 
of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXV, p. 79, Pl. IV, fig. 
4, under the name Ze“icota subrubra. I do not much wonder that from 
the wretched figure I gave, Elwes was unable to make out the species, 
and I am thankful to him for having given so good a figure. Of course, 
his name sinks asa synonym. Had he noted my description and asked 
for information as he did in reference to some other species, I might 
have helped him to avoid the error. His work is a splendid contribu- 
tion to our knowledge of the subject, and minor errors of this sort are 
likely to occur in the case of the most careful student. 

Much has been written concerning Limenitis floridensis Strecker, 
and Limenitis eros W. H. Edwards. The latter author insists upon 
the distinctness of his species from that named by Strecker. I cannot 
agree with him. With the type of Z. evos before me, and after having 
carefully examined the insect named ZL. floridensis by Strecker, I am 
sure of the identity of the two. Strecker’s name has priority. 

What is Zeuzera canadensis Herrich-Schaeffer? Under this name 
the distinguished lepidopterist of Ratisbon named and figured a species 
of Zeuzera, which, he informs us, came from ‘‘ Quebeck”’ (s¢c), From 
the time of the publication of his plate to this present hour no such 
insect has turned up on American soil. I recently purchased, while in 
London, a set of a Zewzera from Natal, which is undoubtedly the insect 
figured by Cramer as WVoctuwa asylas (Pap. Exot., Pl. 137, fig. C). Is 
not this species of Cramer the same as the one figured by Herrich- 
Schaeffer? It looks to me as if possibly Z. canadensis might be an 
African form, and that we are dealing in this case again with a mistaken 
locality-label. Quien sabe ? * 


*T was tempted to drop a line to Dr. A. G. Butler of the British Museum re- 
questing him to confer with Sir George F. Hampson and let me know whether my 


60 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~_ [Vol. VI. 


REPLY TO DR. DYAR’S NOTE. 
By A. RADCLIFFE GROTE. 


In reply to Dr. Dyar’s note, this Journal, V, 66, I would state that,. 
having no preparations of the larve, I may have failed to follow en- 
tirely Dr. Dyar’s remarks and any misstatement of them has arisen in 
this way. I would suggest that Dr. Dyar figure them in outline as I 
have done with the neuration. I consider the ‘‘stinging spines’”’ as. 
adaptive, secondary characters, unfit for classificatory purposes of this. 
nature and not decisive of phylogeny. With regard to the anal tuber- 
cle, Dr. Dyar regards it as primary—of this I cannot judge, but natur-_ 
ally accept this dicta. And thisis the only main point. I regard the pat-- 
tern of neuration as ‘‘ primary ’’ and that it unites, in one phylogenetic 
group, Hemileuca and Saturnia and Automeris and Agta. As to other 
characters, the structure of the female antennze appears to fall in very 
well with my classification as also the specializations of the pupal en- 
velop. This whole case seems to converge into: anal tubercles vs. pat- 
tern of neuration. It is a test case and should be settled before we go 
any further. It appears to me a physiological impossibility that Agia 
should be derived from the Saturnian branch or that Memzteuca should 
be derived from the Aglian stem. From his point of view Dr. Dyar 
thinks the reverse and hence a settlement of the controversy, which 
should not be suffered to run into side issues, is very desirable. 


surmise as to the identity of Z. canadensis, H. S. with Z. asy/as of Cramer met with 
their approval. I have just received the following reply contained in a letter written, 
January Ist, 1898. 

‘¢ As desired, we have looked into the identity of Zeuzera asylas Cram. and Z, 
canadensis H. Sch., and have come to the conclusion that you are quite correct in 
the belief that both figures represent the same African species. We have nothing ap- 
proaching it from any temperate country and all the species of this type appear to be: 
inhabitants of the tropical parts of the old world.’’ 

I accept it then as established that Zeazera canadensis H. Sch. is a synonym for 
Z. asylas Cram., and the species should be stricken from our lists of North American. 
species. Herrich-Schaefer’s locality ‘‘ Quebeck’’ was evidently an error. 


POmwiIR NAT, 


Deo Bork @ntomological Society, 
Pov oe. JUNE, 1808 Ree a oe 


STUDIES IN THE PTINIDZ, CIOIDZ AND SPHIN- 
DIDZZ OF AMERICA. 


By Tuos. L. Casey. 


The term ‘‘America,’’ in the above title, is employed to designate 
that portion of the American continent embraced within the boundaries 
of the United States. There should be no more ambiguity in designat- 
ing the United States of America as America simply, than in calling the 
United States of Brazil, or the United States of Colombia by the last 
word of their respective titles. It may perhaps be considered egotistical 
for us to appropriate to ourselves the name characterizing the continents 
of the western hemisphere, but as we have no other title to distinguish 
us among the numerous aggregates of united states which compose these 
continents, there is no reasonable motive for avoiding the apparent 
conceit. 


PTINIDA. 
PTILININI. 


The insects of this tribe form an appropriate introduction to the 
Bostrichinz, for they are evidently a connective bond with the Anobiini. 
Our species have not been studied for many years. We have two 
genera as follows :— 


Antennz strongly flabellate in the male, serrate in the female,........... Ptilinus 
Antenne slender and feebly serrate in the male, shorter and somewhat stouter but 
rather more strongly serrate in the female.................- Euceratocerus 


The eyes are rather larger and more convex in Huceratocerus than 
in /rilinus, but are much smaller in the female than in the male. Select- 
ing the apparent males by this character I have been unable to observe 
any pectination of the male antenna in A/evradlis, though it may exist 
in horni, of which I have not seen the male. 


62 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Ptilinus Geof. 


The long slender pubescent appendages of the male antenna are not 
an extreme development of the usual serriform structure, but project 
from the base of the joints, the joints themselves being slender and some- 
times cylindrical. In the female, however, the joints are prolonged out- 
wardly and in an obliquely anterior direction, forming a truly and quite 
strongly serriform antenna. The males differ from the females not only 
in the structure of the antennze but in the much denser sculpture of the 
entire body, and frequently to a very great degree in the form of the 
prothorax. In the following table of the species included within my 
cabinet, all the discriminating characters refer to the female, except in 
the case of flavifennis, of which the only known example is a male :— 


Color uniform throughout or very nearly, the elytra not paler,............ oddoo & 
Golor‘blackish; the felytra flavate:'.5..2...<10.c/o> aint showtse seer saeco aS 
2—Prothorax sinuate at the sides subapically, the apex more or less prominent in a 

roundedsonmtecblyssinuadtes lobe wee niaerne tease taser Teenie errata 3 
Prothorax arcuately oblique subapically, the apex angulate and slightly prominent 6 
Prothorax broadly and evenly arcuate at apex, feebly sinuate in the middle,..... 7 


3—Elytra distinctly punctured only toward the base, the punctures nearly obselete 
toward tip; thoracic lobe feebly and evenly crenulate. California. .basalis Lec. 
Elytrai distinetly punctured thiroushout -.'s2).. (1: saciid 2 aloes see ene 4 
4—Thoracic lobe narrowly rounded and with a few closely approximate serrules at 
tips Rennsylvaniaytowindianaw erm cr ee ie eee ruficornis Say 
Thoracic lobe broadly rounded, with a feeble cuspiform emargination and minutely 
andevenly serrulate throughout |< 272 .cy nce clei ios  oieke ie e e 5 
5—Scutellum elongate, finely and densely rugose ; epipleurze gradually wider at base. 
female.—Body rather stout, cylindrical, dark piceo-castaneous in color through- 
out, the legs scarcely, the antennze much, paler; lustre rather dull, the pubes. 
cence very short and dense on the elytra. Head convex, minutely and densely 
granulate, the transverse frontal impression distinct. Prothorax distinctly wider 
than long, widest at about the middle, narrowed slightly to the base, rapidly and 
just visibly sinuate to the apical lobe ; surface minutely and densely granulose 
toward base, more coarsely, sparsely and irregularly so toward apex, the median 
line finely impressed. Elytra three-fourths longer than wide, equal in width to 
the prothorax, minutely and densely subgranulose in texture, with the punctures 
rather strong, sparse and distinct, feebler toward tip, where they are more dis- 
tinctly intermingled with small granules and the ground lustre is more shining. 
Length 4.0 mm.; width 1.5 mm. Nebraska...... ........ lobatus, sp. nov. 
Scutellum quadrate, coarsely rugose; epipieurze rapidly wider at base, d/ale.—Cy- 
lindrical, opaque, black, the legs scarcely paler, the antennze pale rufous, the 
rami infuscate; pubescence extremely minute and not very conspicuous. Head 
conyex, dull, minutely subgranulose, the eyes convex, separated on the front by 
about four times their own width, Prothorax about a third wider than long 
broadly, evenly arcuate at base, gradually narrowed and arcuate at the sides from 


June, 1898.] CasrEy: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 63 


the broadly rounded basal angles to the apex, the latter much narrower than the 
base and evenly and more strongly arcuate; surface densely granulato-rugose 
throughout, the median line very fine and subobsolete. Elytra three-fifths longer 
than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and much more than twice as long, 
very densely granulato-rugose and opaque, the punctures distinct throughout, 
with about two impressed series along the lateral margin, esa/le,—A little 
larger and paler in color than the male, with more shining elytra, upon which 
there are more distinct traces on each of three or four feeble ridges. Prothorax 
larger, fully as wide as the elytra, rounded at the sides, widest just behind the mid- 
dle, the surface more sparsely and decidedly granose toward tip. Elytra scarcely 
three-fifths longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax, Length 3.0-3.5 
Mme swidthit. tr. 2 mam, Indiana. 2... Painters pruinosus, sp, nov. 
6—Elytral punctures only distinct near the base, where they are fine. /eszale,— 
Evenly cylindrical, piceous, the legs and antennze paler; pubescence very short, 
even, extremely dense, yellowish in color and conspicuous on the elytra; lustre 
rather shining. Head evenly convex, minutely granulato-rugose, the epistomal 
impression small and rather feeble. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the 
sides parallel and feebly arcuate; apex broadly and evenly ogival; surface mi- 
nutely granulose, becoming nearly smooth at the sides toward base, the granules 
coarse and pronounced toward apex except laterally. Scutellum quadrate, feebly 
conyex, dull. Elytra fully three-fourths longer than wide, about twice as long as 
the prothorax, smooth and alutaceous, without trace of impressed lines at any 
part. Abdomen rather convex, the second segment somewhat longer than the 
first. Length 2.8-4.0 mm.; width 0,9-1.4 mm, California (Sta. Cruz Mts.). 
acuminatus, sp. nov. 

7—Elytra with fine, even and somewhat impressed strize in both sexes. J/ale.— 
Cylindrical, blackish, the elytra generally a little paler; legs and antennz pale, 
the flabellum infuscate; surface dull, the humeral callus more shining. Head 
short, inserted to the eyes which are well developed and strongly convex; sur- 
face but feebly convex, densely scabrous and opaque; antennal joints very short, 
the rami very long and slender. Prothorax a little shorter than wide, parallel 
and straight at the sides, broadly and evenly rounded in apical third or fourth, 
with a minute sinus at the middle; surface coarsely, densely and roughly gran- 
ulato-scabrous throughout the width, becoming much more finely so and smoother 
toward base. Scutellum moderate, subquadrate. Elytra three-fourths longer 
than wide, a little more than twice as long as the prothorax and rather wider, 
densely dull and finely granulato-rugose, the second and fifth intervals uniting 
and rather convex near the declivity, the ninth also becoming broader and slightly 
convex behind. ea/e——Rather shining and dark rufo-testaceous throughout, 
the prothorax similar in form but rather shorter and fully as wide as the elytra, 
with the rugulosities more distinct and isolated, nearly smooth toward base, the 
head more elongate, narrower and with the eyes small and distant from the pro- 
thorax; elytra rather flattened on the posterior declivity, with the intervals 
slightly uneven. Length 30-4.2 mm. width 0.9-1.4 mm. California (Sta. 
Cruz Mts)...... Sdeic cAgeh ae fat Bist ie oriticgen coe ramicornis, sp. nov. 
8—Elytra with rather strong punctures unevenly arranged throughout. Ma/e.— 
Cylindrical, blackish and opaque, the elytra flavate and less dull; legs paler, the 


64 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


antennze pale flavate; pubescence short, fine and moderately distinct. Head 
rather short, inserted nearly to the eyes, which are well developed and very con- 
vex; surface moderately convex, dull and subscabrous; antennze moderate in 
length, the rami unusually.short and gradually thickened from their bases, the 
ramus of the fourth joint three times as long as the joint. Prothorax distinctly 
shorter than wide, the outline broadly parabolic from the base continuously 
around the apex, the sides becoming almost parallel near the base, which is 
broadly arcuate, finely margined toward the middle ; surface densely granulato- 
scabrous, larger individual granules but slightly evident toward tip. Scutellum 
longer than wide, dull, obtuse at tip as usual, Elytra three-fourths longer than 
wide, twice as long at the prothorax and scarcely wider, the punctures equally 
visible throughout, rather large but sparse and with but the vaguest suggestion 
of lineal arrangement. Length 2.4 mm.; width 0.8 mm. California (Los 
Anigeles” Coa Mxasas ai ae severe omens oye ste enceeesredaree flavipennis, sp. nov. 


The female in this genus generally has a short acute transverse ridge 
near the apex of the last ventral segment, but in ramzcornis the fifth seg- 
ment is simple in that sex, having merely a very small and shallow im- 
pression at the apex. The male usually has the fifth ventral simple or 
slightly more convex at the apex, where it is broadly and evenly rounded. 

Acuminatus is represented before me by seven females varying greatly 
in size, and the male is apparently rare; on the other hand ramuicornis 
is represented by nine specimens, only two of which are females. Z/o- 
racicus Rand., is not known to me at present and is therefore omitted 
from the table. 

Euceratocerus Lec. 

The fifth ventral segment is generally impressed in the female of Zv- 
ceratocerus and is rather shorter than in the male, where it is simple. 
The species are all elongate and subcylindrical, though rather less con- 
vex than in /¢z/nus, the head minutely and densely granulose, the pro- 
thorax less minutely and very clearly and evenly granulate throughout 
the disk, but rather more densely at the summit of the more convex 
median parts near the base. The elytra have very fine, scarcely im- 
pressed strize, which extend nearly to the apex in orzz, and that species. 
is well distinguished from any of the California representatives by the 
two basal impressions of the pronotum. ‘The species are very much 
more closely allied among themselves than those of /¢z/nus, and the 
- male appears to be very rare in comparison with the female. The four 
species in my cabinet may be identified as follows from the female :— 
Basal joint of the hind tarsi very much shorter than the entire remainder, the second 

joint relatively more elongate; pronotum impressed at each side near the basal 


margin; elytra more elongate ; eyes separated by rather less than three times. 
their ownlwidth., | Wexasiye. > ane aac erties Anan So sehoau obo horni Zec. 


June, 1898 ] Casey: NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 65 


Basal joint but slightly shorter than the entire remainder, the second joint relatively 
much shorter; pronotum not impressed sublaterally at base................ 2 
2—Pleural sulcus below the humeri deep and strongly marked; elytra twice as long 
as wide; eyes separated by evidently more than three times their own width. 
Body rather stout, the elytra subdilated near the tip, blackish-piceous above, 
the legs and antennze dark rufous or rufo-piceous; surface feebly shining, the 
pubescence extremely short, pale, dense and conspicuous on the elytra. Head 
short, inserted to the eyes, dull, the epistomal impression well marked. Pro- 
thorax three-fifths wider than long, rounded at apex, the sides thence strongly di- 
verging and feebly sinuate, becoming parallel and broadly rounded in basal half; 
basal angles rounded. Elytra twice as long as wide, more than three times 
as long as the prothorax and fully as wide, a little wider at apical third ; humeral 
angles rounded. Length 3.7-4.5 mm.; width 1.3-1-7 mm. California (Sta. 
PU SUNIES ) Ueteriaraicials’ aie esslordei se eare'e'e:s Hecate cisteraneteue thet pleuralis, sp. nov. 
RIPE rAlGSOICUS MALrOW aNd feeble res scares caieiet aie eels 6_alecetajale eile slam cies = seiebel eae 3 
3—Elytra fully twice as long as wide; eyes small, separated by fully four times their 
own width. Body very slender, nearly as in A/euralzs but narrower, the elytra 
not distinctly wider behind and fully three and one-half times as long as the pro- 
thorax, the latter nearly similar in outline but still more transverse, the sides be- 
coming parallel in less than basal half, with the median line similarly finely im- 
pressed anteriorly. Length 2.9 mm.; width 1.0mm, California (locality not 
PUMUTLacLCCLS\Wteeiays’ <"c/atcieneicich sfolsieis’ ova; tele a) essnayeiaie' are sielevereislbvar us macer, sp. nov. 
Elytra much shorter, three-fourths longer than wide; eyes more convex and better 
developed, separated by three times their own width. Body suboblong, moder- 
ately convex, dull, blackish, almost similar throughout to péewralis but shorter, 
the prothorax relatively rather smaller and the elytra much shorter, not distinctly 
dilated subapically, and with the minute subgranuliform rugulosity still finer 
and the pubescence a little denser, the fine strize distinct to the summit of the 
convex declivity. ~The hind tarsi are longer than in Aleuralis. Length 3.4 
mm.; width 1.25mm, California (locality not indicated). .saginatus, sp. nov. 


The descriptions are derived throughout from the female, the only 
male accessible to me being one of the four examples of fleuwrals. This 
male is very much smaller and narrower than the female, with the eyes 
better developed and separated by slightly more than twice their own 
width; the prothorax is more transverse and almost semicircular. in 
outline from the base around the apex, near which it is perhaps more 
correctly broadly parabolic; the last ventral segment is simple, rounded 
ta apex and not quite as long as the two preceding combined; the an- 
tennz do not differ essentially in structure from those of the female, but 
are rather more slender. 

BostTRICHINI. 


The genera of Bostrichini have not been considered in their mutual 
relationships for twenty years, when a review of them was published by 
Dr. Horn, I find it necessary to increase the genera recognized by. 


66 JourNaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI. 


that author by five, the species hitherto placed in Scnoxylon being quite 

heterogeneous and in no single instance truly a member of that genus. 

Sinoxylon dinoderoides, Amphicerus fortis and Dinoderus brevis are 

also types of distinct genera. The genus proposed for the last named 

species is called Fafea in the table. The genera known thus far may be 
thus distinguished :— 

Tarsi long, with the last joint relatively shorter, the second joint usually elongate ; 
claws and tibial spurs stouter, grooved beneath, the edges of the groove minutely — 
en ElC A > An oen Baoonee GOHeoGanD GAOL GsoucnCnOasooguoGuECRocKcoNg ys: 2 

Tarsi short, the four basal joints subequal among themselves and together nearly 
equal to the fifth; clawssmallerand more slender, not at all crenulate within, .9 

2—Funicular joints of the antennz very short and closely united, together never 
longer than the first joint of the club, the latter long, loose and strongly com- 


PTESSE Riese wins tek hale se eg who's Suevaie terezie cimtecauberc beg atese cs lereletols cee cucyar etek neat 3 
Funicular joints more elongate and less closely united, together generally much 
longerthan the first jomtof the club) esse eee mee aeerr Bese poss Aan. 6 
Z—ainiciomell Glial) sSyonate. ooscccnosdaccnn0a00c sebsvavevouvolsve ayelier sist nrcteyeveket ann Rerede 4 
Antennal club 4-jointed........ LOO is BE nl IBS neat cAMP es. . Tetrapriocera 


4—Antennz 10-jointed, the elytral declivity with well-marked spines or tubercles. .5 
Antennze 9-jointed, the elytral declivity without spines or tubercles at the sides, or 
with very rudimentary tuberculiform irregularities, excavated near the suture, 
the latter with a spiniform elevation; antennal club moderate in development, 


its joints decreasing in width and only very feebly serriform ..... Xylopertha 
5—Antennal club moderately developed, its first and second joints nearly similar in 
form; selytral declivitySexspinase \aa-ie eee eee arene Xylobiops 


Antennal club greatly elongated, its first and second joints dissimilar in form, the 
former more or less outwardly produced at apex; elytral declivity quadritubercu- 


TOS GEA bie oa eee tee ho) Ane cerca CROP PE Bucher cyeroretnotare Dendrobiella © ° 


6—Joints of the antennal club strongly compressed and deeply bistriate from the ap- 
ical margin; front simply tumid; hind angles of the prothorax rounded. 

Amphicerus 

Joints of the antennal club strongly compressed but not striate, the two sensitive patches 

near the apices of the joints rounded and feebly marked; front lamellarly promi- 


nent behind the clypeus ; hind angles of the prothorax not rounded... Apatides )! 


Joints of the antennal club but feebly compressed and generally quite convex, the 
first two more or less transverse, with the twosensitive patches rounded and sub- 


apicall;s front notitransverselysprominente ene ee meeenmiceiaeseeeenieeeeericrns 7 

7—Tibiz dentate externally; claws abruptly bent at base, not distinctly crenulate ; 

SIZERVEhyalancie meena may araloverti are Ber ites te bevatsee s iS ahelalat sree peaaeieeee Dinapate 

. Tibize not dentate; claws evenly arcuate; size moderate or small................ 8 

8—Front margined at the sides; eyes well developed ....... Paes Bostrichus 
Bront@motimarcineds comvexsmey.es sia lysine ite eee Micrapate 


9—Antennz with the two basal joints relatively smaller, the funicle well developed ; 
club rather short, 3-jointed. 

Antennze Io-jointed ; body elongate, the head exserted....... ....--Dinoderus 

Antennz I1-jointed; body short and stout; head deeply inserted......... Patea 


June, 1898.] Casey: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 67 


In Zetrapriocera and Fatea the antennz are 11-jointed. In all the 
others they are 1o-jointed, except in Xy/ofertha and in one species of 
Bostrichus, where they have but ninejoints. Zetrapriocera /ongicornis 
(= schwarzi Horn) is the only known species of that genus. <y/ofer- 
tha is confined, as might be expected, to the subsiberian fauna of the 
Pacific coast, where it is represented by didentata, declivis and suturatts, 
hitherto placed in Szzoxy/on, which genus has the two basal joints of the 
antennal clubshort and transverse. Xy/odcofs is proposed for the Szwoxy- 
lon basillare, texanum, sextuberculatum and floridanum of the present 
lists. Dénapate wrighit, the type and only known species of the genus, 
is the largest bostrichid known; it will probably soon become extinct 
by reason of the destruction of its food-plant for commercial purposes. 


Dendrobiella, gen. nov. 


This genus inhabits the warmer parts of the North American con- 
tinent and also the West Indies; the species known to me may be iden- 
tified by the following characters :— 


Elytral punctures distinct throughout the disk, except at the sides, where they are obso- 
lete, finer toward base, coarser posteriorly to the brink of the declivity, the latter 
smooth and impunctured as usual throughout the genus. 

Larger species, 5.5-6 mm. in length, blackish in color........... sericans Lec. 
Smaller species, 4 mm. in length, rufo-piceous in color,.... quadrispinosa Lec. 

Elytral punctures rather fine and sparse but distinct toward base, becoming wholly 
obsolete toward the declivity. A/z/e.—Head well developed, the surface flat- 
tened, polished, nude and finely, sparsely punctulate, bituberculose at the base of 
the vertex; eyes moderate, very prominent; antennz pale, longer than the width 
of the head, the first seven joints together scarcely longer than the first joint of 
the club, the tenth joint long and narrow. Prothorax wider than long, slightly 
narrowed anteriorly, broadly truncate at apex, the sides becoming parallel be- 
hind the middle ; apical asperities moderately coarse and obtuse at the sides ; disk 
polished, finely, subimbricately punctulate toward the middle in more than basal 
half. Elytra shining, the pubescence rather long, fine, decumbent, fulvous and 
conspicuous ; apical truncature flat and shining, the tubercles moderate, the lower 
more obtuse. Female.—Smaller than the male but nearly similar, except that 
the head is smaller, more convex, less shining, feebly convex, punctured, pubes- 
cent and devoid of tubercles. Length 4.3-50 mm.; width 1.75-21 mm. 
Es 2S (VEG IE) ARR one ed ao.q dbo nce toe ecat on pubescens, sp. nov. 

Elytral punctures wholly obsolete, being feebly traceable only very near the base. 
Male.—Head moderate, flattened, becoming concave behind the frontal margin, 
minutely, sparingly puberulent, slightly shining, finely and rather closely punctu- 
late throughout; two small tubercles of the vertex on a transverse Jine through the 
posterior limits of the eyes; antennce but little longer than the width of the head, 
nearly as in Judescens. Prothorax much wider than long, feebly narrowed in 


68 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


apical half, very broadly truncate at apex, the apico-lateral serrules acute, about 
three in number ; sculpture nearly as in pubescens, except that the disk is finely, 
sparsely punctulate toward base, without trace of imbricate sculpture. Elytra 
smooth, conspicuously pubescent; apical tubercles small and rather feeble, 
Length 5.0 mm.; width 2.0mm. Island of Jamaica...... sublzvis, sp. nov. 


It is probable that pudescens is the species identified as serzcuns by 
Gorham in the ‘‘ Biologia.”’ 


Amphicerus Zec. 


This is a rather large and important genus among our bostrichids, 
not at all closely allied to Afafe as is said to be the case by Mr. Gor- 
ham in the ‘‘ Biologia,’”’ the two differing radically in the form of the 
antennal club among other characters. The species known to me are 
as follows :— 

Elytra deeply margined:atvapex. 1s sa qime ssic ielercscreieis ie sreicia sreie restorer eres eee 2 


Elytra not strongly margined at apex, smaller species, brown or testaceous in color, 
with the sculpture toward the base of the pronotum less broadly granulose and. 


TOES MEMAKY MIBIEOSSs Gocooncoc ceceus HoHoooGOoobOOOUoOehUCo Sob uOEHe dacs 7 
2—Elytra 4-tuberculate at the summit of the apical declivity, less distinctiy so in the 
female; body generally black throughout............ Be aso. a3 
Elytra bituberculate at the summit of the apical declivity, rudimentarily so in the fe: 
male; color dark brown, the elytra less coarsely punctate................-- 6 
3—Pubescence of the elytra wanting or not distinguishable under low power...... 4 
Pubescence of the elytra conspicuous but decumibent..............++c0++sseeeen 5 


4—Elytra of the female more elongate, distinctly more than twice as long as wide, 
with coarse and close-set punctures. Southern Texas to Honduras. : 
punctipennis Zec. 

Elytra of the female distinctly shortér, about twice as long as wide, with smaller and 
sparser punctures. /eale.—Body cylindrical, black, polished and glabrous. 
Head two-thirds as wide as the prothorax, with the eyes rather large, very cun- 

vex and prominent; vertex transversely tumid and pubescent; sculpture 
coarsely granulato-rugose ; antennze as Jong as the width of the head, dark rufo- 
piceous. Prothorax as long as wide, parallel and broadly arcuate at the sides, 
narrowed and serrate at the sides anteriorly, the apex sinuato-truncate, with the 
apical teeth small; surface coarsely asperato-granose anteriorly, smooth with 
flattened contiguous tubercles posteriorly. Elytra more than twice as long as the 
prothorax and a little wider, the punctures coarser and closer toward the sides 
and strongly and coarsely confluent on the apical declivity; tubercles rudiment- 
ary. Abdomen with whitish pubescence, minutely and densely punctulate, with 
coarse punctures interspersed. Length 12.0 mm.; width 4.0mm. Texas (Gal- 
WESEOM!)' /s Le <xaraycheca/ sale tuskefalsieriontc tales see eee Re maritimus, sp. nov. 
5—emale.—Body very slender, cylindrical, shining, black with a feeble piceous 
tinge. Head three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, the eyes very convex and 
prominent; vertex moderately tumid, the surface granulato rugose with a smooth 


June, 1898. ] Casey: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 69 


median spot posteriorly; antennz rather stout, not quite as long as the width of 
the head. Prothorax obviously shorter than wide, narrowed somewhat from 
very near the base, more rapidly and arcuately and with moderate serrules an- 
teriorly, the apical sinuation narrow with the teeth small; surface coarsely as- 
perato-tuberculate anteriorly, smoother in basal two thirds, the sculpture becom- 
ing coarsely subimbricate in the middle toward base, with the surface shining 
and the median line finely impressed. Elytra much more than twice as long as 
wide, nearly three times as long as the prothorax and just visibly wider, the 
punctures coarse and close-set, subserial in arrangement, coarse, contiguous and 
subconfluent on the declivity, the tubercles feeble, especially the inner. Abdo- 
men finely punctulate, pubescent, the scattered larger punctures rather small. 
Legs quite slender. Length g.o mm.; width 2.5 mm, Kansas, Iowa and 
INP ALON Ae eles e's aie vuletes cit efeve'ss o's 3 Se ohoodouDaOod. gracilis, sp. nov. 
4—Dubescence distinct, decumbent. Satcall: series rather impressed, the suture ele- 
vated on the declivity. Head rather small, the eyes moderate in size. Elytral 
punctures not serial in arrangement, but with traces of three fine raised lines. 
Jn Uae aC eiGeSs | RSE Suse yaqucaon oun DoS aOunouORobos bicaudatus Say. 
7—Prothorax emarginate at apex, fully as long as wide and with the usual terminal 
teeth of the lateral series. /Z/a/e.—Rather stout, cylindrical, shining, dark testa- 
ceous-brown in color; antennz pale; surface virtually glabrous. Head moderate, 
nearly two-thirds as wide as the prothorax, broadly, almost evenly convex, with 
a large median impunctate area; transverse impression behind the clypeus deep 
and distinct; eyes small and but moderately prominent; antennze fully as long as 
the width of the head. Prothorax fully as long as wide, the sides broadly arcuate, 
becoming parallel only very near the base, converging anteriorly where the ser- 
rules are prominent and close-set in less than apical half; apex narrowly sinuate. 
surface tuberculose anteriorly, becoming smooth and polished in basal half and 
almost sculptureless toward the sides but sparsely imbricato-strigose toward the 
middle. Elytra short, one-half longer than wide, equal in width to the pro- 
thorax, strongly but not very closely, confusedly punctate, more closely but 
scarcely coalescently behind, the declivity very steep, more convex at each side 
above but not tuberculate, the suture elevated. Abdomen finely, strongly and 
densely punctulate,the scattered coarser punctures not visible,the pubescence even, 
decumbent and rather dense; last segment shorter than any of the preceding. 
Hind tarsi very much longer than the tibie. Length 6.7 mm; width 2.2 mm. 


RANGE EIS © )reparatelsis tei mies lelaleielaye ale st) sielnis cleldeleia ay grandicollis, sp. nov. 
Prothorax truncate at tip, with the angles obtuse and rounded, without trace of pro- 
BESSESIi oer Vogereiutaye ele) J'aNeL<'s Me se oleteav ot oho ater steer) tet oPoi of ahateliny = ofa oye) otolepeie eee lots ef 8 


8—Larger species, the prothorax much wider than long and trapezoidal in form; 
Female.—Rather slender, cylindrical, shining, subglabrous, dark rufo-testaceous 
in color, Head well developed, nearly three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, 
the surface granose throughout, tumid posteriorly, the epistomal suture just be- 
yond the middle of the length and impressed toward the middle, the epistoma 
large; eyes very large, convex and prominent; antennze obviously shorter than 
the width of the head, with the club relatively very long, the five joints of the 
funicle together barely equal in length to its first joint. Prothorax much wider 
than long, the sides parallel and feebly arcuate nearly to the middle, then 


70 JouRNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


strongly convergent to the truncate apex, the latter not visible from above but 
narrow and feebly sinuate ; declivity coarsely asperate above, smoother near the 
apex, subserrate laterally, the teeth not extending to the apex; basal half rather 
dull in lustre and with short strigiform lines not densely placed. Elytra about 
twice as long as wide, between two and three times as long as the prothorax and 
rather wider, rather coarsely, deeply and irregularly but uniformly and quite 
densely punctate, very densely and perforately so behind, the declivity moder- 
ately steep, more convex at each side but not tuberculate, the suture elevated. 
Abdomen closely punctulate, the pubescence moderately abundant. Tarsi very 
long. Length 6.5-7.0 mm.; width 2.0-2.2mm. Texas (El Paso), 
brevicollis, sp. nov. 
Small species, 4.5-5.5 mm. in length, the protnorax as broad as long. Body elongate, 
cylindrical, sparsely clothed with moderately long semi-erect hair; elytra 
coarsely and’ seriately punctate; under surface sparsely punctate. California. 
(ort uinta, ete ial akc. goer aerate See ereahcue saueataies .....teres Hori 


Grandicollis is described from what appears to be the male, but 
the eyes are very small when compared with those of dreuvicollis, of 
which the four homogeneous examples before me seem to be females ; 
both of these species and probably ¢eres also, which I have not seen, 
have the funicle of the antennz much shorter than in the others; in 
granidicollis the five joints together are however quite distinctly longer 
than the first joint of the club; in drevicol/’s they are barely as long as. 
the first joint but do not have the closely crowded structure observed in 
Stnoxylon and Tetrapriocera. In brevicollis there are a few erect hairs. 
observable near the sides of the elytra especially behind, but otherwise 
the surface is glabrous and the punctures are only feebly subseriate in 
arrangement. 


Apatides, gen. nov. 


This genus is amply distinct from Amphicerus in the characters of 
the table. | We have the following three species :— 


Inner margin of the epipleurze continuous and obliquely ascending at base to the 
humeral angles in the female; basal angles of the prothorax acute and promi- 
nent; head and abdomen finely punctate, the former slightly tumid or subcari- 
nate along the middle toward the frontal margin. Lower California and 
California (Yuma) ae. ce. k a dtlsn cl seated en dieaed: com unde dares fortis Zec. - 

Inner margin of the epipleurze discontinuous at base in the female, basal angles of the 
prothorax not at all rounded but at the same time not distinctly prominent, the 
surface lessiimpressed before: the*anplesiy 2245. 4c see eee ee z 

2—Vertex gradually ascending to the prominent frontal margin, finely and sparsely 
punctate, the abdomen minutely punctulate throughout; thoracic processes 
separated by rather more than a third of the total width. d/a/e.—Head three- 
fifths as wide as the prothorax, the latter nearly as long as wide, with the 


June, 1898.] Casty: NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. rQ 


apical processes long and obliquely convergent; surface with the usual isolated 
tubercles toward base. Elytra twice as long as wide, just visibly wider than the 
prothorax, the apical declivity flattened, becoming alutaceous in lustre and 
almost impunctate toward the suture, which is elevated emadle,—Similar to 
the male but larger, with the thoracic processes short and parallel, the elytra 
rather more than twice as long as wide and more distinctly wider than the pro- 
thorax, the apical declivity convex and coarsely perforato-punctate throughout, 
the suture moderately elevated. Length 13.0-15.5 mm.; width 4.3-5.1 mm. 
Texas) (Hl, Pas0)cice's.2 « ayeKora tye) skecclay ai oraterey ta eheratetete robustus, sp. nov. 
Vertex more tumid and convex, ess finely and quite strongly punctured throughout; 

abdomen strongly though sparsely punctured toward base ; thoracic processes 
more approximate, separated by but little more than a fourth of the total width. 
female,—Head moderate in size, the eyes very convex and prominent as usual, 
Prothorax not quite as long as wide, nearly as in rodzsfes but less devoid of 
sculpture toward the basal angles. Elytra not at all mcre than twice as long as 
wide, the apical declivity rather more convex at each side than in rodzs/us, 
steeper and a little less coarsely punctured. Abdomen polished as usual, the 
punctures becoming finer and denser toward apex. Length 12.5 mm.; width 
4.3mm. Arizona (Locality not specified—Levette Cabinet. ) 

puncticeps, sp. nov. 


The male of fortis has the apical processes more convergent and 
longer than the female, but there seems to be no modification of the 
elytral declivity near the suture. Individuals vary much in size as usual 
in the Bostrichinz. 


Bostrichus Geof. 


The genus Sostrichus, as represented in America, differs remark- 
ably from Amphicerus in the structure of the antennal club, the joints. 
being short, subglobose, and with the sensitive spaces small and circu- 
lar ; it also differs in having the basal angles of the prothorax acute and 
prominent, but in that respect resembles Apatides, from which it differs 
in turn in the structure of the antennal club and frontal parts of the 
head. The following table comprises all the species known to me at 
present : — 

Prothorax narrowly and deeply sinuate at apex, with the limiting processes promi- 
nent and generally unciform ; elytra each with two ridges more or less distinct 

or interrupted,.... SEOUL SOD CEE SOG TOOT oO ODE E A Lore CRRA Ay OIE 2 


Prothorax sinuato-truncate at apex, with the limiting angles acute and somewhat 
prominent; vestiture hair-like, decumbent and unevenly distributed; elytra 


without trace of ridges ; species smaller and more slender ................. 5 
2—Hind tarsi fully as long as the tibize; unciform processes of the prothorax more 
PRLOMUMEN fee Atlan tle TESIONSs 2 4-5/9 develo eco eveiataineisleiviai aera cisiele selec sie cialsle e's 3 


Hind tarsi shorter than the tibize ; unciform processes shorter, not differing in form 
Homathe, lateral sernilesi2 1; sciaieels)sleveras: nove aisle ois oie sfavaieh siete ctal Bah oie'e1 > oietal el 4 


72 JourNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


3—Vestiture of the elytra squamiform; inner ridge strong and continuous to the 


apical declivity ...... Sd atti ote een Narcan erate sai sretclenshevererenree bicornis Wed. 
Vestiture more hair-like and still more unevenly disposed in clusters; inner ridge 
feeble and much interrupted, the outer almost obsolete ...... . -armiger Lec. 
4—FElytral vestiture long and hair-like, very sparse and almost evenly disposed; 
ridges fine, feeble and subobsolete ............ sooonees californicus Horz 
5—Antenne Io-jointed as usual........ pefeniete AGU SHOON aS truncaticollis Lec. 


Antennz 9g-jointed. Evenly cylindrical, black, the antennze and tarsi paler; vesti- 
ture coarsely hair-like, fulvous in color, dense and conspicuous, somewhat un- 
even on the elytra but much less nucleated than in ¢rzncaticollis. Head 
moderate, opaque, pubescent, the eyes well developed; antennz as long as the 
width of the head, the funicle 4-jointed. Prothorax nearly as long as wide, 
roughly tuberculose, pubescent, the basal angles acutely prominent; median 
line somewhat depressed. Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, two and 
one-half times as long as wide, coarsely, densely, unevenly punctured and finely 
tuberculose. Legs rather short and slender, the hind tarsi longer than the tibice. 
Length 6.4 mm.; width 1.8mm. New Jersey (Woodbury). 

angustus, sp. nov. 

In the males the elytral apices are minutely spinulose throughout, 
but there is very little sexual difference otherwise, except that the male 
is generally smaller and with the elytra less elongate. It will probably 
prove necessary to generically separate the American species of Bostri- 

chus from the European forms, when the family is monographed as a 

whole. 


Micrapate, gen. nov. 


This genus is founded upon the Szzoxylon dinoderoides of Horn, 
and its allied species, and I have ventured to include also the SS. sémplex 
of that author, although the size is so much greater that renewed obser- 
vation would possibly disclose some divergencies of a generic nature. I 
should have been disposed to refer the specimens described above under 
the name Amphicerus brevicollis to S. simplex, were it not for the fact 
that the basal parts of the pronotum are said to be ‘‘ densely punctate,’’ 
which language it would be impossible to apply to Jrevicollis, where the 
sculpture of that part consists of short, isolated and longitudinal raised 
lines, asin the Amphicerus teres of Horn. It is a peculiarity of JZ- 
crapate that the basal parts of the pronotum are truly and simply punc- 
tate, and not in any way asperate, granose or tuberculose. Our species 
‘are as follows :— 

Prenotum less densely or rather sparsely punctured toward base; size much smaller, 
never maternally exceedingy zum nileng theses eee eee ieee 
Eronotumidensely, punctate itoward, base... 012 a. cemeteries Lees 
2—Surface “ feebly shining ;” suture moderately and evenly elevated on the apical 
declivity, Arizona and Texas (Brownsville) ..........dinoderoides Aorz 


June. 1£08.] CasEY: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. a!” INS 


Surface strongly shining; sutural elevation on the declivity strong, its summit for a 
short distance at the middle of the declivity, still more elevated, dilated and 
canaliculate. /emade.—Similar to @inoderotdes but smaller, the epistomal suture 
more deeply impressed and more remote from the apical margin. Prothorax 
nearly as long as wide, similar to dézoderoides but still more sparsely punctate 
toward base. Elytra rather coarsely, strongly punctured and very densely so, 
the punctures rather sparser toward the suture except on the declivity, but not as 
sparse as in adtzoderoides, the surface unevenly rugose by anteriorly oblique light. 
Under surface finely and densely punctulate, confluently soon the sterna. Length 
3.4 mm.; width 1.15 mm, District of Columbia ..... cristicauda, sp. nov. 

3—Size larger, 6.5 mm. in length. Body piceous, the elytra brownish; head opaque, 
tuberculate, the maxillary palpi with the last two joints equal; prothorax wider 
than long; elytra not wider than the prothorax, very coarsely and closely punc- 
tate, the punctures of the declivity coarser and denser, the sutural region slightly 
elevated, especially in the apical declivity. Body beneath moderately densely 
punctate, sparsely pubescent. Texas (southwestern) ......... simplex Horz 


I have here regarded the specimens recently taken by Mr. Wickham 
in the extreme southern part of Texas, near Brownsville, as represent- 
ing the true dnoderoides, but actual comparison will be necessary to. 
decide, as these examples are certainly strongly shining. 


Dinoderus S¢eph. 

The rather numerous species of this genus may be outlined in the 
table which follows. Pumnctatus and fruncatus are the only discordant 
elements after eliminating revs, and they may have to be separated at 
some future time. 


Apex of the elytra convex, the suture only very rarely somewhat prominent, the 


apical margin not concave or prominently margined; pubescence erect...... 2 
Apex of the elytra more abruptly truncate, concave and prominently margined at tip; 
(DUDESISNTS CCIATIONE JOE GEN St wRog Jooscs n4oc pooeooGoOre perp aOnNt non 13 
2—Pronotum with granuliform and separated tubercles toward base............ 3 


Pronotum with flattened and generally subcontiguous tubercles toward base; side 
margins almost devoid of serrulation except at apex; body more cylindro- 


TORVIESS out 966 3855 5 ON OU DOM TOB TE OO Din COLO ORC OC USO OID ack the Corto. 8 
B= By tra POMUSHECdrOr SION Ply SHINING), ys sistecreiie cia eis) eleleleie cle) slelele lates 0), sale, sie 4 
Elytra opaque; color dark brown or blackish-piceous...............-++eeeeees 5 


4—Elytra with very close-set perforate punctures, larger than the width of the in- 
tervals, the latter tuberculose; color dark brown throughout. Michigan, Can- 
AC AM AD Ce EULO DC Marcracian a tycisicie eicrs cide elettiniaiaies ori teeereeni .substriatus 7ay%. 
Elytra with less coarse and impressed punctures, not larger than the width of the 
intervals, the latter less elevated. and more feebly but distinctly tuberculose; 
color black or blackish. Head moderate, exserted, with a polished constriction 
at base as usual; surface subopaque, granulose, tre epistomal suture distinct ; 
apex sinuate; eyes small, convex; antennze stout, dark rufous, not as long as the 


fe: a JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


width of the head. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the apex broadly arcu- 
ate, the sides becoming parallel and feebly arcuate near the base, serrate through- 
out, rather strongly at the rounded basal angles and still more coarsely around 
the apex; base broadly lobed; surface with small, strong and isolated granules 
throughout, intermingled anteriorly with some larger sparse asperities. Scu- 
tellum small. Elytra not quite twice as long as wide, more than twice as long as 
the prothorax and slightly wider; surface with series of moderately coarse punc- 
tures, confused near the suture and smaller and less seriate on the flanks; inter- 
vals asperate; apex evenly convex, with the punctures confused and asperate. 
Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulato-rugose and finely, sparsely pubescent. 
Length 4.0-4.8 mm ; width 1.3-1.6 mm. California (Calaveras Co-), Colorado 
and Idaho (Cceur d’Aléne)....... ENC rake aleyeaaial eas eveletaiere pacificus, sp. nov. 
Elytra with less coarse and more impressed punctures, nearly as in paczficus and not 
larger than the width of the intervals, the latter perfectly even, polished and 
devoid of tubercles or asperities throughout. Body deep black, the erect hairs of 
the elytra rather short. Head dull, sparsely pubescent, the epistoma broadly 
sinuate. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, arcuately swollen toward base, 
broadly rounded and asperato-tuberculose at apex; disk granose toward base, 
Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, rather short, four-fifths longer than 
wide, the punctures seriate in arrangement, densely confused near the suture, 
more broadly toward base, small and irregular in arrangement toward the side 
margins, the apical declivity evenly convex and not at all granulose though more 
closely and unevenly punctate. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulate. Length 
2.7-3.7 mm.; width 0.8-1.2mm, Wyoming (Laramie) and Arizona. 
sobrinus, sp. nov. 
5—FElytral granules strong and well defined, arranged in even single series along the 


intenvalS yteryes ees ke rsnileielinseverel’s Fie. 01 aie wise el drete, | onath rue eloneyatenonte heehee yel nea 6 
Elytral granules subobsolete except on the declivity, the punctured series contiguous, 
with the intervening ridges narrow and alternately slightly stronger. ........ 7 


6—Elytra roughly and densely punctate on the declivity, the tuberculose intervals 
equal throughout, finely and confusedly on the flanks. Head short and transverse, 
granose, the basal constriction exposed as usual; eyes small; antennze short, the 
club paler; epistomal suture subobsolete. Prothorax slightly shorter than wide, 
nearly as in paczficus. Elytra not quite twice as long as wide, rather wider 
than the prothorax, the lustre dull, the sculpture coarse and rough, the punctures | 
of the series large, deep and approximate but circular and well defined, except at 
the sides. Abdomen minutely, sparsely punctulate, feebly pubescent. Length 
4.0mm.; width 1.4mm, New Mexico(Fort Wingate)...asperulus, sp. nov. 

Elytra finely, evenly and strongly granose on the declivity; intervals separating the 
punctured series equal in elevation; punctures of the series coalescent and not 
well defined. Head short and transverse, finely granose, the labrum declivous, 
the eyes and antennze moderate. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, broadly 
rounded and strongly asperate anteriorly, the sides feebly diverging to the 
rounded and asperate basal angles; disk with the granules equal, strong and 
isolated toward base. Elytra but little wider than the prothorax, scarcely twice 
as long as wide, densely sculptured in even series, except near the suture and 


June, 1898.] CasEY: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 75 


more broadly on the flanks, the elevations polished. Length 5.2 mm.; width 
TOM NTIZONe a OCMEMIAN \i, ic ww se olnct cis ewes ss dtiels ne amplus, sp. noy. 
Elytra rather sparsely and strongly granose on the declivity ; intervals separating the 
punctured series alternating in prominence; punctures of the series subtrans- 
verse, subcoalescent and not well defined. North Carolina...porcatus Lec. 
7—Punctures of the elytral series confluent, opaque and not well defined. Head 
transverse, opaque and granulose; eyes small; antennze short, dark rufous, the 
club not paler. Prothorax nearly as in paczficus, the tasal angles less rounded. 

_ Elytra about twice as long as wide, slightly wider than the prothorax and much 
more than twice as long; sculpture very dense, the surface densely opaque; 
erect hairs moderate in length, stiff and fulvous. Abdomen rather dull, finely, 
sparsely punctulate. Length 3.0-4.0 mm.; width 0.9-1.2 mm. Virginia ( Nor- 
OMG erp ahaa cts ata eiatiarese acccolate ease alssars) aiawie Tiel ea. Slee ears siavate ls opacus, sp. noy. 
8—Elytral punctures confused in arrangement, at least toward the sides and suture. .9 
Elytral punctures forming perfectly even series throughout the width, the intervals 


2° GD), 156 oben S646 hott See eee Ob omc OOD OOIstGh do samc doco decode 12 
9—Apical declivity of the elytra granulose, the punctures more close-set throughout. 10 
Pee GE CLiVILyESIIM PLY PUNCtALEs «4 cin 5 s'ayo.sa'orse'w wcele oicie wieisials weivigl Sere aelsinels;e II 


to—Elytral punctures distinctly asperate throughout. Body and legs blackish, the 
antennz rufo-piceous; surface moderately shining. Head short, not very 
densely granose. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the sides feebly conver- 
gent from near the broadly rounded basal angles, merging gradually into the 
broadly rounded and moderately serrulate apex ; surface sparsely, rather strongly 
asperate anteriorly, more closely granulate toward base, the granules flattened, 
less dense laterally. Elytra about two-thirds longer than wide, twice as long as 
the prothorax and scarcely wider ; punctures not very coarse, serial in arrange- 
ment, the intervals flat and even; apex evenly convex, strongly grano-tubercu- 
lose. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulate. Length 3.7 mm.; width 1.2 
BAD e NGM) ETSCY:.(0 2 cccite es) = BSOUcC SE Boo ene . hispidulus, sp. nov. 
Elytral punctures circular, not asperate on the disk and toward the suture, feebly 
granuliferous on the convex declivity; elytra polished, the intervals flat; serial 
arrangement of the punctures only observable along the middle of each elytron. 
SAP LMRNS AL CHMILH royal avel's\ S's) (aha .2 ars] sfacny aleve, wiepate)s).(apnieinya s}s aioe) sYo‘e ss densus Lec. 
Elytral punctures abnormal, not rounded but somewhat dilated at their posterior 
limits, serial in arrangement and well separated, more confused near the suture 
and broadly toward the sides, not granulose except posteriorly and on the de- 
clivity. Body evenly cylindrical, shining, dark piceous, the elytral vestiture 
sparse, stiff and erect. Head nearly smooth, constricted at base as usual. Pro- 
thorax nearly as long as wide, oval, asperulate anteriorly, the basal angles 
rounded ; disk with the flattened and nearly contiguous tubercles toward base 
small. Elytra perfectly cylindrical, barely twice as long as the prothorax and 
perceptibly wider, not quite twice as long as wide, polished. Length 2.4 mm. ; 
mace tn | Pennsylvania.\,\sv.c's\s weivianem se 6 veteaere as parvulus, sp. nov. 
11—Dark rufo-piceous, the elytra blackish, highly polished with rather small and 
simple punctures, which are only feebly subserial in arrangement, becoming 
very small and feebler on the flanks and simple on the declivity. Indiana and 
BASHA Ema ree ECIURLA Hes Soa Ts inne hd wi cihrn/ oso els ieuptat@iriahe \pedeipn Stan aoe Copies aia cribratus Lec. 


76 JourNaAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


12—Body small, narrow, subglabrous, highly polished and pale rufo-testaceous 
throughout; apical margin of the prothorax rather crenulate than serrulate. 
Iowa (Keokuk). Cosmopolitan and introduced,............ pusillus adr. 
13—Antennz with the second joint nearly as slender as the third, the funicle brist- 
ling with long coarse hairs anteriorly; ridge of the apicai declivity short ; head 
strongly, transversely tumid behind the epistoma. New York, Indiana and 
SoutliGaroliniasas cA perasrais va craceenaectoayereee tee cease ory sateeere ke punctatus Say 
Antennze with the second joint stout, the funicle not more setose in front; declivity 
more abrupt and flat, with the marginal ridge long. California. 
truncatus Horn 
I have not been able to compare swdstriatus* of the table with Eu- 
ropean examples, and the identification is taken from the books; it is 
referred to the genus Stephanopachys by Heyden, Reitter and Weise, 
who separate also Auwszlws under the generic name R/zzopertha (Rhyzo- 
pertha). The differences seem to be scarcely generic in value. 
Truncatus of Horn, I have not seen. 


CIOIDZ:. 


The Cioidz are intimately related to the Bostrichinz, as shown by 
general organization, and particularly by the two small rounded sensitive 
areas near the apices of the joints of the antennal club, greatly devel- 
oped in the genus P/eszoc?s ; but, at the same time, they are closely al- 
lied also to some groups at present assigned to the Clavicornia, such as 
the Cryptophagide and Mycetophagide. In fact, the assemblages 
which are at present collectively known as the Clavicornia, are so heter- 
ogeneous among themselves as to indicate that they do not form a natu- 
ral division of the Coleoptera at all, but are in many cases the extreme 
developments of various types of Serricornia or Adephaga, and the 
Heteromera belong near them in immediate succession. erginus has. 
a purely serricorn habitus, and yet has been placed with the Myceto- 
phagide. I believe that the Cryptophagidz and Mycetophagidze 
should not be widely separated from Cioidz and Sphindide, and I am 
in favor of removing them from the so-called Clavicornia and placing 
them in the Serricornia near Cioidze. This would be far more natural 
than to remove the Cioidz to the Clavicornia. The Cucujidze, consist- 
ing of the subfamilies Passandrinze, Colydiinze, Monotomine, Rhyso- 
dine, Lyctinz, Silvanine, Brontinze, Cucujinze and Hemipepline should 
also be removed from the Clavicornia and follow Cioidz, Cryptopha- 
gidee, etc., in the Serricornia. ‘The Hemipeplinz form a natural tran- 
sition to the Heteromera. 


* Dinoderus substriatus is said by Mannerheim (Bull. Mosc., 1853, p. 233), to 
inhabit also the Kerai Peninsula, in Alaska. 


June, 1898.] Casty: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. TT 


The Cioidz consist of two subfamilies, Cioinze and Rhipidandrine, 
distinguished by clavate and compactly serrate antennz respectively. 
The American genera of Cioinz are as follows :— 


Antenne 1o-jointed,,........ eYaTeketelave el cisetobersrote ebcuetaccns pe oie cuetoteiievesarceceieuasete alata ey 2 
STAIRS GEICO Cay gh ese te ROS OIE AT RO 7 
PRO LE NN cen] OUMLEC CMD OGY LA DTOUSs lc ranisier re victer-joleissiralere? eieleisievs)sis/svale cleverele/sies 8 
2—Prosternum well developed before the cox; lateral edges of the prothorax 

AUC MLC HUM MEE ADEN raw) araceaelayeoietcvalscctsy 126i Ghsten’, [ota seletei aie susuemoial leilels statsia\nie sie gon0s 


Prosternum very short and transversely excavated before the coxze; lateral edges of 


the prothorax becoming Subobsoletesat the apes wa scasscncs sctemcen ashes 6 
@——ehe prosternum simple or neatly) SO, |. sc. n= mccscle nies ee ncscerescvisice sees 4 
The prosternum tumid or carinate along the middle .....,.......00s2esncccceece 5 


4—Body setose or pubescent the vestiture erect and bristling, the anterior tibie finely 
prodiced and dentiform externally at apex, sometimes simple 
Body glabrous, the anterior tibize wholly unarmed at apex; elytral suture margined 
toward tip; body elongate, the head rather less deflexed than usual, the head 
and prothorax simple in the male, the latter with a deep rounded setigerous 


fovea at the centre of the first ventral segment................ ....Orthocis 
5—Body glabrozs or with very shert decumbent pubescence or inclined setze. 
Xestocis 
6—Body very short, oblong-oval in form, with stiff erect pubescence as in C7s. 
Brachycis 
7—Body stout, convex, coarsely cribrate and setose; anterior tibize strongly, ob- 
liquely produced and acute externally at apex..............csee0e- Plesiocis 
Body narrow, cylindrical, feebly sculptured and glabrous, the anterior tibize thickened 
and externally rounded and spinulose at apex.............e08: Ennearthron 
8—Anterior tibize swollen, rounded and spinulose externally at apex asin Axzear- 
thron; head and prothorax strongly modified in the male.,........-. Ceracis 


Anterior tibiz narrowly triangular, the external edge straight throughout and 
minutely spinulose ; head and prothorax not modified in the male. . Octotemnus 


The term glabrous, as used above, signifies the absence of distinct 
pubescence; with high power each puncture can be seen to bear a very 
small hair. Many of Mellié’s species are still unknown to me, and 
the localities of some of them may be open to doubt; a few may possi- 
bly be synonyms, as, for example, a¢ripennis, which may have been 
founded upon a damaged specimen of fuscifes. It is possible that the 
Cis pumicatus of Mellié may prove to be an Octotemnus. Ceracis is 
very closely allied to Annearthron, and was indeed considered to be 
more properly a subgenus by Mellié. The figure of C. sadez, on plate 
4 of the monograph, seems to have been taken from a specimen of 
Ennearthron mellyi.* 


*I am indebted for several very interesting species of Cioidz to my friend, P, 
Jerome Schmitt, of Westmoreland county, Pa., and Mr. Wickham has also contrib- 
uted a number of interesting species in Bostrichinze, Cioidze and Sphindidze, 


78 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Cis Lar. 


Only those species represented before me are included in the follow- 
~ ing table: — 


Elytra with shallow, variolate and nude punctures, intermingled with others smaller and 
deepernwhichubearsthe|setcenm mere ee coongoenanocaboasaccessc% 
Elytra deeply punctured throughout, all the punctures bearing hairs or seteze...... II 
2—Body stout and convex, the elytra confusedly rugulose; maxillary palpi very stout ; 
anterior tibize acute and feebly everted externally at tip; apical angles of the 
prothorax right and somewhat prominent, the apex prolonged and broadly 
rounded over the head ; base not distinctly margined...............sceeee- 3 
Body narrowly elongate-oval and more depressed, the surface less rugose but with the 
elytral series more distinct; maxillary palpi variable but generally less stout ; 
antennal club smaller, with the two basal joints wider than long; apical angles 
of the prothorax obtuse, the apex broadly, evenly rounded over the basal parts of 
the head, the base finely margined; scutellum transversely oval............- 8 
3—FElytral bristles moderate in length, more or less distinctly serial in arrangement, 
the antennal club long and loose, with the two basal joints as long as wide ; head 
and pronotum finely, evenly punctured, the elytral punctures fine, not very dis- 
tinct and rather sparse; male sexual characters very feeble........... aoosot! 
Elytral bristles extremely short, distributed uniformly but without order; antennal 
club shorter, with the two basal joints wider than long; male nae pro- 
nounced,..... Gila (5 serleueros oyna arab’ Oeleieusre evoiia johns: dbo Seepelielet ote evel we fekeeVonene rey Renee 7 
4—Third and fourth joints of the antennze elongate and equal, each as long as the 
fifth and sixth together. Body stout, shining, castaneous in color, the head 
moderate, with the clypeal margin feebly reflexed and broadly subtruncate; eyes 
rather well developed; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the sides reflexed, 
feebly convergent and feebly, evenly arcuate from the obtuse basal angles to the 
apex ; elytra one-half longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax and just 
visibly wider. Length 2.4-2.8 mm.; width 1.05-1.25 mm. North Carolina 


CAsHevill ene tttcrsiavaik.<cantewnerast creecrx operates NEPA Sette oe caroline, sp. nov. 
Third joint much longer than the fourth, the latter distinctly shorter than the fifth 
andsixth combined. 2. hobs cise oe state siola 0's ed eile ctotele Sie pe eee 5 


5—Concave side margin of the pronotum not at all inwardly prolonged at base ; body 
large, generally pale in color, shining; prothorax more than one-half wider than 
long, the basal angles very obtuse and rounded; sides slightly convergent and 
very feebly, evenly arcuate throughout; elytra barely one half longer than wide, 
nearly two and one-half times as long as the prothorax and slightly wider, the 
humeral callus small but pronounced. Length 2.8-3.0mm.; width I.1-1.3 mm. 


Montana (Missoula): i215 2)0k). Rajesh Bre Oke revere Se eaee pallens, sp. nov. 
‘Concave margin more or less distinctly prolonged inwardly at base; color black or 
piceous-black, the size'smalllen:,...25, jareeey) wicieeriers lanl eet cya shies 6 
6—Male with the prothorax simple Thaonaont Atlantic regions, from Massachusetts 
toWlowarand Texas ](Elouston)) ni. eos eiee eles srt -fuscipes A7e//. 


Male with the prothorax broadly impressed at apex. Body moderately stout, strongly 
convex, blackish in color and shining, the elytral punctures generally stronger 


June, 1808.] CasEY: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. (i, 


than those of the pronotum, with the impressed lines distinct; head with the 
clypeal margin moderately reflexed and broadly sinuato-truncate in both sexes ; 
prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides feebly convergent, rather more 
rounded near the base; elytra one-half longer than wide, fully twice as long as 
the prothorax and just visibly wider posteriorly. Length 1.8-2.75 mm.; width 
0.8-1.2 mm. Pacific coast—Vancouver Island, Washington State (Tacoma) and 
California (Humboldt Co. and Alameda)............... impressa, sp. nov. 
47—Body rather stout, strongly convex, oblong-suboval, shining, blackish in color 
throughout, the legs and antennze dark rufous; vestiture very short and almost 
scale-like, erect as usual; head moderate, the eyes well developed, convex and 
prominent; prothorax one half to three-fifths wider than long, the sides rather 
widely reflexed, slightly convergent and broadly, evenly arcuate throughout, the 
basal angles very obtuse ; surface finely, closely punctured but polished; elytra 
more than one-half longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long as 
the prothorax and very slightly wider, the humeral callus small; surface con- 
fusedly rugulose, finely punctate and with slightly evident longitudinal lines and 
short transverse rugze. //a/e.—Head concave, the clypeal margin reflexed and 
broadly bidentate; prothorax impressed transversely at the apical margin, the 
latter moderately reflexed, with a small rounded sinuation at the middle. e- 
male.—Head flat, the clypeal margin very slightly reflexed, broadly, feebly 
sinuato-truncate, the prothorax rounded and unmodified at apex. Length 2.2~ 
2.5mm.; width 0.9-1.1mm, Rhode Island (Boston Neck). .pistoria, sp. nov. 
8—Anterior tibiz finely everted and acute externally at apex............... Bene) 
PATIES HIG EMU DIce SI Up] Gat: APEX: 5 )4 5 .\s)< /ayerers) «le: dv sie/al sides alee Wicle arave e n/ ee ave soohedodac 10 
9—Pronotum not impressed at the apical angles, the flanks deeper, the side margin 
feebly reflexed, more strongly about the basal angles. /e7a/e.—Body elongate- 
oval, moderately convex, piceous, the elytra black; legs and antennz paler, 
rufous, shining, the bristles short and pale, moderately abundant, not arranged 
in definite series on the elytra though with feeble suggestion of such arrange- 
ment at certain parts; head moderate, the eyes small, the clypeal margin broadly 
arcuate; prothorax nearly as long as wide, circularly arcuate in apical third, the 
sides thence nearly straight and parallel to the basal angles, which are very ob- 
tuse; base arcuate; punctures rather fine, strong and close-se ; elytra three- 
fourths longer than wide, two and one-third times as long as the prothorax and 
scarcely wider; punctures fine, strong, close-set, the impressed lines distinct and 
with rather coarser irregular punctuation, Length 2.3 mm.; width o.8 mm. 
33 ]12) 4215 Ot (SE GE eR A striolata, sp. nov. 
Pronotum impressed at the apical angles, the side margins strongly, narrowly and 
equally reflexed throughout. /ea/e.—Nearly similar to s¢vzo/a¢a but shorter, 
the prothorax fully one-third wider than long, with the sides subparallel, evenly 
and feebly arcuate throughout, the apex broadly, evenly arcuate; punctures fine, 
strong and rather close-set; elytra two-thirds longer than wide, two and one-half 
times as long as the prothorax, the surface polished, with distinctly impressed 
lines of much coarser punctures, which are shallow, nude and variolate as usual, 
the bristles arranged more definitely in series. /a/e.—Smaller than the female 
and more slender, the clypeal margin rather strongly rounded near the eyes and 
remotely and feebly bituberculate at the middle; prothorax only slightly shorter 


80 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE. 


than wide, the sides teebly convergent and evenly and feebly arcuate from the 
base, the apex circularly rounded, the surface dull; elytra polished, nearly as in 

the female; first ventral segment foveate at the centre. Length 2.0-2.2 mm.; 
width 0.65-0.75 mm. Utah (southwestern)............. fraterna, sp. nov. 
10—Body more slender, picious black throughout. /e#ale.—Narrowly elongate- 
oval, moderately convex, shining; legs and antennz rufous; bristles short, pale 

as usual, arranged in almost regular series on the elytra; front feebly convex ; 
eyes moderate in size; clypeus broadly arcuate, very short before the eyes; pro- 
thorax nearly one-third wider than long, the sides feebly convergent, evenly and 
feebly arcuate from base to the rather pronounced apical angles, which are not 
rounded, the apex circularly arcuate, the punctures fine but deep, moderately 
close; elytra two-thirds longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long 

as the prothorax and somewhat wider, the humeral callus minute; series well 
impressed, almost regular but not much more coarsely punctate, the intervals 
sparsely punctulate. Length 1.9mm; widtho.7mm. California (Lake Tahoe) 
macilenta, sp. nov. 

Body stouter and more cylindric, bicolored, the head and prothorax rufous, the elytra 
black. emale.—Oblong-subcylindric, moderately convex, slightly dull im 
lustre; bristles short, feebly subserial on the elytra; head feebly convex, the 
clypeus broadly arcuato-truncate, oblique at the sides to the eyes, which are 
snall; prothorax fully one-third wider than long, nearly as in maczlenta, the - 
basal angles more broadly rounded; elytra scarcely more than one-half longer 
than wide, but little more than twice as long as the prothorax and not wider, 

the impressed lines feeble and somewhat irregular, more coarsely punctured. 
Length 1.4-1.8 mm.; width 0.55-0.75 mm. California (Calaveras, Humboldt, 
alcemandeleospAnoelesy Coss maee neritic ieee versicolor, sp. nov. 
Ti—Vestiture of therelytraystitivand Ibnistleslike seers ctieierecrteee eee eee 12 
Vestiture of the elytra long, slender and hair-like but erect and conspicuous; elytrah 
punctures arranged without order, not at all seriate at any point; last joint of the 


maxillanyepelpinacutelyapount cd mrs hemlet aes eee eee eee tee aS. 
12—Vestiture more or less distinctly serial in arrangement ............00.0000- 13 
Vestiture not at all serial at any point, the punctures evenly distributed.......... 15 


13—Body strongly cylindro-convex, the elytral punctures differing among themselves: 
in size, the larger forming more or less indefinite series; bristles unusually 
Doma eer ese Sacto g aN ete Poe eR ea ar, Ae aL Sg he cr 6 ate Aenetenere RAS 
Body narrow, parallel, distinctly depressed, the punctuation dense, the elytral punc- 
tures more uniform in size, the bristles moderate in length, forming close and 
nearly even series. Pennsylvania to Texas.............. creberrima 17/e//. 
14—Sides of the prothorax becoming straight and parallel behind the middle. Jade. 
—Body subcylindric, somewhat shining, castaneous in color, the bristles coarse, 
erect, longer than the width of the scutellum, subserial on the elytra ; head mod- 
erate, the front flat, the eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed, remotely and 
feebly bituberculate, a small sinus just without each tubercle and thence strongly 
oblique for some distance to the eyes; prothorax nearly as long as wide, circu- 
larly rounded at apex, narrowly subsinuate at the middle; angles obtuse; base 
finely margined ; surface very obsoletely, transversely impressed at apex ; punc- 
tures uneven in size, small, deep, not very close-set; scutellum pointed behind ;, 


June, 1898.] CasEy: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 81 


elytra two-thirds longer than wide, equal in width to the prothorax and barely 
twice as long, obtuse at apex; series of coarse punctures scarcely impressed. 
Female.—Nearly similar to the male, the clypeal margin evenly arcuato-truncate, 
the prothorax not modified, Length 2.4-2.9 mm.; width 0.9-1.1 mm, Utah 
(southwestern)........... Pe KAV Ae alatol olor ereiel wietetersters mormonica, sp. nov. 
Sides of the prothorax suparallel and evenly arcuate throughout. J/a/e,— Similar 
to mormonice in the modifications of the clypeus and prothorax, pale piceous, 
polished, the bristles long, stiff and erect, subserial on the elytra; eyes small; 
prothorax fully one-third wider than long, the angles obtuse; punctures moder-. 
ately fine, deep, somewhat uneven in size, rather close-set; elytra less than twice 
as long as wide, as wide as the prothorax and barely twice as long; punctures 
rather coarse and close-set, the larger only partially forming indefinite and 
scarcely at all impressed series. Length 2.0mm; widtho.85 mm. Pennsyl- 
amie GV estmorclandaCon)h 9. «a/c se cle clicie ainsi event .. horridula, sp. nov. 
15 —Body obese and strongly convex, suboval; male sexual characters pronounced, 
the female also having the apex of the prothorax at Jeast feebly bilobed; apical 
angles of the anterior tibize everted and acute externally.................. 16 
Body subcylindric, convex; male sexual characters feeble, the clypeus finely bitu- 
berculate; maxillary palpi slender; prothorax margined at base, the angles 


SELIG oak 4 Oe OR Cn LS OR COREE EERO ERS Ech A CM LALA emiocea On 21 
16—Clypeus angulate at each side near the eyes in both sexes,...............- 17 
Clypeus emarginate in the middle and bidentate, not angulate near the eyes...... 20 
£©7—Plytra very nearly one-half Jonger than wide............ceccecesserseces 18 
Elytra very short, scarcely one-third longer than wide ..............00cceereee 19 


18—Elytral punctures rather close-set. A/Za/e with the clypeal margin reflexed and 
quadridentate, the apex of the prothorax with two broad porrect triangular pro- 
cesses, separated by a rounded sinuation. California.......... vitula Wann. 
Elytral punctures rather sparse, the integuments more shining. /emza/e.—Body 
elongate-oval, very convex, polished, castaneous, the legs, antennz and some- 
times the anterior parts paler; bristles of the prothorax very small and rather 
fine, not conspicuous, of the elytra coarse, moderately long and rather sparse ; 
head concave apically, the clypeus broadly rounded and obscurely quadrangulate ; 
eyes rather small; prothorax one-fourth wider than long, the sides feebly con- 
vergent and very feebly, evenly arcuate from base to the rather obtuse but some- 
what prominent apical angles; base transverse, very feebly lobed at the middle, 
very finely margined ; apex advanced, rounded and feebly bilobed; punctures 
fine and moderately close ; scutellum obtuse, wider than long; elytra as wide as 
the prothorax and slightly less than twice as long, perfectly even, the punctures 
deep, very much larger than those of the pronotum. Length 2.3-2.5 mm.; 
width 1.15 mm. California (Humboldt Co.)..... Persqnies illustris, sp. nov. 
19—Female.—Body stout, oval, strongly convex, pale in color, polished, the elytral 
bristles very short, those of the prothorax rather inconspicuous; head nearly as 
in z//ustris, less concave anteriorly, the eyes very small; prothorax nearly as 
in z//ustr7s but shorter, nearly one-half wider than long, the punctures very 
small and rather sparse; surface occasionally with a very obsolete median 
-canaliculation near the apex; elytra very short, scarcely two-thirds longer than 
the prothorax, strongly convex, obtusely rounded behind, the punctures rather 


82 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VE. 


coarse but feebly impressed and quite sparse. Length 2.1 mm.; width 1.0 mm~ 
MOUISIAN A) Se psrarevaerehs were eos ebe eaten hiecohanasynghowye totale detelotonersven congesta, sp. nov. 
20—M ale.—Cylindric-oval, not very stout. stroagly convex, pale in color probably 
from immaturity, rufo-testaceous, shining; bristles very stout but short, distinct 
and rather close on the prothorax, somewhat sparse on the elytra; head and 
eyes rather well developed, the front flat ; clypeus strongly reflexed, triangularly 
bidentate ; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides rather strongly con- 
vergent and arcuate from base to apex, the latter reflexed and triangularly bi- 
dentate; base truncate; punctures quite coarse, deep and close-set; elytra less: 
than one-half longer than wide, four-fifths longer than the prothorax, the punc- 
tures about equal in size to those of the pronotum but sparser. Length 1.4 
maa, Ml CLO won, (Caytioiae, 6 scccsaccascnocdreoccaes duplex, sp. nov. 
21—Prosternum normally convex; anterior tibia externally everted and acute at 
apex; scutellum small, not wider than long; prothorax rounded at the apex 5. 
male with the first ventral simple. 4/a/e.—Body narrowly cylindric-oval, 
moderately convex, piceous-black, with the legs and antennz pale; surface 
shining; bristles coarse, pale, erect, moderately sparse, even in length on the 
elytra; head and eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed, bituberculate ; pro- 
thorax nearly as long as wide, parabolically rounded anteriorly, with a small and 
very feeble median sinuation, the sides becoming straight and parallel toward’ 
base; punctures fine but perforate, rather close-set; elytra rather more than one- 
half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and twice as long, the punc- 
tures rather coarse, well separated and subeven in size. Length 2.0 mm. ; 
width 0.7 mm. California (Lake Tahoe).............. hystricula, sp. nov. 
Prosternum broadly and feebly biconcave; anterior tibize thickened and rounded ex- 
ternally at apex; scutellum larger; prothorax feebly sinuate from above at the 
converging sides of the apex; maxillary palpi with the last joint more acutely 


pointed ; male with the first ventral foveate at the middle.,................ 22: 
22—Hyes small, the body more elongate and cylindric,................-...-.- 23 
Eyes large and: well developed; body stouter and more cylindric-oval........... 24 


23—Antennal funicle longer than the club. 4/a/e. Moderately convex and shining, 
rather pale castaneous, the bristles stiff, moderately long and rather abundant ; 
head rather weil developed, the clypeal tubercles small and separated by a fourth 
of the entire width; prothorax nearly a fourth widerthan long, rounded and some- 
what lobed at apex, the sides becoming nearly straight and parallel toward 
base; punctures rather strong and close-set though not very coarse; elytra one- 
half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and rather more than twice as: 
long, the punctures quite coarse, impressed and somewhat close-set. Length 
1.75-1.8 mm.; width o.75 mm. Montana (Missoula).....montana, sp. nov. 
Antennal funicle equal in length to the club. A/a/e.—Dark rufo-piceous, the elytra 
black, the legs and antennz pale, shining, the bristles stiff, erect and pale but 
rather sparse throughout; head well developed, the minute tubercles of 
the clypeus separated by a little more than a fourth of the width; prothorax 
nearly as in montana but nearly a third wider than long, with the punctures. 
much less close-set; elytra one-half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax 
and rather more than twice as long, the punctures moderately coarse, deep and 


June, 18,8 ] Casey: NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 83 


not very close-set. Length 1.5-1.7 mm.; width 0.65-.75 mm. Vancouver 
Island, Washington State and Northern California,.......... .soror, sp. nov. 
24— AZale.—Black and shining, the anterior parts picescent; legs and antennze pale; 
bristles rather sparse, short and somewhat inconspicuous anteriorly, longer on 
the elytra; head well developed, the minute clypeal tubercles separated by a 
fifth of the width; prothorax nearly as in soror but fully two-fifths wider than 
long, the punctures strong and well separated ; elytra suboval, not more than 
two-fifths longer than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and distinctly more 
than twice as long; punctures only moderately coarse but deep and quite 
sparse. Length 1.6-1.75 mm.; widtho.75 mm. New York. 
curtula, sp. nov. 
25—Anterior tibize everted and acute externally at apex; hairs very long, a fifth or 
sixth as long as the entire width of the elytra. /a/e.—Body stout, cylindric, 
polished, piceous in color, the vestiture very long and bristling, abundant; head 
and eyes moderately developed; front feebly concave; clypeus with two long 
slender erect and widely separated processes; prothorax slightly wider than 
long, the sides just visibly convergent and nearly straight from base nearly to 
the apex, then rounding and strongly convergent to a trapezoidal and obliquely 
upturned lamina, which is subtriangularly emarginate at tip; surface with 
rather strong and close-set punctures, feebly impressed at apex behind the 
lamina; elytra short, cylindric, obtuse at apex, two-fifths longer than wide, as 
wide as the prothorax and three-fifths longer, the punctures rather coarse, even, 
moderately close-set, the surface not at all rugose. /emza/e.—Smaller than the 
male, the clypeus feebly reflexed at each side; prothorax shorter and more trans- 
verse, simple. Length 1.75-2.1 mm.; width 0.75-0.9 mm, Florida (Lake 
Name LIN Ee Anetta hla lat cneie anata; siearainaa tere Warave elevate. o Ga ues hirsuta, sp. nov. 
Anterior tibize simple at apex, not dilated or produced ; hairs shorter, about an eighth 
as long as the entire width of the elytra. #emadle.—Oblong-oval, moderately 
convex, shining, pale rufo-testaceous, the vestiture only moderately abundant 
and not dense; head moderate, the eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed 
at each side ; prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, parabol'cally rounded 
at apex, the sides becoming parallel and nearly straight behind the middle ; 
punctures fine and ra'her sparse, elytra suboval, rather ogival at tip, two-fifths 
longer than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and more than twice as long, 
the punctures somewhat coarse but feeble, well separated ; humeral callus rather 
small and feeble. Length 1 4 mm.; widtho65 mm. Alabama. 
ursulina, sp. nov. 


Fuscipes is our most abundant species, and the west coast mpressa 
resembles it very much in externalappearance. Mellié states that the 
anterior margin of the head in the male of /wsczZes is surmounted by 
two very small tubercles; this is not the case in the representatives be- 
fore me, but as Mellié included with his American specimens some 
from Madeira, it is probable that he had one of these under observa- 
tion, and that it is a species different from fuscipes. Vitula of Manner- 
heim, is assigned to Lumnearthron in the Henshaw list, but without 


84 JourNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


reason, as it is in no way related to that genus, and the Czs achrous, of 
that list, is a manuscript name, appearing only in the LeConte list of 
Coleoptera. Mirsu¢a and ursufina are remarkable in having long fine 
and bristling pubescence. ys¢ricu/a seems to have the elytral bristles 
vaguely inclined to serial arrangement, and it is undoubtedly more 
closely allied to »zormonica than to the three species immediately fol- 
lowing it in the table. The Alaskan Cvs ephippiatus, of Mannerheim, 
(Bull. Mosc., 1853, p. 234), isomitted from our lists. It is unknown to 
me, but seems to be peculiar in having the elytra profoundly and re- 
motely, subseriately punctate, red, with a large common transverse 
black spot at the middle, which attains the margin at each side. 


Orthocis, gen. nov. 


This genus is very closely allied to Cvs, but differs in the more 
parallel form of the body, in its glabrous surface, margined elytral 
suture and absolutely simple apex of the anterior tibiz. The maxillary 
palpi are rather stout, the ligula large and corneous, the antennz long, 
with the two basal joints of the funicle elongate and the club rather 
small and loose. The head and clypeus are absolutely simple in the 
male, and the only visible male sexual character is a small oval opaque 
and densely pubescent area at the centre of the first ventral segment, at 
the point occupied by a deep circular fovea in some species of Cus. 
Our two species greatly resemble each other but may be distinguished 
as follows :— 


Ligula broader and flat ; third antennal joint nearly or quite as long as the next two 
combined ; body rather less elongate, the sides of the prothorax somewhat less 
rectilinear, otherwise similar to the following. New York....punctata //e//. 

Ligula narrow and convex ; third antennal joint distinctly shorter than the next two 
combined. Ma/e.—Oblong, parallel, moderately convex, polished, black, the 
legs and antennz rufous, glabrous, each puncture of the elytra with a very minute 
simple silvery hair ; head well developed, convex, the eyes small and prominent ; 
clypeal margin perfectly simple, evenly arcuate from side to side ; prothorax two- 
fifths wider than long, the sides parallel and straight, rather widely reflexed ; 
apex broadly arcuate and slightly advanced ; angles obtuse ; base finely margined ; 

. punctures rather fine but deep, well separited; elytra twothirds longer than 
wide, rather wider than the prothorax and nearly two and one-half times as 
long, obtusely ogival at apex, the sides very feebly arcuate ; punctures confusedly 
arranged, rather small but deep and somewhat sparse, the surface smooth; ely- 
tral suture margined toward tip. Length 2.3-2.5 mm.; width 0.85 mm. Cali- 
fornia; (Alameda Co?) i ytance of /cis\eie sletietier stein tesco aterrima, sp. nov. 


June, 1898.] Casey: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 85 


Xestocis, gen. nov. 


A few species of peculiar facies are separated under this name, be- 
cause of the prosternal carination. ‘The antenne are of the normal 
structure, with the club well developed and the second funicular joint 
only slightly longer than wide. The anterior tibize are strongly oblique 
and acute externally at apex, except in ofadescens, where the external 
angleisslightly thickened and rounded. The maxillary palpi are usually 
rather slender. The first ventral segment is subfoveate and densely pu- 
bescent at the centre of the disk in the males. Our five species are 


strongly differentiated among themselves, and may be described as fol- 
lows :— 


SIREN VIES AUEOLIS eyareieisroteveierarct ava) croc oreisrel ostce ore oreiebeohcne shevelaietiave sjalctetererofeveia' els CLA ae 
Body clothed with short pubescence or bristles. ............0cecescessseeee ces 3 
2—Clypeus bidentate in the male, the prothorax simple and rounded at apex in both © 
sexes. MMa/e.—Suboval,very dark rufo piceous, sometimes paler, polished; head 
and eyes moderately developed; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides 
just visibly convergent from base to the obtuse apical angles, rather distinctly and 
evenly arcuate; lateral margin very fine, the base finely margined, more dis- 
tinctly in the middle ; punctures minute and rather sparse ; elytra less than one- 
half longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax and barely wider, rather 
narrowly rounded at apex, very feebly subrugulose, minutely, sparsely punctate. 
Length I.5-I.9 mm.; width 0.7-0. De mm. Canada (Toronto), New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Indiana and ieee soba HOOD OG ae OURS TO GOOODR levettei, sp. nov. 
Clypeus monocerate in the male, the prothorax with two long slender porrect pro- 
cesses. Male.—Oblong-oval, convex, testaceous, polished, glabrous, each punc- 
ture with an excessively minute hair; head and eyes moderately developed, the 
front impunctate, broadly concave, the clypeus reflexed, with a long erect par- 
allel process at the middle, feebly expanding toward apex, the latter very feebly 
emarginate ; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the sides moderately conver- 
gent and evenly arcuate throughout, the apex prolonged over the head and with 
two long remote straight and porrect processes, the surface behind their separating 
sinus broadly impressed ; punctures fine, not very sparse ; elytra short, one third 
longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax at the median line and some- 
what wider, rather rapidly and narrowly rounded at apex, the sides arcuate ; 
surface nearly smooth, minutely, rather sparsely punctate. Female.—Nearly 
similar to the male, the clypeus broadly sinuate at the middle, the prothorax 
broadly rounded at apex. Length 1.2-1.35 mm.; width 0.55-0.6 mm. Penn- 
sylvania (Westmoreland Co ) and Rhode Island ( Boston Neck). . miles, sp. nov. 
3—Upper surface normal ; vestiture distinct, even but arranged without order ; punc- 
tures of the elytra intermingled with larger sparse punctures, which are some- 


times disposed in vague series ; clypeus bidentate in the male..............- 4 
Upper surface covered with a waterproof crust, through which the extremely minute 
BUH EA MANIS a DLOLLEIG <4 atasel/aym'archaesliteolaseies ptotabals eialViGgotbielat ire metals’ e[sicie ws ww: aie t= as 5 


4—Vestiture composed of small simple and subdecumbent hairs A/a/e.—Oblong- 
oval, moderately convex, rufo testaceous, feebly shining ; prothorax wider than | 


86 JouRNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI- 


long, minutely but strongly, closely punctate ; elytra two-fifths longer than wide, 
ogivally rounded at apex, finely, rather closely punctured and vaguely subrugose. 
Alaska (Sitka) and Queen Charlotte Islands (Massett)......biarmata JZezz. 
Vestiture composed of coarse stiff and suberect squamules. A/a/e.—Slightly smaller 
than ézarmata but similar, oblong-oval, moderately convex, testaceous, feebly 
shining, the bristles short and abundant ; head rather small, feebly concave, the 
eyes moderate ; clypeus triangularly reflexed at each side; prothorax nearly one- 
half wider than long, the sides just visibly convergent, feebly and evenly arcu- 
ate ; angles obtuse ; apex subangularly produced and rounded, with the tip very 
narrowly sinuato-truncate; punctures moderately fine, deep and quite dense ;. 
elytra not quite one-half longer than wide; less than twice as long as the=pro- 
thorax and somewhat wider, feebly rugulose, minutely and rather closely punc- 
tate, the punctures smaller than those of the prothorax ; apex ogivally rounded. 
Length 1.6 mm.; width o.7 mm. Pennsylvania (locality not recorded). 
insolens, sp. nov.. 
5—Male.—oblong oval, rather stout, only moderately convex, polished, dark piceo- 
testaceous ; head moderate, the eyes small but prominent ; front broadly concave, 
the clypeus acutely, bitriangularly reflexed; prothorax one-half wider than 
long, the sides very feebly convergent, rather strongly, evenly arcuate; apex 
subtriangularly prolonged, with the tip minutely emarginate and feebly reflexed ;. 
punctures rather fine but distinct, slightly separated; lateral margins narrowly - 
reflexed ; elytra short, scarcely a third longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax 
and four-fifths longer, the apex rather acutely ogival; surface not very finely, 
evenly and rather closely punctate. Length 1.4-1.6 mm ; width 0 6-0 75 mm. 
Pennsylvania (Westmoreland Co.).......-..+2--+-2-00- opalescens, sp. nov. 


° . . . . ° ° 4 . 
Biarmata is misprinted ‘* dicarinatus’’ in the Henshaw list. 


Brachycis, gen. nov, 


The chief peculiarities of the single type of this genus are the short: 
and suboval form, very short, transversely excavated prosternum and ob- 
solescent side margin of the prothorax at the rounded and obtuse apical 
angles. The antennal club is strongly developed, as long as the pre- 
ceding six joints combined and has the sensitive apical pores small but 
deep and bristling with white sete, thus leading up to the remarkable 
FPlestocis which follows. The maxillary palpi are rather slender and 
acutely pointed, and the anterior tibiz are finely, acutely and almost 
perpendicularly produced externally in a well-marked process. Sexual 

characters are wanting in the single specimen before me, which is prob- 
ably a female: — 


Broad, moderately convex, oblong- oval, piceous, the elytra, legs and antennal shaft 
paler rufo-testaceous ; body clothed above with stiff pale and erect setze, moder- 
ate in length and density, uniformly distributed ; head rather small, the eyes mod- 
erate; clypeus simple, subtruncate: prothorax two-thirds wider than long ; 


June, 1898.] CasEy: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 87 


angles rounded, the sides strongly convergent and broadly arcuate from base to 
apex, the latter broadly subparabolic, not extending much over the head ; pune- 
tures not very coarse but deep, rather close-set ; elytra oblong, very broadly, ob- 
tusely rounded at apex, one-fourth longer than wide, two and one-half times as 
long as the prothorax, and, at apical third or fourth, visitly wider ; sides nearly 
straight; punctures rather coarse, deep and somewhat close set, the surface 
nearly smooth. Length 1.4 mm.; width o.75 mm. New York (Ithaca) 
brevicollis, sp. nov. 


Plesiocis, gen. nov. 


This genus, which is also represented at present by a single species, 

is remarkably distinct in the structure of the antennz, which are 9- 
jointed, with the club large and well developed, more corneous than 
usual, dark in color and with the two sensitive subapical pores on each 
side large, rounded and filled with white spongy pubescence; the ‘club. 
is nearly as long as the entire basal portion, with its first two joints. 
transverse and obtriangular. The maxillary palpi are well developed, 
but rather slender, the prosternum normal, the process however rather 
thin and sublamellar. The anterior tibize are strongly, obliquely pro- 
duced and acute externally at apex. The male has very simple charac- 
ters, the clypeus having two minute and rather approximate tubercles, 
but the first ventral segment has, as in so many other cases, a small pubes- 
cent fovea at the centre of the disk. The type resembles a large sub- 
cylindrical Czs :— 

Body cylindric-oval, strongly convex, piceous-brown, shining, the legs and antennal 
shaft rufous ; vestiture rather sparse, the hairs coarse, pale, stiff and erect, mod- 
erate in length ; head rather small, the eyes moderate, convex ; front flat, finely 
punctate ; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides feebly convergent and 
slightly arcuate, the basal angles rather broadly rounded, the apical obtusely 
subprominent ; lateral margin narrowly reflexed; base finely margined ; apex 
broadly rounded, slightly produced over the head; punctures coarse, perforate 
and close-set ; elytra one-third longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax 
and scarcely at all wider, the sides nearly straight, the apex very broadly and 
obtusely rounded ; punctures coarse, perforate, close-set and arranged evenly 
but without order, the interspaces smooth. Length 2.1-2.3 mm ; width I O-I £ 
mm. California (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras Co.)........ cribrum, sp. nov. 


Ennearthron Jeli. 


The small cylindrical species which compose this genus may be 
readily identified by the characters given in the table. The antennz 
are slender, with the club rather feeble, the first joint of the funicle 
generally equal to the next two, which, with the last are equal and 
moniliform. Prosternum moderately developed before the coxe, with 


88 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


the process very narrow and sublamellar. The male characters are 
always pronounced and generally affect both the clypeus and thoracic 
apex, but these characters greatly diminish in degree in the smaller and 
less developed males, these depauperate individuals not differing much 
from the females in either the present genus or Ceracis. In both of 
these genera the male also has a small deep pubescent fovea, not at the 
centre, but near the posterior margin, of the first ventral segment. The 
characters of the following table are taken throughout from what appear 
to be fully developed males only :— 


Male with the clypeal margin broadly and strongly reflexed in a trapezoidal process, the 


thoracic|\processibidentate 0) .)3:2..6./0:2 nieieis aim soeteterccleod Se asin See ene eee teehee 
Male with a long slender erect clypeal process, the thoracic apex simple and rounded; 
Spectes very Smalley .oc).:c,c015 sieocdeetee etn aie sicletciaratet sus oters a\Aiejeieiie als/a etait II 
2—Flytra without trace of impressed lines... s..2c.2.0+--cco+- ++ sees ueee orem 3 
Elytra with very feebly and unevenly impressed lines, the punctures feebly sub- 
Serialpinjarrancementee eerie aera rae eiee cere epereePieler cee depentetens Io 


3—Male with the thoracic processes longer, narrower and more approximate ; punc- 
tuation feeble, the elytral punctures always confused in arrangement. Atlantic 
and Gulf rE gions, 2). 250 51008 si ares efe's Risers a cvovslnntens eke Sicha serene enone are ee 4 
Male with the thoracic processes shorter, more widely separated and more lamellarly 
triangular ; punctuation stronger, the elytral punctures generally confused but , 
occasionally very feebly subserial. Pacific Coast regions.............e-. areiO 
4—Apex of the pronotum rather feebly impressed behind the processes........... 5 
Apex of the pronotum strongly, transversely impressed behind the processes. Mod- 
erately slender, polished, piceo-rufous in color ; head well developed, concave, 

tke clypeal process large and well developed, with the apex feebly sinuate at 

the middle; prothorax slightly wider than long, the sides parallel and nearly 
straight, the angles all rounded ; processes long, slender and distinctly diverging 

as usual ; base and sides finely margined ; punctures fine and sparse; elytra less 
than one-half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and two-thirds longer, 

the surface very feebly subrugulose, sparsely and very minutely punctate, the 
punctures much more minute than those of the pronotum ; apex evenly rounded. 
Length 1.2-1.5 mm.; width 0.45-0.6 mm. Texas (Columbus) and Louisiana. 
piceum, sp. nov. 

5—Elytra fully one-half longer than the prothorax, slender, cylindric oval, black, 
rather strongly shining ; legs, mouth parts and antennz pale ; punctures fine and 
rather sparse ; thoracic processes rather short. Canada to Pennsylvania (medd,z 
MeN i eee Olan MESYO) axe ote Memes et neta a ae thoracicorne Zig. 
Elytra very short and quite strongly cunei‘orm, very much less than one-half longer 
than the prothorax. Rather stout, the head polished and concave, the eyes 
small; clypeal process well developed but with the sinuate sides rather rapidly 
converging, the apex a little less than half as wide as the head, feebly sinuato- 
truncate ; prothorax large, not quite as long as wide, the sides parallel and 
broadly arcuate, the corneous processes moderately long and rather stout ; 
punctures fine but distinct, only moderately sparse ; elytra at base as wide as the 


June, 1898.] Casey: NoRTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 89 


prothorax, the sides nearly straight and distinctly convergent, the apex narrowly 
rounded ; punctures rather sparse and very minute, the surface feebly rugulose. 
Length 1.3 mm.; width 0.53mm. Louisiana (Morgan City). 

Jaminifrons, sp. nov. 


6—Thoracic process of the male abruptly formed................e cece veeeeeee 7 
Thoracic process gradually formed, its sides merging gradually and obliquely into the 
sides of the prothorax ; thoracic punctures quite dense...............0020-: 9: 


7—Elytral punctures rather coarse and closer ; thoracic process one-half as wide as the 
elytra. Body rather stout, blackish, the elytra piceous ; legs and oral organs pale ; 
lustre moderately shining ; head and eyes modera‘ely developed ; clypeal process 
very broad, only moderate in length, almost transversely truncate ; prothorax only 
slightly wider than long, the sides parallel and broadly arcuate ; apical process 
very broad, deeply sinuate ; punctures strong and close-set ; elytra quite distinctly 
narrower than the prothorax and scarcely more than one-half longer ; one-half 
longer than wide, the sides parallel ; apex broadly rounded ; surface feebly rugu- 
lose, strongly punctured, less closely than the prothorax. Length 1.4-1.7 mm ; 


width 0.55-0.7 mm. California (southern)............ grossulum, sp. nov. 
Elytral punctures fine but distinct, rather sparse, the thoracic process much less than 
one-half as wide as the elytra............ 000000. ibleheve peeve atecspacene lev ateenct stots 8. 


Thoracic punctures close-set ; angles of the clypeal process scarcely at all rounded. 
Blackish, the elytral punctures generally very feebly subserial in arrangement. 
California (especially northern coast regions) ............californicum Csy. 

Thoracic punctures sparse; angles of the clypeal process rounded. Body evenly 
cylindric, moderately shining, more or less rufo-testaceous in color, the elytra 
sometimes blackish toward base; head and eyes moderate, the clypeal process 
moderately strong, with the sides rather strongly convergent and the apex broadly 
sinuate ; prothorax slightly transverse, the sides parallel and almost straight, 
rounding anteriorly, the process rather feebly developed, sinuate at apex ; elytra 
scarcely one-half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and three-fifths. 
longer, the sides parallel and straight, the apex broadly rounded ; punctures fine: 
and sparse, the surface almost smooth. Length 1 2 mm.; width 0.5 mm. ~ Cal- 
McmrANIOUOIMIA GO, ))". 5 o.c.svis.a/ehe « alaie'a sie waters pidioiehl tate arte discolor, sp. nov. 

g—Narrowly cylindric, blackish, the elytra rufescent at tip ; legs, trophi and antennze 
pale ; surface moderately shining ; head well developed, the clypeus moderate 
in length, with the sides strongly convergent, the apex broadly sinuato-truncate 
and the angles blunt ; piothorax but little wider than long, the sides subparallel 
and very slightly arcuate ; process rather short, sinuate at tip; elytra fully one. 
half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and fully three-fourths longer, 
somewhat parabolically rounded at tip, the punctures fine but strong, but little 
smaller than those of the prothorax and much less close-set. Length 1.1-1.3 
mm.; width 0.4-05 mm. California (Los Angeles)...convergens, sp. nov. 

10—Moderately stout, piceous to blackish in color, with the elytra paler ; legs, trophi 
and antennz pale, the club dusky; surface polished; head well developed, 
broadly concave, the clypeus only moderately reflexed, the apex broadly truncate; 
prothorax but little wider than long, the sides subparallel and broadly, distinctly 
arcuate ; process rather short, lamelliform, with a triangular incisure at the mid- 
dle, the process abruptly formed ; punctures very fine and srarse ; elytra short,. 


90 JourNaAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


less than one half longer than wide, scarcely as wide as the prothorax and one- 
half longer, evenly rounded at apex, the punctures minute and sparse, those of 
the series larger and closer. Length 1 0-1.2 mm ; widtho.4-0 5 mm. Florida. 
pullulum, sp. nov. 

11—Narrowly cylindric-oval, moderately shining, pale flavo-testaceous throughout ; 
head and eyes well developed, the front concave; clypeal process narrow, long, the 
apex strongly rounded ; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the apex evenly and 
circularly rounded, the sides becoming parallel toward base; punctures very minute, 
sparse and feeble ; base distinctly margined as usual ; elytra fully as wide as the 
prothorax and two-thirds longer, not quite one-half longer than wide, parabolic- 
ally rounded at tip, margined at base, the punctures sparse, very feeble and ex- 
tremely minute, even smaller than those of the prothorax; surface smooth. 
Length I.0-1.I mm.; width 0.4-0.45 mm. Florida...... unicorne, sp. nov. 


Unicorne is evidently closely related to the Brazilian corniferum of 
Mellié, but in that species the cephalic process is said te be broad, re- 
curved and narrowed to the acute apex. 


Ceracis AZe/ie. 


This genus is scarcely distinct from Lxnearthron, agreeing in facies 
and in every structural feature except the antenne, which are 8-jointed, 
one of the small joints of the funicle Deine eliminated. Theswo species 
before me are as follows :— 


Rufo-testaceous, the elytra blackish toward base ; punctures very minute and sparse, 
the remaining characters nearly as in puzctulata. Louisiana [Mellié], North 
Carolina and Pennsylvania (Westmoreland Co.)....... Hoe eod de sallei 12/7. 

Black throughout, the head and prothorax sometimes picescent ; legs, trophi and an- 
tennze pale ; surface polished, the elytra nearly smooth ; head and eyes well de- 
veloped ; clypeal process rather well developed, with its sides but slightly con- 
verging, the apex broadly sinuato-truncate ; prothorax slightly shorter than wide, 
the sides feebly convergent and broadly arcuate from the base to the rather pro- 
nounced but obtuse apical angles; process very abruptly formed, moderate in 
length, the exterior angles somewhat everted and the apex deeply sinuate ; 
punctuation quite deep and close-set but rather fine; base finely margined ; 
elytra at base as wide as the prothorax, less than one-half longer than wide ; 
the sides nearly straight and feebly convergent ; apex broadly rounded, base not 
in the least margined ; punctures finer and sparser than those of the prothorax, 
confusedly arranged. Length 1.25-1.3 mm.; width 0 55-0.6mm. Florida. 

punctulata, sp. nov. 

The species recently described from Lower California by Dr. Horn, 
under the name s7mz/is, appears to resemble sa//ez, but differs from 
both the above in having the elytral punctures coarser than those of the 


prothorax, a very exceptional character in Aznearthrou and Ceracis. 


June, 1898 ] Casey: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 91 


Octotemnus JAZe//ié. 


This is a very pronounced and distinct genus, differing from Z7- 
nearthron in the oval outline of the body, absence of male sexual char- 
acters of the head and prothorax, and in tibial structure. The maxil- 
lary palpi are slender and pointed, the antennal club well developed 
and very loose, the joints being attached by very slender pedicels and 
with the sensitive pores approximate at each side of the apex. The 
prosternum is short and somewhat concave before the coxze, with the pro- 
cess thin and laminate. There is no fovea on the first ventral segment 
of the male, but the surface is feebly and approximately bi-impressed 
near the base, the intervening area elevated and prolonged backward in 
an isolated triangular point, a structure not suggested elsewhere in the 
family. The surface is glabrous, but the elytra have a few widely dis- 
persed erect sete. Our two species are very closely allied; they may 
be described as follows from the male :— 


Form more narrowly oval; size larger, the basal abdominal process of the male 
very acute at apex, pale testaceous, polished throughout ; head and eyes well 
developed, the latter convex; front broadly, evenly convex, very minutely, 
sparsely punctate ; clypeal margin slightly thickened for a short distance from 
the eyes ; prothorax but little wider than long, circularly rounded at apex, the 
sides diverging slightly to the base; angles all very broadly rounded ; base very 
minutely margined ; punctures very minute, feeble and sparse ; elytra fully one- 
half longer than wide, a little wider than the prothorax and nearly twice as long ; 
sides feebly arcuate, the apex rather narrowly parabolic ; base not margined ; hu- 
meral callus very small, feeble ; surface feebly rugulose, the punctures extremely 
minute and sparse. Length 1I.4-1.75 mm.; width 0.55-0.75 mm. Pacific 
coast (from Vancouver to San Francisco).............. denudatus, sp. nov. 

Form rather shorter and more broadly oval, polished, the pronotum more or less alu- 
taceous, blackish to pale flavo-testaceous throughout ; head and prothorax nearly 
as in denudatus, \he elytra barely one-half longer than wide, distinctly wider 
than the prothorax and barely twice as long, the surface nearly smooth, very mi- 
nutely, sparsely punctate. Length 1.35-1.6 mm.; width 0.6-0.65 mm. 
Rhode Island, New York and Pennsylvania............... ... laevis, sp. nov. 


Both of these species are very common, and it is remarkable that 
they have not been heretofore described. Perhaps the Cvs pumecatus of 
Mellié may be the same as /zv/s, but that species, taken apparently near 
New Orleans, is said to have the prothorax longer than wide and the 
elytra only one-half longer than the prothorax, which language agrees 
rigorously also with the figure and in no way suits either of the above 
species. 


92 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE 


SPHINDID. 


This family forms a very good transition to the Cryptophagidz. 
The antenne are of a more perfectly clavicorn type than in Cioide, 
and have a large compact club, with the ninth joint variable in size. 
The mentum is very large, in striking contrast to the Cioidz, where it 
is unusually minute. The maxillary palpi are small, slender and pointed 
and the anterior coxe rather widely separated. The clypeus is con- 
vex, continuous with the front, narrowed and continued over the larger 
part of the mandibles, the labrum being small, almost atrophied in 
Odontosphindus, the epistomal suture fine and posteriorly arcuate. 
The eyes are large, convex and coarsely faceted. ‘The two genera before 
me may be distinguished as follows :— 

Tarsi heteromerous ; antenne I1-jointed, the ninth joint wider than the eighth, but 
very short, the club virtually 2 jointed, large and nearly cylindr.c ; prothorax den- 
ticulate at the sides, the elytra with impressed series of coarse punctures ; body 
olabrousiser anaes ocadeeativrevges Sseeesecece scene oe OGORLOSphindts 

Tarsi pentamerous ; antennz 10-jointed, the club variable, 2 or 3-jointed ; prothorax 
not denticulate, the elytra with unimpressed series of fine punctures; body 
SParSeliyapu ESCM te tote retere ters etatete tte etait es aletetntet te anit eee ta Sphindus 
Another genus, Eurysphindus, has been described by LeConte, but 

I have seen no example; the inferior flanks of the prothorax are said 

to be deeply concave and the body clothed with erect hair. 


Odontosphindus Zec. 


These species are much larger than those of Szmdus and are 
distinguishable at once by the characters of the table; the two species 
are as follows :— 


Sides of the prothorax scarcely at all reflexed, finely margined. Atlantic regions. 
denticollis Zec. 
S.des of the prothorax distinctly though not very broadly explanato-reflexed, more 
strongly and quite irregularly denticulate. Body subparallel, moderately convex, 
pale rufo-testaceous in color, shining though somewhat alutaceous in lustre ; head 
moderate in size, the epistoma polished and impunctate ; eyes moderately large, 
convex ; antennz as long as the width of the head, the first joint large, the sec- 
ond more slender, contorted at base as usual ; prothorax quite transverse, parallel, 
the sides feebly arcuate ; punctures rather coarse and close set; elytra only just 
visibly wider than the prothorax, three-fourths longer than wide, the serial punc- 
tures obsolete toward tip. Length 3.0-3.5 mm.; width 1.25 mm. California 
(Sonora Co.) severe rete eC dda hatgsth att cbe katate car SN clavicornis, sp. nov. 


Clavicornis is materially larger than denticoliis, and has a larger, 
more transverse and more coarsely punctured prothorax. 


June, 1893.] Casey: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 93 


Sphindus Czev. 


The species of this genus are small and oblong, with duller surface 
lustre and moderately long, rather sparse pubescence, serial in arrange- 
ment on the elytra. The three species before me may be thus sepa- 
rated :-— 


J\ttarmell Chil 2 eilt@ilacc ona guedodoodna 5 cnaatpoolod noo UbbU doo Doo bonODonaC 2 
LATE Ghilyysiiaky Spy@inlils eogapoonoohoaseuCooucGos sSoodbo Oo ODSGEE ORC s50 3) 
2—Pronotum minutely and ratker closely punctured, more or less rufo-piceous in 

color. Atlantic regions to Iowa .........0. ccc cece ee ones americanus Zec. 


Pronotum more coarsely and quite sp rsely punctured. Body black, stouter, dull in 
lustre ; head and eyes moderate in size, the epistoma polished ; antennz a little 
longer than the width of the head, the club only moderately stout, the tenth joint 
twice as long as the ninth ; prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, the sides just 
visibly convergent from base to apex, feebly arcuate ; apex broadly arcuate ; ely- 
tra scarcely a fourth longer than wide, barely wider than the prothorax and two 
and one-half times as long; serial punctures rather fine, the intervals dull and 
minutely shagreened. Length I.9 mm.; width 0.9 mm. Colorado (Buena 
OG iteasts (8180) EIS) Sap oh or CORR ONDT BOM ODS OO UraO tC Octo crassulus, sp. nov. 

3—Narrowly oblong, more shining, piceous black, the elytra, legs and antennz pale 
testaceous ; head moderate, the eyes large and convex, separated by about three 
times their own width ; antenna moderate in length, the last three joints forming 
a compact subcylindric club; prothorax much smaller than in the two pre- 
ceding species, transverse, the sides subparallel; surface evenly convex, very 
minutely and not very closely punctulate ; elytra two-fifths longer than wide, 
about a fifth wider than the prothorax and three times as long; serial punctures 
feeble but distinct, the intervals smooth and alu'aceous ; apex obtusely rounded 
as usual. Length1.7 mm.; widtho.7 mm. Canada (Toronto). 

trinifer, sp. nov. 


Americanus varies greatly in size as usual in this and neighboring 
families ; it is quite abundant and occurs in fungi of various species. 


94 JournaL New YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK 
SLUG CATERPILLARS.—XV. 


PUATE VI, PIGS.) 1-0 te 


By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Pu.D. 


Heterogenea flexuosa Grote.* 


1880—Limacodes flexuosa GROTE, North Am. Ent. I, 60. 

1880—Limacodes cesonia GROoTE, North Am. Ent. I, 60. 

1894— Heterogenea cesonia and flexuosa NEUMOEGEN & DyAR, Journ. N. Y. 
Ent. Soc. III, 74. 


LARVA. 


1878—GLovER, II]. North Am. Ent. pl. 95, fig. 19. 

1893—PACKARD, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 105 (as “full grown larva of 
Heterogenea sp.”). 

1895—Dyar & Morton, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. III, 146 (in synopsis). 

1896—Dyakr, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, pl. VI, figs. 3 and 4 (as Zortrictdia 
fallida). 


SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS. 


Dorsal space narrow, of even width, scarcely narrowing at the ends, 
gently arched; joint 13 rounded prominent. Lateral space broad, 
oblique, narrowing to the extremities; subventral space small, re- 
tracted. Subdorsal ridge slight; indicating the change in direction 
between back and sides; lateral ridge rather prominent, overhanging 
the subventral space. Outline elliptical, joint 13 only slightly notched 
on the sides, not forming a quadrate tail. Depressed spaces (1)—(8) 
present, the subventral ones (7) and (8) only indicated, the others 
sharp edged and deep, large, dividing the surface into latticed ridges as 
in Tortricidia pallida, (4) the largest, transversely elongated, the lower 
segmental (5) moderate, the intersegmental (6) very small, alternating 
exactly in line with the lower edge of (5). Skin surface covered with 
coarse clear granules, the depressed spaces finely granular in the base. 
In the first stage the setee are arranged as in 7. falida, but disappear 
at the first molt when all the structural characters are assumed nearly 
in their mature form. Coloration of the pattern and colors of TZ. 
pallida, modified in detail. 


* This is not a Heterogenea ; but I reserve generic corrections till the end of 
these articles. 


June, 1898.] Dyar: LirE-Histories N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 95 


AFFINITIES, Hapits, Etc. 


This larva is very closely allied to 7. paléida, but differs in several 
characters, nearly all of which are a higher specialization. In stage I 
the setee are smaller, not so distinctly alternating and the anterior limb 
of the Y-shaped spines is slightly shortened. After the first molt the 
sete are nearly obliterated, being much more reduced than in 7. padiida. 
The granules are smoother, more appressed, not subpapillose on the 
lateral ridge as in the younger stages of Z. falda and the depressed 
spaces are, if anything, larger. ‘The red mark appears at the same time 
or sooner than in its ally, but is never so large. It does not exceed the 
lateral extension of Z. pallida of stage V even in the last stage, VII, 
though the longitudinal extension is the same in both in the case of the 
most heavily marked 4. flexuosa. ‘The amount of variation is perhaps 
not greater in flexuosa than in its ally, though the breaking up of the 
red band gives the appearance of greater diversity. 

The moths emerge during the last week in June and lay the eggs 
singly on the backs of the leaves. The favorite food plant is the chest- 
nut and the larvz occur on the lower of the main branches of this tree, 
not on the low shoots nor on any but the old matured leaves. The oak 
is also a food plant ; I have found the larvee abundantly on Q. coccinea, 
very rarely on Q. ata. ‘The larve mature early in September. ‘This 
species occurs scattered all over New York State, usually rare, but occa- 
sionally locally common. I have taken it in most of the wooded parks 
around New York City and at various places in Long Island. The 
present life-history was completed from a newly hatched larva which I 
found in Bronx Park after a two days’ search, in which I was kindly 
assisted by Mrs. P. N. Knopf and Miss L. I. Hoff. 


CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS. 


Dr. Packard has described this larva without knowing what it was. 

‘I have made an unfortunate error in the description of Zortricidia 

pallida (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 170-1), and included characters 

of H. flexuosa in stages II, III and VI. The figures on the plate of 

the young larva (figs. 3 and 4) represent stages [V and V1 of . flexuosa. 

The text of Z. Aalida will be specifically corrected in the ‘‘ additions 
and corrections’’ to follow at the end of these articles. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL. 
Egg.—Elliptical, flat as usual; 1.1.7 mm., the shell colorless, 
white. | 
Stage J.—Rounded elliptical, tail round ; skin smooth, depressed a 


96 JourNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VIL 


little dorsally above the bases of the tubercles in paired hollows. All 
colorless. Setae Y-shaped in the subdorsal row on joints 4-11, the 
front limb a little shorter than the back one (Plate VI, fig. 1) ; two sete 
on joints 3 and 13; .a middle row of two on each of joints 3 and 4; a 
single lateral row on joints 3-12. ‘Tips of sete a little enlarged, not 
distinctly swollen. Subventral setze very fine, obscure, all pale. Head 
colorless, eye black; body whitish, food greenish. Length, .9g—1.4 mm. 

Stage 7,—Narrowly elliptical, tail rounded quadrate; dorsum 
broad and flat, the subdorsal ridge forming its sharply angled edge. 
Smooth, regular, all the depressed spaces (1) to (6) large and very dis- 
tinct. Sides concave, lateral ridge smooth; subventral area retracted. 
Latticed ridges covered with smooth, dense, frosted, appressed granules, 
one row wide, uniform, not papillose anywhere. Setz absent. Color 
opaque whitish; later distinctly pale green. Length, 1.3~-1.8 mm. 

Stage I77.—Rounded, rather broadly elliptical, sides concave at first 
so that the dorsum stands up as a broad ridge gently arching from head 
to tail. Tail slightly notched at the sides, rounded. Depressed spaces 
very distinct, (4) narrowly elongate. Latticed ridges beaded with clear 
appressed granules, not generally over one granule wide in the narrower 
parts. Bottoms of the spaces finely granular, dotted, the larger ones 
with shallow, saucer-like centers. Color green; a yellow line appears 
along the subdorsal ridge on joints 5-9, widened a little on each seg- . 
ment. Usually no other marking, but there may be a small, faint, or 
even distinct dark red dot between the lines on joint 8, or surrounding 
the depressed space (1) of joints 7-8. Length, 1.8-2.4 mm. 

Stage ZV.—Rather narrowly elliptical; tail rounded quadrate- 
Dorsum rather narrow, a little grooved at first. Lateral ridge extend- 
ing beyond the subventral one. Depressed spaces large and sharp, the 
latticed ridges scarcely more than one granule wide, but the granules 
becoming wedge-shaped. All smooth, no setz. Color light green, the 
yellow subdorsal lines reaching joints 5-10. The dorsal yellow mark 
varies from a narrow yellow bridge on joint 8 to a red bar on joints 7-8. 
(see the plate of Z. pallida, pl. IV, fig. 3) or even a rather large round 
red patch, which does not encroach on the subdorsal lines. Length, 
2.4—-3.2 mm. 

Stage V.—Shape as in the mature larva; tail rounded, scarcely 
notched at the sides. Dorsum not broad, sides oblique, concave. Lat- 
ticed ridges several granules wide, smoothly evenly granular, a little 
frosted. Spaces finely shagreeened with a circular shallow saucer-like 
centre. Color green, spaces not discolorous except a little yellow in 


June, 1898.) Dyar: Lire-Historiges N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 97 


(4); a yellow subdorsal line on joints 3-12, not quite reaching either 
extremity, the pair unconnected at the ends, but centrally on joints 6-9, 
broadened to the top of the depressed spaces (4) and enclosing in the 
dorsal space a reddish patch on joints 7~-8 with salmon-colored margin 
and dark brown latticed ridges. In some examples a reddish mark 
appears on joint 3 between the subdorsal lines. Length, 3.2-4.3 mm. 

Stage V7.—Structures as before, tail rounded quadrate. Depressed 
spaces large, the latticed ridges closely clear granular. Green, the 
large lateral depressed spaces (4) shaded with yellow. The yellow 
subdorsal lines reach joints 3 and 13, entirely free * or joined by a 
yellow bridge on joints 7 to 9 containing a red spot of varying form, 
corresponding to the variety of the larva. In an example from 
Bellport, Long Island, the spot was cordate, the depression in front, 
pink and edged with a crimson line. In another it was in the 
form of a cross, darker, shaded with brown on the latticed ridges and 
encroaching on the subdorsal line. (See Z. dalida, pl. VI, fig. 4.) 
In others the shape was circular, or of the form of the ‘‘club”’ or 
‘<spade’”’ as usually depicted on playing cards. There is also another 
spot at the anterior end. In the Bellport larva it was elliptical, cover- 
ing joint 3 dorsally, bright red and edged with yellow. In another 
from Fort Lee, N. J., it was shaded with dark brown like the central 
spot. It was present in a larva which lacked the central spot entirely. 
Length, 4.2-6.3 mm. 

Stage VI7.—(Plate VI, figs. 5 to 9.) Shape as described. Dorsal 
space of uniform width, scarcely narrowing anteriorly. Skin rather 
regularly coarsely watery granular on the latticed ridges, the depressed 
spaces narrow, finely granular. Color pale yellowish green, pigmented 
in the dorsal and upper half of lateral space, clearer green below. All 
the depressed spaces yellow in the bottom, the largest with glandular 
green ceaters. Subdorsal line yellow, straight from joint 3 to the tail, 
rather broad. On the anterior edge of joint 3 a red mark, widened 
along the edge, produced backward in the dorsal space more or less. 
The central dorsal red mark is very variable. It may be absent (Plate 
VI, fig. 8) or represented only by a narrow yellow bridge on joint 8 
slightly red tinted (Plate VI, fig. 9). The usual form is a rounded 
cross, reaching on the sides nearly or quite to the lateral depressed 
spaces (4) and in the dorsal space on joints 7 to 9; it may be enlarged 
to a hexagon (Plate VI, fig. 6) or extend in a dorsal band the whole 


* Out of 263 larvzee which were found in an oak woods at Yaphank, L. I., only 
three were entirely without the yellow bridge (Plate VI, fig. 8). 


98 JournaL New YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI, 


length (Plate VI, fig. 5). The color is crimson, marked with purplish 
brown or blackish on the latticed ridges in the place of the usual spots, 
a more or less distinct square pale spot covering the depressed space (1) 
of joints 7-8. Length, 6.3-10 mm. 

Cocoon as usual. 

food-plants.—Chestnut, oak, hickory, wild cherry. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 

Fig. 1. Stage I, side view enlarged, diagrammatic. 

2. One of the single setze more enlarged. 

3. Larva in stage III enlarged. 

4. Granules from young larva. 

5- Mature larva, enlarged, full pattern. 
«“ 6. The same, widest spot. 

7. Front and side views. 

8. Mature larva, most reduced pattern, 

9. The same, a small red spot. 
cé IO, 
66 II 


Moth of Heterogenea flexuosa. 
. The same, variety c@sonza. 


NOTES ON SPECIES OF NOCTUA WITH DESCRIP- 
TIONS OF NEW FORMS. 


PLATE VII. 
By Joun. B. SmituH, Sc.D. 


In 1890 I published a revision of the species theretofore lumped under 
the generic term Agrofis, as Bulletin No. 44 of the U. S. National Mu- 
seum, and divided up the species among fifteen genera, new and old. 
The general conclusions reached in that paper have approved themselves. 
to me since that period; but the increased material has necessitated 
some changes in the standing of certain species. 

The genus /Voctwa as restricted by me contained species with all the 
tibize spinose, the anterior not heavily armed ; front smooth and feebly 
convex ; antennze in the male ciliate only; vestiture hairy, scaly or mixed ; 
primaries with apices rectangular or rounded, and as a whole rather 
subparallel, if varying in width. 

Nothing essential need be added to this description, and all the new 
forms since seen fit very nicely into the definition. Most of the addi- 


June, 1898.] SmitH: NortTH AMERICAN NOCTUID. 99 


tions have come from the northern portion of our country and empha- 
size the character of the genus as one of either high altitude or high lati- 
tude. It is quite probable that a few species yet remain to be discovere | 
and these will in all likelihood be rather close allies to something already 
described. 

The receipt of material from Manitoba and Calgary has, within the 
past few years, added considerable to our knowledge of the species of 
this genus and a very interesting example of close relationship is re- 
corded here. 

The additions above referred to have also enabled us to gain a bet- 
ter idea of the specific standing of some of our species and some of these 
facts are here recorded. 


Noctua smithii Sve/en. 

Tijdschr. voor Entomologie, XX XIX, 157. 

baja {Smith. 

Bulletin 44, U.S. Nat. Mus. 78. 

All authors who had written on the subject up to the date of Snellen’s 
paper have assumed the identity of the European and North American 
examples labelled Jaya. Speyer, Zeller, Moeschler and Grote have all 
examined specimens from both countries and considered them as repre- 
sentatives of one species only. In the Revision above cited I pointed 
out that both Lederer and Speyer refer to the anterior tibice as unarmed, 
while in all the specimens seen by me they were spinose. Unfortunately 
I had no European examples for comparison, hence could only suggest 
the question: ‘‘ whether we have not here as in the case of ¢rzangulum 
and xormaniana, distinct species.” Snellen has carefully compared 
specimens from both countries and finds the European form with con- 
stantly unarmed fore tibie. He therefore names the American form as 
above, while the structural difference thus brought out, assigns Jaya to 
my genus Ahynchagrotis. It is certainly remarkable that so well marked 
a structural difference should separate species superficially so much 
alike. 

Snellen prefers to separate the European species on a somewhat dif- 
ferent basis from that proposed by me, and does not accept my genera 
for their comparatively small number of forms. It must remain for the 
student with collections from all countries for comparison, to decide 
as to the advisability of subdivision and to select the basis for it. 

It is also pointed out that Carneades Grt., is long since preoccupied 
by Bates, in Coleoptera. If the rule is to be strictly enforced, Mr. 
Grote’s tern’ must give way, probably to Chera Hubner. 


100 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Noctua hospitalis Gro¢e. 


Of this species I knew only the female type from the Hill collection 
in 1890. Mr. Grote was inclined in 1886 to consider this a form of 
perconflua, but as I pointed out, it is much nearer to the European 
brunnea. "Two years ago Dr. Ottolengui took a perfect male at Man- 
chester, N. H., which he kindly gave me, and recently I saw a specimen 
in the Strecker collection, labelled simply «‘ N. Y.”’ 

The latter specimen was named drunnea and, compared with Euro- 
pean examples in the same collection, no superficial differences were ap- 
parent. In view of what has appeared in other instances—notably that 
of daya—it would be unsafe to cite the two as identical ; hence I present 
a picture of the male genitalia (Plate VII, fig. 9) for comparison with 
those of the European drunnea by any one with specimens of the latter 
at hand. 


Noctua rubifera Grz 


There has been much confusion in collections between rzdifera and 
perconflua, and even Jabels in Mr. Grote’s handwriting are not always 
correctly applied. When the western forms were added, leading to 
rosaria, the confusion became yet greater and there seemed to be almost 
no line of division. swrialis Grote, described from Washington I re- 
ferred from a comparison of types in 1891 as a probable geographical 
race of perconfiua. 

Within the last five years I have received material in this group 
from all the Pacific Coast States, from Vancouver, from British Colum- 
bia, from Manitoba and from Calgary, and the result of a renewed 
study has been the conclusion that there are more species than has been 
realized, and that even in the East two species have been confused under 
the name rubifera. Fortunately Mr. Grote gives us a figure of his spe- 
cies (Can. Ent., VII, pl. I, f. 14), and of this type I have four examples 
from Orono, Me., Sharon Springs and the Adirondack Mountains, New 
York. 

The sexual characters of the two males agree, and are not those fig- 
ured by me on pl. IV, f. 37, Bull. 44 U.S. Nat. Museum. They are 
represented on the accompanying Plate VII, fig. 2. This species has the 
primaries rather narrow, especially in the male, the apex almost rect- 
angular, outer margin evenly curved and the inner margin nearly 
straight. None of the ornamentation is at all contrasting, yet in most 
specimens a diffuse darker median shade is traceable. 


June, 1898.] SmITH: NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUID&. 101 


Noctua cynica, sp. nov. 

This species reminds one of Orthodes cynica in wing form and gen- 
eral appearance, hence I give it the same name. As compared with 
rubifera, with which it has been confused, it is much broader winged, 
with both costal and inner margins curved at least as decidedly as in 
perconflua. In maculation it does not differ from rzdzfera, except in 
the lack of a median shade in the specimens before me. But this may 
not be permanent, and I attribute most value to the wing form and the 
totally different genitalia of the male. It was this form that I dissected 
to illustrate rvdifera in pl. IV, f. 37 of Bulletin 44, already cited, and 
a new figure is given on pl. VII, fig. 3, herewith. The differences be- 
tween the two are simply in details and partly due to a difference in 
mounts. My examples are from the vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 

It is not impossible that one or the other of these forms may really 
be the same as the European 7d, or the latter may even agree with one 
of the western forms. Unfortunately I have none for comparison. 


Noctua jucunda Wik. = perconflua GRT. 

This species has approximately the wing-form described for cynica, 
but is more brightly marked. All the specimens I have seen are dis- 
tinctly mottled or shaded with yellow and the transverse lines are more 
irregular. The reniform is more regularly kidney-shaped and both 
spots are mottled, the orbicular quite usually open above. 

The male was not before me in 1890, and a figure of the genitalia is 
presented herewith on pl. VII, fig. 4. It will be seen at once that it is 
of the same type as in cyzzca while yet very different in detail, and it 
shows that the new species follows its ally in wing form rather than that 
most like it in ornamentation. 


Noctua calgary, sp. nov. 

At various times Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod has been sending me exam- 
ples which I have not been satisfied to place with either 7wdcfera or ro- 
saria, but named vosaria, I think. ‘The recent receipt of specimens 
bringing the number up to three males and one female—a much better 
series was unfortunately ruined in sending—makes it possible for me to 
decide that we have a new species to deal with. Superficially it is dis- 
tinct by the more trigonate primaries, which have rectangular apices, 
the outer margin straight to vein 3, then forming an obvious though 
obtuse angle inwardly. In all the specimens the ordinary spots are 
gray powdered and the median shade is obvious. ‘The s. t. space is the 
darkest part of the wing in all examples and contrasts with the pale ter- 


102 JourNAL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VL. 


minal space. ‘This is exactly opposite to what is usually found in 7z- 
bifera and rosaria, and by this and the wing form the species may be 
recognized, I think. 

The sexual characters of the male are quite different from those of 
the other allied species and are figured on plate VII, fig. 5. The de- 
rivation is evidently from the rudifera type, but is modified in both 
harpe and clasper at least as much as is indicated by the difference in 
wing form. 

The examples before me vary in the amount of contrast in the orna- 
mentation. In one specimen the space between the ordinary spots is 
black filled ; in another it is still a little darker than the ground color; 
the others are intermediate. The female has the outer half of the median 
space darker than the basal portion of the wing ; but this is probably not 
a sexual characteristic. 

The dates given are in June and July and one specimen is marked 
bred from larva beaten from sallows at night. Mr. Dod writes that he 
bred two examples and that the species is not uncommon. 


Noctua rosaria G7?. 

This species I have from British Columbia, Washington and the 
Sierra Nevada, California. It is like rwdzfera in size and wing form but 
the ground appears more even, while yet the ordinary spots seem more 
mottled. The specimens have a somewhat more rusty shading, which 
yet gives the impression of a velvety surface. It is almost impossible to: 
put the difference into words ; yet it exists and is visible on comparison, 
while its importance is demonstrated by the genital characters which are 
shown at plate VII, figs. 6 and 7. ‘The differences between the two: 
figures is that between a flat mount (fig. 6) and one in a cell (fg. 7); 
the latter showing the natural curves and position of parts. 


Noctua esurialis Gr+. 

I have specimens from Corfield, Vancouver and from Portland, 
Oregon, which I take to be this species. Thespecimens from Vancouver 
agree perfectly with Mr. Grote’s description and with my notes on the 
type when I referred it as a probable geographic race of jucunda. The 
latter it is decidedly not, but I am not certain that it is not a form of 
rosaria. Compared with the latter it seems somewhat broader winged 
and dirtier ; darker and more sordid in color. Yet the differences are 
scarcely tangible and as my material is almost all from electric light 
globes it leaves something to be desired. 

The genital structure of the male indicates a good species, but leaves. 


June, 1898.] Smita: NortH AMERICAN NOCTUID&. 103 


some doubt. The differences will be found in comparing fig. 8, in plate 
VII, with those cited for rosarza. The chief point is in the much nar- 
rower harpes and this amount of variation I have not seen equalled else- 
where in the same species. Three males, one from Corfield and two 
from Oregon are practically identical, while three specimens of rosaria 
from the three localities represented are also practically the same. 

This study of the forms allied to 7zd¢/era will serve to indicate that 
our knowledge of the species is by no means even yet complete and that 
much remains to be done. The material in collections even of the 
Eastern forms is altogether insufficient in amount and character to fairly 
illustrate the species. All the examples of the forms referred to here 
should be preserved for careful study. 


Noctua inopinatus, sp. nov. 

Among the material received from Mr. A. W. Hanham, Winnipeg, 
Manitoba, are specimens that I have named haruspica with some doubt. 
Other examples from Corfield, Vancouver and 264 (Gillette) Colorado, 
have increased that doubt and I venture the above name to indicate a 
form intermediate between the eastern Aarusfica and the western szerra. 
In size the new species averages less than haruwspica and the color is as 
a whole more evenly smoky and with less red. The ordinary spots are 
somewhat better relieved, while the median lines tend to become broken 
and incomplete, while yet the detached parts may be well marked. 

In all other respects, including sexual structure of the male, the 
agreement is with harwspica and the species may be deemed an impres- 
sionist one, rather than one based on sharply definable characters. 
Plate VII, fig. 1, illustrates the sexual pieces, the figure given in my 
Revision having been made, as now appears, from an imperfect speci- 
men. 

Noctua treatii G77. 

Since I wrote in 18go this species has turned up in several places and 
is now well represented in a number of collections. To the locality 
given in my catalogue must be added Jefferson, N. H.; Adirondack 
Mountains, N. Y.; Central Maine and Calgary, Canada. None of 
the examples seen approaches in size the specimen referred to in my Re- 
vision and now in the U. S. National Museum. 

Noctua exuberans, sp. nov. 


Ground color gray, varying from reddish to almost ashen, more or less irrorated. 
Head without markings; palpi deep brown at the sides. Collar with the lower half 
deep sienna brown. Thorax otherwise without markings. Primaries with the 
median lines obsolete, except on costa where the basal, t. a. and t. p. lines are indi- 
cated by black spots, A median shade is indicated by a brownish cloud, In one 


104 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


‘specimen it is possible to trace a vague t. a. line part way across the wing. Thes.t. 
line is indicated but is broken, a little paler, principally marked by the slightly darker 
terminal space and toward the costa also by a dusky preceding cloud. The orbicular 
is wanting in the specimens before me. The reniform is small, kidney shaped, 
black; but with indefinite outlines and incomplete superiorly. Secondaries whitish, 
iridescent, becoming smoky at the margin, where there is a brown terminal line 
setting off the white fringes. Beneath whitish, a little powdered at the margins, the 
primaries a little darker than the secondaries, and in one specimen almost smoky. 
Expanse, 1,60 inches — 40 mm. 

ffabitat : Glenwood Springs, Colorado, in July; Dr. Barnes. 

Three male specimens are before me, each differing a little in color ; 
but otherwise very similar. ‘The species is allied to Zubricans; Dut is 
larger and with much less trace of the ordinary markings, while on the 
other hand the reniform is much more distinct. In most of the 
examples of /dricans the transverse lines may be made out. In this 
species there is no appearance of them except on the costa. Two of 
the specimens are uniform in color, although different in shade. The 
third specimen is ashen gray along the costa and in the terminal space, 
while the rest of the wing has a reddish cast. The species reminds 
one somewhat of zzczvzs, but the wing form is different. 

In sexual characters the insect agrees in general with the group in 
which I have placed it, and is one of those showing no very character- 
istic features. It is represented in Plate VII, fig. 1o. 


Noctua bolteri, sp. nov. 

Ground color red with a violet tinge. The markings rusty brown and black. The 
vestiture of the head and thorax is defective, hence it is impossible to say whether or 
not they are maculate. Basal line geminate, black, emphasized by brown scales, 
continuing to the submedian vein and from that point obliquely outward to the inner 
margin. At this point there is an oblique brown shade which marks the middle of 
the lower half of the median space. In the cell there is, almost midway between the 
basal and t. a. line, an upright black mark which is inwardly margined by yellowish 
scales. T.a line geminate, the outer part black, the inner brown ; included space 
marked with yellow scales. As a whole the line is nearly upright to the submedian 
vein and then with a strong outcurve to the inner margin. T. p. line geminate, lunu- 
la'e, with a square outward bend over the cell, then incurved below ; made up of 
black lunules f»llowed by yellow scales and outwardly margined by a rusty brown, 
rather broad and nearly even line. S. t. line yellow, irregular, forming a W on veins 
3 and 4, preceded by a distinct brown shade which becomes blackish toward the 
costa. A series of black terminal lunu'es, which are outwardly marked with yellow. 
Th:re is a brown, irregular median shade. Claviform large, filling nearly the entire 
space between the median and submedian ve'ns; outlined by black scales within 
which is a yellow line, and the whole is filled with brown. Orbicular large, oval, in- 
complete above, outlined by black scales within which is a yellow annulus. Reni- 
form very large, broad, hardly kidney shaped, outlined with black scales, then annu- 
late with yellow; the center with a whitish lunule. Secondaries smoky gray, the 


June, i898 J SmitH: NortH AMERICAN NOCTUIDA. 105 


fringes almost white, a vague trace of a discal lunule showing from below. Beneath 
primaries pale, powdered along the margin with carmine scales, and with a vague 
discal spot. Secondaries with a more distinct discal spot and incomplete outer line. 
Expanse, 1.32 inches = 33 mm. 


FTabitat: Was Vegas, New Mexico, July rith. 


A single female specimen was received from Mr. A. Bolter, after 
whom I have named this most remarkable insect. It is totally unlike 
any other of the described species in every respect and at first sight re- 
calls some of the /éwszzd forms allied to Déastema, yet it has all the 
characters of the genus /Voctwa to which I refer it, and in this genus it 
stands by itself. Its occurrence in New Mexico contradicts the general 
distribution of the genus which I have elsewhere referred to, and the 
male may present characters which will induce the reference of the spe- 
cies to some other genus. 


Noctua plebeia, sp. nov. 

Ground color a dirty clay yellow, with blackish powderings which give it a sordid 
appearance. Head and thorax without obvious markings. The tip of the collar 
paler, the general shading of the thorax a little darker than the primaries. There is 
an obvious divided anterior and posterior tuft. All the markings are traceable, 
though all are more or less incomplete. Basal line geminate, black, extending to 
the submedian vein. T. a. line geminate, black, incomplete both parts of the line 
almost equally distinct ; as a whole with a very slight outcurve. T p. line blackish, 
powdery, geminate, very even, feebly bisinuate. S t. line consisting of a series of 
very black spots which may become partly united into a broken line, and outwardly 
margined by a few yellowish scales. There is a series of brown or blackish terminal 
lunules, beyond which is a yellowish line at the base of the fringes. There is a dif- 
fuse median shade which is hardly marked on the costa; but is obvious below the 
median vein. The claviform is outlined by brown and black scales and filled with 
brown: Orbicular moderate in size, oval, rather irregular, outlined by pale scales, 
black filled. Reniform large, kidney shaped, outlined by yellowish and brown scales, 
and filled with black. The space between the ordinsry spots is brown. Secondaries 
smoky fuscous, the fringes considerab'y paler. Beneath, smoky, powdery, the pri- 
maries darker; the secondaries with a very distinct large discal spot and a broad 
median line. On the primaries similar marks are traceable. Expanse, I.40 to 1.60 
inches — 35 to 40 mm. 


Habitat : Vancouver, August 14th ; Livingston. British Columbia ; 
California. 

I have two males and one female, and have seen other specimens ; 
one at least from Oregon, and I think also a specimen or two from 
Washington. The California specimen is the only female and is, I be- 
lieve, from some point in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. This species is 
very well marked and is unlike any others of those that are described. 
In a general way it is allied to Jaya, or, as it must now be known, smirhii, 


106 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.  [Vol. VI. 


but the most obvious difference and the one that will enable this species 
to be readily recognized is in the black filled ordinary spots. In this 
character the species is unique. The insect gives the impression, some- 
how, of a dirty creature. 

The male parts are very simple, consisting of a single upright corne- 
ous process on a broad triangular harpe. 


Setagrotis elata, sp. nov. 

Ground color ash gray, varying in general shade from a yellowish to a bluish 
tinge. Head and thorax without markings of any kind. Primaries with all the 
markings obscured and very feebly traceable. The median lines are always visible as 
geminate black costal spots, but beyond that they are only vaguely indicated. Ina 
general way and so far as can be indicated the t. a. line seems to be a little outcurved 
between the veins, and as a whole a little outcurved in its course. Thet. p. line is 
even, with an even outcurve over the cell and an almost equally even incurve. The 
s. t. line is whitish, irregular, broken, well defined by a blackish preceding shade 
and by the somewhat darker terminal space. The claviform is merely indicated by a 
few black scales. Orbicular round, of moderate size, incompletely defined by a few 
black scales, within which is a somewhat more distinct circlet of yellowish scales. 
‘The reniform is moderate in size, als» incompletely outlined by black and yellow 
scales, the lower portion filled with blackish and forming quite a prominent feature in 
the markings of the wing. Secondaries in the male white, with a vague smoky outer 
margin and a narrow discal lunule. In the female more smoky, with a blackish outer 
margin and discal lunule. Beneath whitish, powdery, with a more or less marked 
outer line and discal spot on both wings. Expanse, 1.50-1.60 inches = 36-40 mm. 


Hfabitat : Colorado. 

I have three specimens, two males and one female, received from 
Professor C. P. Gillette, and numbered 565, 2610 and 2732. The 
specimens differ considerably, and yet resemble each other quite closely, 
The female is the larger and much the darker. All the specimens agree 
in showing the black filled reniform and pale, dark bordered s. t. line. 
as the only prominent features in the wing. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. 


Fig. 1. Harpe and clasper of /Voctua tnopinatus, male. 
Soe ss e os Noctua rubifera, male. 
ieee Gt SS oe Noctua cynica, male. 
G4, | «oC Ge OG Noctua jucunda, male. 
Cte aN GG Ol Noctua calgary, male. 
66) 6G C6 6G Noctua rosaria, male. 
7 66 G6 56 Noctua rosaria, male. 

GON CU “e GG Noctua esurialis, male. 
0 @) fe fe os Noctua hospitals, male. 
OG Tey | 06 Ct oe Noctua exuberans, male. 


All the figures are drawn with a camera lucida and to the same scale. 


June, 1898.] ScaHaus: New Species OF NOCTUID. 107 


NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDAE FROM TROPICAL 
AMERICA. 


By WILLIAM SCHAUS. 


Noctua herculeana, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax reddish brown. Abdomen griy. Primaries at the base viola- 
ceous, limited by a geminate velvety black basal line ; the antemedial line partly gem- 
inate, oblique and not reaching the inner margin, most heavily marked on the costa ; 
the space before the antemedial line grayish; the median space violaceous brown ; 
orbicular indistinct, partly surrounded by black ; the reniform large, diffuse, whitish 
gray ; the postmedial line fine, geminate, followed by a row of small spots ; the post- 
medial space light brown, followed by the broad dark violaceous brown margin. Sec- 
ondaries smoky brown. Expanse, 60 mm. 


ffabitat : Trojes, Mexico. 


Agrotis aureolum, sp. nov. 


Head golden yellow. Collar and thorax concolorous, dark reddish brown. 
Primaries similar to Agrotis malefida Gn, but browner and the postmedial line more 
distinct. Secondaries pure white. Expanse, 4o mm. 


Habitat: Castro, Parana. 


Agrotis perotensis, sp. nov. 


Body light reddish brown. Primaries light reddish brown; the lines very fine 
and slightly darker ; basal and antemedial lines somewhat oblique and hardly wavy ; 
the postmedial very slightly curved beyond the cell and marked by minute points on 
the veins ; subterminal line wavy, paler than the ground color and inwardly shaded 
with darker brown especially towards the costa; orbicular large, very oblique ; reni- 
form large, kidney shaped, both spots olive brown, surrounded by a pale line. Sec- 
ondaries white with a slight reddish brown tinge; fringe darker; discocellular well 
marked. Expanse, 41 mm. 


fTabitat : Las Vigas, on the Cofre de Perote. Elevation 10,000 ft. 


Agrotis oaxacana, sp. nov. 


Body very dark brown, almost black. Primaries blackish brown; lighter brown 
along the basal half of costa to below cell; the antemecial and postmedial lines 
geminate, indistinct; a subterminal light brown shade crossed on veins 4 and 5 by 
black streaks; claviform very small; orbicular and reniform hardly perceptible ; 
some light brown spots at the base of the fringe. Secondaries smoky black, whitish 
towards the base; fringe go!'den. Expanse, 39 mm. 


Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico. 
I have only received 2‘? 9 of this distinct species. 


108 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.  [Vol. VI. 


Agrotis molepa, sp. nov. 


g. Antennze pectinated. Head and thorax light reddish brown. Abdomen 
yellowish white. Primaries light reddish brown; antemedial line replaced by three 
black spots, on costa, median and submedian veins; postmedial line punctiform, 
black, hardly curved on costa and parallel with outer margin ; reniform small, black. 
Secondaries pearly white. Expanse, 36 mm. 


FHfabitat: Castro, Parana. 

What I consider as the 9 of this species has the primaries dark red- 
dish brown with transverse black strize, making the costal margin much 
darker; orbicular represented by a black point; reniform small, black. 
Secondaries white, thinly speckled with black. Expanse, 42 mm. 

Flabitat : Castro, Parana. 


Amathes gasiva, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax dark gray, the scales tipped with white, and a black central 
line on the collar. Abdomen brown with a subdorsal basal tuft of dark gray scales. 
Primaries dark gray ; the basal line black, indistinct ; the antemedial line black, out- 
wardly curved between the veins ; the postmedial inwardly curved between the veins, 
more narrowly black, but very distinct and followed by a line of dark scales; the 
subterminal wavy, lighter gray, preceded and followed by a brownish shade; the 
veins on outer margin blackish ; the claviform outlined in black; the orbicular and 
reniform large, tinged with brown and irregularly outlined with black; a broad dark 
brown median shade crossing the wing between the spots. Secondaries brown, 
whitish towards the base; a terminal white line. Underneath light grayish with a 
minute discal spot and postmedial line. Expanse, 28 mm. 


Habitat: Las Vigas, Mexico. Elevation 10,000 ft. 
Strongly resembles 4. ¢esse/loides Grote. 


Amathes yaxcaba, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax gray, the anterior portion of collar velvety black. Abdomen 
light grayish brown. Primaries gray, minutely speckled with black ; a basal black 
line not reaching the inner margin; the antemedial line diffusely angulate, irregular, 
sometimes only visible on the costal margins ; the postmedial represented by a black 
spot on costa; the subterminal most indistinct, forming a faintly darker shade near 
costa ; reniform indistinctly and unevenly outlined in black. Secondaries white, with 
a fine terminal brown line. Underneath primaries and costal margin of secondaries 
grayish. Expanse, 33 mm. 


Flabitat : Orizaba, Mexico. 
This species is allied to A. 4zbricans Gn, and the Q is easily dis- 
tinguished by the white secondaries. 


Mentaxya butleri, sp. nov. 


Body light gray. Primaries silvery gray with all the markings very indistinct ; 
a basal interrupted line; a geminate antemedial and a geminate postmedial line 


June, 1898.] ScHaus: NrEw SPECIES OF NOCTUIDA. 109 


darker gray ; a median and a subterminal reddish brown shade ; the orbicular and 
reniform finely outlined in dark gray. Secondaries white, the margins faintly shaded 
with brown. Expanse, 30 mm. 


ffabitat : Jalapa, Mexico. 
There is a specimen of this species in the B. M. from Rio Janeiro. 


Mentaxya biformis, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax gray with a reddish or black spot anteriorly on the collar. 
Primaries gray, crossed by numerous transverse brownish strice ; a minute dark basal 
spot on the costa; the antemedial line straight, inwardly oblique, crossing the clavi- 
form which is represented by a small black spot ; outer line curved beyord the cell, in- 
distinct ; orbicular absent; reniform small, reddish brown. Inthe 9 the lines and 
reniform are also absent. Secondaries pearly white in the ¢, the margins shaded 
with brown in the 9. Expanse, 33-36 mm. 


Ffabitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 
I may here mention that MZentaxya lucilla Btl., is a synonym of A. 
messium Gn. 


Anicla mahalpa, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax light gray or pale buff, the anterior portion of thorax sometimes 
reddish or velvety brown. Primaries light gray or pale buff with transverse darker 
strize, and thinly speckled with black ; a few reddish scales in the cell and subtermin- 
ally ; the outer margin irregularly dark gray; a terminal row of dark points ; three 
dark points on the costa ; orbicular absent ; reniform spotted and surrounded by small 
black sagittate marks. Secondaries and fringe pearly white. Expanse, 38 mm. 


flabitat : Castro, Parana. 
The peculiar reniform and pearly white secondaries distinguish this 
species from A. zzczvis Gn., to which it is otherwise allied. 


Carneades colima, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax brownish yellow. Primaries brownish yellow, brightest along 
the costal margin and at the base ; two small dark brown basal spots, below the costa 
and median vein; antemedial line dark brown, angular ; postemedian line puncti- 
torm on the veins, connected by a lunate shade ; the subterminal very fine, indistinct ; 
the extreme margin brownish with a terminal row of black points ; orbicular repre- 
sented by a brownish patch ; reniform large, kidney shape, brownish, circled with yel- 
low. Secondaries wh'te with an interrupted dark terminal line. Expanse, 41 mm. 


Flabitat : Colima, Mexico. 


Carneades cofrensis, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax grayish; collar with a black posterior line. Abdomen light 
brown. Primaries light green, mottled with brown ; basal and antemedial lines white, 
connected by a brown patch below the median vein; some brownish shades on the 
costa and a large white spot above the median vein ; space between spots and before 


110 JouRNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


orbicular brown ; claviform large, brown; orbicular greenish, speckled with brown 
and broadly circled with white ; reniform large, indistinctly outlined and shaded with 
brown and partly margined with white ; postmedial line brown, denticulate, outwardly 
shaded with white and outwardly preceded by a brown shade below the reniform ; 
subterminal indistinct, forming a broad shade; a terminal row of triangular black 
spots; fringe gray. Secondaries light gray, with a darker terminal line and the discal 
spot of the underside clearly visible. Expanse, 35 mm. 


Habitat : as Vigas on the Cofre de Perote, Mexico. Elevation 
10,000 feet. 


Polyphzenis psittacea, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax bright green. Abdomen trown with a few subdorsal greenish 
tufts. Primaries bright green; the lines brown, geminate ; the antemedial irregular 
wavy, the basal straight, the postmedial crenulate; the subterminal shade heavy and 
irregular, brown, followed apically by some brownish spots; a terminal crenulate 
black line. Secondaries reddish brown, paler towards the base; an interrupted 
darker terminal line; the fringe partly green. Underneath primaries reddish brown ; 
secondaries lighter brown, with a discal spot, postmedial line, and broad marginal 
band all reddish brown. Expanse, 35 mm. 


flabitat: Aroa, Venezuela. Jalapa, Mexico. 


Poly phzenis aurea, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax bright green. Abdomen golden yellow with a brownish sub- 
dorsal line. Primaries bright green ; basal marks blackish, irregular, antemedial line 
brown, geminate from costa to median vein only, then single, fine angular to inner 
margin ; postmedial line fine, black, wavy, deeply curved beyond the cell, and border- 
ing a large brown median space on the inner margin; vein 6 black, from postmedial 
line to outer margin; subterminal shade only visible at apex. Secondaries golden 
yellow with a large apical reddish brown spot. Primaries below with the basal half 
and inner margin golden yellow, otherwise dark brown; secondaries below golden 
yellow with a broad brown band on the apical half of the outer margin, and a small 
brown spot on the costal margin. Expanse, 40mm. 

Flabitat: Aroa, Venezuela. 


Mamestra zobira, sp. nov. 


Body dark brown, paler dorsal tufts on the abdomen. Primaries dark violaceous 
brown, the lines fine, black ; the basal line outwardly, the antemedial line inwardly 
shaded with reddish brown ; the postmedial line crenulate, outwardly shaded with 
reddish brown; the subterminal broken into an irregular row of reddish brown spots, 
inwardly shaded with black, the spot at inner angle being the largest; a few minute 
pale spots on the costa; the orbicular absent ; the reniform indistinct, mottled with 
reddish brown scales. Secondaries whitish in the disc, otherwise black. Expanse, 
31 mm. 


fTabitat : Orizaba, Mexico. Jamaica, W. I. 


June, 1898.] ScHAaus: New Species oF NOcTUID&. 111 


Mamestra janeira, sp. nov. 


Body dull brown. Primaries reddish brown, darker along the costa and outer 
margin ; the lines fine, black, basal line geminate, angular ; antemedial line geminate, 
wavy ; postmedial line crenulate, followed by points on the veins; subterminal line 
punctiform outwardly shaded with yellowish brown; orbicular large, dark, finely 
outlined in black and fusing with the darker costal margin; reniform light reddish 
brown, partly outlined in black, with a minute white spot in its lower portion ; a dark 
median shade curved, and connected to the lower portion of the reniform by a dark 
line. Secondaries dull brown; underneath paler with a postmedial dark wavy line 
and a large black discal spot on the secondaries. Expanse, 35 mm. 


FTabitat : Rio Janeiro. 


Mamestra trocas, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax light dull brown; abdomen paler. Primaries light brown, lines 
darker, very fine and indistinct ; the basal and antemedial lines wavy and slightly 
curved ; a dark median shade angled below the reniform ; the postmedial geminate, 
widely apart, broken, almost punctiform ; a subterminal row of small black spots, 
outwardly shaded with white towards the apex ; a yellowish white spot at the inner 
angle ; the spots faintly outlined in black, the reniform containing a few yellowish 
scales. Secondaries light smoky brown. Expanse, 33 mm. 


Ffabitat : Castro, Parana. 
This species is closely allied to 47. dotata Druce. 


Mamestra baruna, sp. nov. 


g. Antenne pectinated, yellow. Head and thorax reddish brown; abdomen 
grayish brown ; anal hairs rufous. Primaries dark reddish brown, the lines indistinct ; 
the antemedial outwardly curved between the veins ; a postmedial and a subterminal 
row of black points; the costal margin and fringe reddish; the orbicular minute, 
circled with white ; the reniform large quadrate, whitish gray. Secondaries pale yel- 
lowish with an indistinct marginal shade. Expanse, 40 mm. 


Ffabitat : Castro, Parana. 

The 9 has the primaries rich reddish brown, the veins somewhat 
darker; the spots asin the ¢. Secondaries brownish black with red- 
dish fringe. 


Mamestra subpicta, sp. nov. 


Body dark gray ; abdomen rufous beneath. Primaries above dark blackish gray, 
the lines black and indistinct; some mottling from the base to the antemedial line, and 
the space between the postmedial and subterminal lines, light brown; a terminal row 
of black points and some brownish spots on the fringe; orbicular small, reniform, 
large, both light brown circled with black. Secondaries very dark brown, the fringe 
whitish. Underneath the primaries light rufous along the costa and subterminal 
space ; the cell and apical half of outer margin black ; a wavy black postmedial line. 
Secondaries below whitish, thickly mottled with reddish, scales towards the apex ; a 


112 JourNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE. 


large black discal spot, and the commencement of a broad black antemedial band; a 
wavy black postmedial line. Expanse, 22 mm. 


Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico. 


Hecatera marmica, sp. nov. 

Head and collar whitish speckled, with black. Thorax dark gray. Abdomen 
light brown. Primaries blackish gray ; the lines indistinct ; the basal line followed 
by a broad white band from the costa to the submedian vein ; a broad subterminal 
white siade interrupted above angle by a dark spot, occupying inner margin from the 
postmedial line to the angle itself; fringe dark gray, spotted with white ; postmedial 
line denticulate ; orbicular dark, hardly discernible; reniform large, mottled gray 
and white. Secondaries white with the costal margin and a terminal line brownish. 
Expanse, 30 mm. ; 


Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico. 


Hadena lignaris, sp. nov. 

Head and collar light brown: posterior portion of collar and two transverse lines 
reddish brown. ‘Thorax reddish brown. Abdomen light brown. Primaries reddish 
brown with numerous longitudinal light and dark brown lines; the transverse lines 
hardly perceptible, light brown and very irregular ; spots small, indistinct with a cen- 
tral dark point. Secondaries brown, semitransparent towards the base; a discal 
‘spot. Expanse, 34 mm. 

Habitat : U.S. Colombia. 

This species is allied ¢ Hadena ordinarius Btl., and A. patina 
Harv. Both ordinarius and patina are common in Mexico and may 
eventually prove to be the same species. 


Alibama scuroba, sp. nov. 

Head and thorax blackish brown; abdomen lighter brown. Primaries blackish 
brown with the markings very indistinct ; the lines fine, velvety black; the basal line 
angular, the antemedial outwardly curved between the veins, the postmedial in- 
wardly curved; the subterminal shade narrow, brown, followed by a dusky dark 
gray marginal shade; the spots finely outlined in black. Secondaries pearly white 
with a terminal dark line and some postmedial clusters of dark scales on the veins. 
Expanse, 30 mm. 

Flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 

The female has the outer half of the secondaries black, the base 
white. Expanse, 36 mm. 

This species bears a strong resemblance to the dark forms of 
Alibama terens W\ik.=A. pulchra Moésch, but the secondaries are very 
distinct. 


Oligia niveiplaga, sp. nov. 


Head, collar and patagice lizht reddish brown ; thorax white ; abdomen brown. 
Primaries light brown ; the inner margin wh'te, the upper portion of this white space 


June, 1898 ] Scuaus: New Species or Nocruin#. 113 


circular ; the lines fine, black, indistinct, not crossing the white portion of the wing ; 
orbicular and reniform finely outlined in black ; a broad black streak from the cell 
across lower portion of reniform to the outer margin ; the subterminal shade white, in- 
distinct. Secondaries white, the apex and adjoining portion of outer margin brown ; 
a minute discal spot beneath. Expanse, 27 mm. 


Flabitat: Aroa, Venezuela. 


Oligia apicalis, sp. nov. 

Head and collar grayish yellow ; thorax reddish gray. Primaries reddish gray 
speckled with black, forming indistinct lines ; the apical portion of the wing beyond 
the cell and from inner angle dark brown ; on the inner margin close to angle a red- 
dish brown shade, above which the indistinct subterminal shade of reddish brown 
eresses the dark portion of the wing; an apical reddish gray spot. Secondaries 
brown in the 9, paler at the basein the g. Expanse, 32 mm. 


Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela ; Castro, Parana. 


Oligia thoracica, sp. nov. 

Head, collar and thorax light reddish brown, the scales tipped with white ; pata- 
gize dark velvety brown. Abdomen light brown. Primaries brown, slightly mottled 
with gray; the basal line black, outwardly shaded with white; the antemedial line 
black, forming three curves and outwardly oblique, the costal portion outwardly 
shaded with white ; the postmedial line white on costa, then finely black, outwardly 
shaded with white, on which some minute black points are visible to the inner mar- 
gin; a dark brown shade descends from the costa on the inner side of reniform and 
joins the postmedial line at vein 2; a black space on the costa beyond the postmedial, 
and a dark streak between veins 4 and 5; the subterminal shades indistinct, yellow- 
ish, followed by some grayish shades ; the orbicular round, pure white ; the reniform 
brown, indistinct, surrounded by darker shadings. Secondaries whitish with a mar- 
ginal brown band; the discal spot and postmedial line of the underside distinctly 
visible. Expanse, 30 mm. 


Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 


Oligia cadema, sp. nov. 

Head and collar reddish brown, thorax gray. Abdomen grayish brown. Pri- 
maries brownish gray, palest beyond the postmedial line; basal line indistinct, pale ; 
antemedial line light grey, forming three Jarge curves and outwardly oblique ; an in- 
wardly oblique dark shade from the antemedial at the mediah vein to the base of the 
inner margin ; the postmedial line geminate, finely crenulate, the space within partly 
lilacine ; a darker shade to the outer margin between veins 3 and 4; the subterminal 
shade indistinct, gray, shaded on either side with brown; a very dark line in the cell 
between the spots; orbicular punctiform, white; reniform large, oblique, grayish, 
outlined with black. Secondaries in both sexes pearly white, the apex and part of 
the outer margin smoky; the discal spot and punctiform postmedial brown line of the 
underside visible above. Expanse, 27 mm. 


ffabitat : Castro, Parana. Described from seven specimens show- 
ing variability. 


114 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VB. 


Trachea paranica, sp. nov. 

Head and collar brownish gray. Thorax mottled olive, gray, black and white. 
Abdomen dark gray. Primaries olive green, thickly mottled with lilacine gray, all 
the veins being of the latter color; a broad median band being most devoid of 
mottling ; the basal line black, broadly shaded with white outwardly ; the antemediab 
line black, curved between the veins and inwardly bordered with white ; the postme- 
dial crenulate, indistinct, slightly shaded outwardly with white; the subterminal 
broad, white, and very wavy, outwardly shaded with black at the middle of the inner 
margin and above the inner angle ; a terminal row of black points ; the margin lilacine 
gray ; orbicular small, grayish ; reniform dark circled, indistinct. Secondaries whit- 
ish at the base, otherwise grayish black. Expanse, 35 mm. 


Ffabitat : Castro, Parana. 


Praina, gen. nov. 

Eyes naked. Antenns= pectinated. Fore tibize without spines ; mid tibiz with 
three terminal spines ; hind tibize with two pairs of spines. Primaries with outer 
margin rounded; vein 8 and 9 anastomosing to form the areole. Secondaries with 
veins 3 and 4 slightly stalked. Abdomen long, stout, conical. 


Praina radiata, sp. nov. 

Head and thorax dark velvety brown ; a pale line between antennz and poster- 
iorly on collar. Thorax pale buff; patagicze with a broad dark brown band. Abdo- 
men light brown. Primaries pale buff; a broad brown space below subcostal vein, 
and also below median vein; the submedian shaded on either side with brown; the 
intervenal spaces on the outer margin dark brown. Secondaries yellowish white 
with a terminal brown line. Underneath primaries and costal margin of secondaries 
brown. Expanse, 32 mm. 


Flabitat : Castro, Parana. 


Leucania oriza, sp. nov. 

Primaries light pinkish gray with a slightly darker central shade from the base to 
the outer margin; a few black scales scattered over the wing; the median nervure 
between veins 2 and 3 faintly white, above which there is a minute black point; a 
terminal row of black points. Secondaries smoky gray, whitish at the base. Ex- 
panse, 30 mm. 


Flabitat: Orizaba, Mexico. 


Leucania jaliscana, sp. nov. 

Head and addomen ochreous; collar light reddish brown with three transverse 
gray lines. Primaries light ochreous, the subcostal and median veins slightly grayish ; 
the fringe and a triangular shade on the outer margin dark reddish brown; a light 
reddish brown shade at the end of the cell, and a white spot on the median vein ; 
some antemedial clusters of dark scales below the median vein; a postmedial row of 
black points. Secondaries white with a terminal fine brown line; the base of the 
fringe ochreous. Expanse, 32 mm. 


Flabitat : Guadalajara, Mexico. 


June, 1898.] ScHaus: New Species oF NOCcTUID&. 115 


Leucania oaxacana, sp. nov. 


Head ochreous gray. Collar and thorax light gray speckled with black. Primaries 
light gray, the veins faintly whitish, black scales scattered over the wing, thickly so 
along the median vein on which is a white spot containing a black point ; a postmedial 
row of black spots ; a terminal row of black spots. Secondaries whitish gray, the 
veins and a terminal line brownish. Expanse, 33 mm. 


Habitat: Oaxaca, Mexico. 


Leucania misteca, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax reddish gray. Primaries pinkish gray speckled with black ; the 
outer margin darker with long fine black streaks between the veins; a dark central 
shade from the base to beyond the cell ; a minute whitish spot on the median vein ; a 
postmedial and a terminal row of black points. | Secondaries white ; a terminal row 
of black spots between the veins ; the apex and base of the fringe smoky. Expanse, 
35 mm. 

Habitat: Oaxaca, Mexico. 


Leucania orizaba, sp. nov. 


Body reddish gray; the collar posteriorly dark gray, anteriorly with two fine 
black transverse lines. Primaries light reddish gray, the veins paler, and darker 
longitudinal streaks between the veins ; some black points below the median vein ; the 
postmedial row of black points very much curved, inwardly oblique, geminate from 
beyond the cell; a whitish speck on the median vein preceded and followed by a 
broad black streak ; a terminal row of black points ; a subapical dark shade on the 
outer margin, Secondaries grayish brown, paler at the base ; the base of the fringe 
yellowish. Expanse, 35 mm. 


Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico. 


Atethmia targa, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax brown, the scales tipped with white. Abdomen rufous brown. 
Primaries brown. powdered with whitish scales, the lines whitish ; the basal line al- 
most invisible ; the antemedial line somewhat oblique outwardly and shaded with 
darker brown especially on the basal side; a median brownish shade crossing the 
reniform which is indistinct ; the postmedial line strongly angled beyond the cel! and 
slightly curved inwardly to the inner margin ; the subterminal line slightly wavy ; the 
orbicular represented by a brownish dot. Secondaries silvery white ; a broken termi- 
nal black line. Expanse, 24 mm. 


Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 


Atethmia editha, sp. nov. 

Head and thorax light brown, the scales tipped with white; the collar edged 
with white. Primaries brown thickly speckled with white scales, the veins finely 
whitish ; all the transverse lines fine whitish ; the basal line indistinct ; the antemedial 
line curved on costa, then outwardly oblique to inner margin ; the postmedial line the 
heaviest and followed by a whitish shade, this line and the subterminal being parallel 
with he outer margin; a terminal lunuler brown line ; the fringe mottled brown and 


116 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


gray ; the orbicular and reniform distinct and dark, both finely edged with white. 
Secondaries silvery white in the ¢, smoky inthe 9. Expanse, 30 mm. 


Ffabitat: Castro, Parana. 


Atethmia paulensis, sp. nov. 


Body pale fawn color. Primaries silvery fawn color crossed by an antemedial, 
postmedial and subterminal line; these three linés are fine, brown, and angled near 
ihe costa; the fringe brownish ; the spots not visible. Secondaries white, the fringe 
and margins narrowly silvery fawn color. Underneath fawn color with traces near the 
costa of a postmedial and subterminal line; a minute spot at the end of the cell on 
the primaries. Expanse, 32 mm. 


Flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. This species is nearly allied 
to A. rectifascia Grote, from the United States. 


Dacira ranapa, sp. nov. 


Pal pi brown tipped with white. Head white. Collar brown with some white sca'es 
posteriorly. Thorax dark brown. Abdomen light brown with a subdorsal white tuft on 
the firstsegment. Primaries above with the base dark brown, limited by the antemedial 
lighter brown wavy line ; the median space white ; the orbicular and reniform indis- 
tinctly outlined in gray, the latter crossed by a smoky brown band, which is slightly 
oblique from the costa and then forms a single outward curve to the inner margin ; the 
postmedian line denticulate, velvety brown; a large dark br-wn patch from the reniform 
to the postmedial line ; a brownish patch on the costal margin beyond the postmedial 
and not reaching the apex; the outer margin yellowish shaded with dark brown on 
the extreme margin ; fringe dark brown; the subterminal represented by a few scat- 
tered dark brown scales. Secondaries whitish with the outer margin broadly grayish 
brown. Underneath whitish ; the outer half of the primaries brownish ; the second- 
aries with a wavy, postmedial line, a small discal spot and some grayish scales along 
the costal margin. Expanse, 23 mm. 


Flabitat: Castro, Parana. 


Cucullia lilacina, sp. nov. 


Head and anterior portion of collar dark gray; collar otherwise and thorax light 
gray ; abdomen gray with the dorsal tufts dark brown. Primaries lilacine gray with- 
out the usual longitudmal streaks ; the base, inner margin, and heavy streak above 
the inner angle, dark brown ; the fringe on the inner margin partly black ; the apical 
portion beyond the cell light reddish brown, becoming darker on the costa, where 
there are three small white spots ; the orbicular of the ground color finely outlined in 
black ; the reniform light reddish brown, indistinct ; a blackish shade from the costa, 
between the spots not reaching the median vein. Secondaries sordid white, the 
veins and outer margin brownish. Expanse, 40 mm. 


flabitat: Orizaba, Mexico. 


Cucullia strigata, sp. nov. 


Ilead very dark gray; collar and thorax lighter gray of the same shade as C. 
postera Gn; abdomen still paler, with dark gray dorsal tufts. Primaries same color 


June, 1898.] Scuaus: New Species oF NocrTulpé. 1 


as thorax ; same general shadings as in ©. convextpennis Grote, but darker ; a long 
basal streak below the median vein; another dark streak starting on the median vein 
at a third from the base and continuing along vein 5 to nearly the outer margin. Sec- 
ondaries sordid white at the base, the outer margin broadly dark brown, Expanse, 
45 mm. 


Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico. This species bears a similarity to C. 
convexipennis Grote, but the color is quite different. 


Chloridea distincta, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax light olive green. Abdomen brownish. Primaries light olive 
green ; a brown line inwardly shaded with paler green from close to the apex on the 
costal margin to nearly the middle of the inner margin. Secondaries brown in the 
©, the fringe white. Secondaries in the ¢ white with a broad brown margin. Un- 
derneath primaries brown, with the costa, apex and outer margin gray. Secondaries 
grayish with a large brown space at anal angle; a postmedial dark line and discal 
spot. A discal spot also on underside of primaries. Expanse, 32 mm. 


flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 


Acontia obscura, sp. nov. 


Head, collar, thorax below, and abdomen of the ¢ ventrally, also the tibize, 
bright orange: tarsi black; the hind tibizee black at points. Abdomen and thorax 
dorsally dark greenish black. Primaries dark greenish black. Secondaries bluish 
black. Expanse, 36 mm. 


flabitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. 
Acontia trilinea, sp. nov. 


Head, collar ¢nd body beneath, orange yellow. Thorax orange, the patagize 
bordered with greenish black ; abdomen dorsally black. Primaries olive green ; the 
costal vein broadly yellow to nearly the apex ; the median vein narrowly yellow, this 
color extending for a short distance on veins 3 and 4; the submedian vein broadly 
yellow. Secondaries bluish black. Expanse, 34 mm. 


Ffabitat: Jalapa, Mexico. Possibly an extreme form of A. od- 
scura Schs. 


Tarache pyralidia, sp. nov. 


Head and collar light rufous. Thorax dark brown. Abdomen light brown. 
Primaries gray shaded with dark brown on the basal third; the outer margin broadly 
light rufous, inwardly shaded with brown ; the fringe brownish. Secondaries whitish, 
faintly smoky along the outer margin. Expanse, [9 mm. 


Habitat: Oaxaca, Mexico. 


Tarache axendra, sp. nov. 


Head and collar dark olivaceous green. Thorax black. Abdomen brown. 
Primaries dark olivaceous brown; traces of antemedial and postmedial black lines, 
beyond the latter clusters of steel gray scales extending toward the apex; similar 


118 JournAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


clusters on the inner margin ; three large white spots on the costal margin, and a 
whitish patch close to anal angle ; the extreme outer margin and fringe steel gray; a 
terminal row of black spots. Secondaries brown, darkest on the outer margin. Un- 
derneath the secondaries are fuscous with a terminal brown shade and some dark 
spots on the costal column. Expanse, 21 mm. 


Flabitat: (Guadalajara, Mexico. 


Tarache mizteca, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax dark steel gray. Collar whitish. Abdomen yellowish, Pri- 
maries with the anterior half olivaceous and three large spots on the costal margin ; 
the inner margin dark steel gray, with traces of an antemedial and postmedial dark 
line ; a large white spot at the anal angle containing some clusters of grayish scales 
and a terminal interrupted black line. Secondaries white with the outer margins 

‘brownish yellow, especially at the apex. Underneath yellowish, the dark portions of 
the primaries visible. Expanse, 25 mm. 


Flabitat: Oaxaca, Mexico. 


Tarache jaliscana, sp. nov. 

Head black. Collar and thorax white. Abdomen brown above, white below. 
Primaries white, the marginal third of the wing violaceous brown shaded inwardly 
with olive green ; some terminal patches of lilacine scales, and a double grayish termi- 
nal line ; the basal third of the costal margin steel gray. Secondaries white in the ¢ 
with smoky margins, entirely brown inthe 9. Expanse, 35 mm. 


flabitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. 


Tarache duenna, sp. nov. 

Head creamy white. Thorax grayish. Abdomen dark gray with transverse 
whitish lines. Primaries violaceous, mottled with brown and black scales; a large 
white spot on the centre of the costal margin, inferiorly bordered with olivaceous 
green ; some whitish scales at the base and also on the outer margin below the apex. 
Secondaries yellowish white, the outer margin smoky. Expanse, 2I mm. 


Flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 


Eustrotia bertha, sp. nov. 

Head and collar grayish Prothorax fawn color. Abdomen light brown. 
Primaries with the basal half creamy fawn color shaded with longitudinal brown 
streaks ; the outer half lilacine gray with a subterminal white line preceded by some 
whitish shades ; a few apical dark brown streaks Secondaries white in the g witha 
terminal brown line, and minute spot in the cell ; slightly smoky at the apex. Secon- 
daries brown in the 9. Expanse, 20 mm. 


Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 


Xanthoptera auruda, sp. nov. 

Bc dy and primaries bright yellow ; a broad transverse orange line, curved beyond 
the cell and inwardly oblique to the middle of the submedian vein ; the orbicular and 
reniform represented by orange dots; a similar dot below the orbicular; a terminal 


June, 1898.] ScuHaus: New Species or NoctTuipD&. 119 
brown line ; the fringe dark gray. Secondaries pale yellowish, shaded with brown on 
the outer margin. Expanse, 20 mm. 


flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 


Galgula cuprea, sp. nov. 

Head and abdomen brown. Thorax violaceous. Primaries violaceous ; the outer 
margin broadly coppery red ; the antemedial line irregular, olivaceous, finely bordered 
with brown ; the postmedial line straight, olive green, divided by a fine brown line 
and inwardly shaded with dark brown ; a small triangular olivaceous patch resting on 
the postmedial line beyond the cell and having a white line at its base. Secondaries 
brown. Expanse, '8 mm. 


Habitat: Castro, Parana. 


Galgula castra, sp. nov. 

Body and primaries light violaceous brown. The lines and spots asin G. partita 
Gn., but having in addition a distinct subterminal wavy line. The secondaries are 
yellowish white. Expanse, 25 mm. 


Habitat: Castro, Parana. Rivula mandane Druce, of which I 
possess the type is merely one of the paler forms of G. fartifa Gn. 


Palindia hermura, sp. nov. . 

Body bright yellow, the collar and thorax outlined with white. Primaries above 
bright yellow ; a basal spot on the costa reaching the median vein, a broad and irregu- 
lar antemedial band, and a spot on the costa at two-thirds from the base all lilacine 
faintly outlined with black ; at the anal angle a white line, shaded with lilacine strice, 
extends to vein 5. Some small black apical costal spots ; a dark terminal line ; the 
fringe yellow tipped with silvery white. Secondaries whitish yellow shaded with 
bright yellow below the cell and along the margins ; on the outer margin a large spot, 
white and lilacine shaded with darker strice. Underneath the wings are pale yellow- 
ish white. Expanse, 26 mm. | 


flabitat: Jalapa, Mexico; Aroa, Venezuela. 


Dyomyx volcanica, sp. nov. 

Body and wings lightish brown. Primaries with a fine dark velvety basal line 
from costa to the submedian vein; a large irregular dark velvety brown triangular 
space from the costa to just above the inner margin, limited by the antemedial and 
medial lines which are pale ; an oval daik spot surrounded by a yellowish line and 
containing a fine blue point extends from this space to the inner margin ; the reniform 
large irregularly outlined with dark brown ; the postmedial line dark, angular, only 
visible near the costal margin ; a subterminal row of dark spots beyond which the outer 
margin is darker ; a terminal dark line preceded by a row of yellowish dots; fringe 
dark brown. Secondaries with a terminal yellow line ; some brown and black scales 
on the outer margin surmounted by a cluster of bluish scales, above which two yellow- 
ish curved lines edged with black extend towards the cell and outer margin ; the fringe 
brown, towards the apex yellowish. Underneath brown with a postmedial dark wavy 
lire, and an antemedial line on the secondaries. Expanse, 43 mm. 


Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico. 


120 JourNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Dyomyx jonesi, sp. nov. 

Body brown. Primaries above with the basal half dark reddish brown, the outer 
half lighter brown, separated by an oblique transverse line from the middle of the costal 
margin to the inner margin at two-thirds from the base ; this line outwardly shaded with 
yellowish ; just above the inner margin and close to this line a black spot surrounded 
by an orange line and containing a white dot ; a dark basal line from the costa to the 
median vein ; an oblique, dark antemedial line from costa to middle of inner margin ; 
a postmedial line from costa to vein 3, where it is lost in a cluster of grayish scales 
which extend to the inner margin ; the reniform large, outlined in dark brown ; a sub- 
terminal irregular line of dark sagittate spots outwardly shaded with yellowish; a 
terminal dark gray line. Secondaries dark brown; a subterminal yellowish line sur- 
mounted near the anal angle by white and lilacine scales, above which an irregular 
yellowish line extends towards the cell and also towards the outer margin; a termi- 
nal gray line; the fringe partly yellowish. Underneath the wings are brown with a 
wavy dark postmedial line, and an antemedial shade on the secondaries. Expanse, 
46 mm. 


Jakofepyans 2 sSeVoy ENGI, (Sy. 18, Liravaill, 


Orzsia serpens, sp. nov. 


Palpi, head and thorax dark brown. Abdomen light brown, laterally buff. Pri- 
maries above dark silky brown, the veins tinged with violaceous; two dark median 
transverse lines, the outer one the more conspicuous and forming a border to the tooth 
on the inner margin; a subterminal dark wavy line, not reaching the submedian vein 
and extending abruptly to the outer margin, forming an angle which encloses a small 
yellowish spot. Secondaries brown, fringe whitish. Underneath primaries dull 
brown with the costal margin whitish. Secondaries whitish, the outer margin dull 
brown, and a dull brown streak at the base of the costal margin; a small brownish 
discal spot whitish in the center. Expanse, 35 mm. 


flabitat: Jalapa, Mexico. 


Phrodita bilinea, sp. noy. 


Palpi orange. Head, thorax and abdomen creamy white. Primaries above 
creamy white, the costal margin finely orange ; a velvety black streak below the me- 
dian vein, not quite reaching the outer margin; a black point in the cell followed by 
a black streak to the outer margin and which is crossed at the end of the cell by a 
whitish line. Secondaries white. Underneath primaries yellowish white, showing 
indistinetly the streak on the up er side ; secondaries white. Expanse, 33 mm. 


ffabitat: Castro, Parana. 


June, 1898.] Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARVA OF SAWEFLIES. 121 


ON THE LARVZE OF CERTAIN NEMATINZ AND 
BLENNOCAMPINA, WITH DESCRIPTION 
OF NEW SPECIES. 


By. Harrison G. Dyar, Pu.D. 


Pontania borealis J/ar/att. 

Galls on Salx sericea at Plattsburg, N. Y.; solitary, smooth, ex- 
ceeding the edge of the leaf, reaching from the midrib to beyond the 
margin and at varying distance from the base; not evenly divided by 
the leaf about one-third above, two-thirds below; shape pyriform or 
rounded ; a few corky dots; color greenish, strongly red shaded, espe- 
cially above; length, 8-9 mm., width about 6 mm., height, 5 mm. 
The substance is thick, teed white with pink lines. 

Larva.—Head .6 mm.; all white, eye and mouth black. 

Last Stage.—Head pinion a dusky shade above the clypeus, eye 
black mouth, brown; width 1.0 mm. _ Body all white, waxy, not shin- 
ing, segments Ghecunels 3-annulate, a little shaded with blackish in the 
folds. Thoracic feet rather large, colorless; abdominal ones on joints 
6 to 11, distinct, slender. Body uniform, subventral folds somewhat 
prominent, joint 13 tapering. Length, 6.5 mm. _ Single brooded ; 
cocoons in decayed wood. 


Pontania consors JZar/att. 

Galls found with the preceding on 5S. sericea, but gregarious, hairy 
and spherical. Near the base of the leaf, three or two together, rarely 
but one, exceeding the margin often by half the diameter of the gall ; 
not evenly divided by the leaf, about one-third or a little more above, 
two-thirds below; pale greenish, often heavily marked and mottled 
with red above, paler below, rarely uniformly pale. Strongly silky hairy 
like the leaves below, less hairy or even smooth above; size 8.5)<8.5\< 
7mm. or as small as5 mm. in diameter. ‘The substance is fleshy, 
strongly streaked with pink. 

Larva.—Head .g mm. ; all white, eye and mouth black, segments 
annulate, with large obscure concolorous tubercles; joint 13 tapering. 

Single brooded; cocoon in decayed wood. 


Pteronus carpini J/ar/atz. 
Gregarious on the iron wood,* Fort Lee, N. J., in September. 
Head shining black, 1.8 mm. wide, under the lens black dotted on a 


* T am not certain now meen this tree was the Ostrya virginica or Gains 
caroliniana, 


122 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


sordid ground, mouth brownish. Feet on joints 6-11 ; no glands everted. 
Segments coarsely 4-annulate with small dark setee. Color dull green, 
the spiracles with faintly discolored yellow blotches; dorsal region 
shaded with black, the color streaked on the annulets, not forming a 
distinct regular edge and not complete, tending to be broken into dor- 
sal and subdorsal bands. Subventral folds double. A spot below the 
spiracle and one above the base of the leg, black. Thoracic feet and 
venter pale. Imagoin May. The species is probably double brooded. 
The larva looks like that of Preronus corylus. 


Pteronus integer Say. 


Dr. Packard describes a larva on spruce (5th Rept. U. S. Ent. 
Comm., p. 838) as of this species. It is green with a dusky supra-ocellar 
shade, the dorsal vessel edged with light green and a white lateral stripe. 
The number of feet is not given. 

I think there is some error here and that this larva is not that of z7- 
teger. ‘The true larva is described herewith. 

Stage V.—Head sordid greenish with a heavy brown-black shade. 
reaching up each side behind the eye, a dotted shade on vertex, the 
sutures pale; width 1.6 mm. (2). Body green like Wematus chloreus 
not very sordid nor very transparent; black marks at the base of the 
thoracic feet. Segments irregularly 6-annulate in this large larva, 
bringing thespiracle on third annulet, 5-annulate in another with spiracle 
placed normally. No other marks. Anal plate concave-truncate as in 
LV. chloreus. The larva is throughout closely allied to chloreus and 
differs only in having the head marked with dark shades in the last 
stage. Tracheal line visible. 

Single brooded, no ultimate stage; cocoon as usual in the earth. 

Found on Quercus tinctorta at Brookhaven, Long Island; not com- 
mon, the rarest of the oak feeding Nematids 


Pteronus quercus J/ar/ate. 


Solitary on white oak (Q. aééa) resting on the edge of the leaf. 

Stage [V.—Head round, eye black, a very faint posterior dark 
shade; width . mm.; whitish, sordid with scarcely any ochreous 
tint. Body colorless, translucent, appearing sordid from the food by 
transparency, the incisures folded; segments obscurely 4-annulate, 
smooth ; anal plate concave-truncate, no prongs. A large black spot at 
the base of the colorless thoracic feet; abdominal ones on joints 6-11. 
‘Trachez white. 


Stage V.Head 1.3-1.5 mm. (& @) colorless, faintly yellowish, 


June, 1898] Dyar: New SPECIES AND LARV& OF SAWFLIES. 123 


eye black; a distinct shaded black line posteriorly from behind the 
ocellus to vertex. Body sordid greenish, annulets dull, incisures folded. 
Anal plate and marks at base of thoracic feet as before. Trachez and 
folds of incisures white. 

Single brooded ; cocoon in the ground. 

This larva closely resembles /Vematus chloreus but is not so green 
and has a black shade on the head in the last stage. Brookhaven, 
Long Island, in June. 


Nematus chloreus /Vorv/on. 


On the black oak (Q. coccinea) at Bellport, Long Island, in June, a 
solitary edge-eating Nematid. 

gg slits in the edge of the leaf just before the point of the apex, 
1 mm. long,.5 mm. deep, semi-circular, swollen, yellowish. 

Stage J.—Head sordid whitish, eye black, a dusky shade behind 
and over clypeus; width .4 mm. _ Body whitish translucent, green from 
the food, smooth, slender, curved, annulate; feet on joints 6-11; a 
ventral elevation on joint 5; no sete. Black marks at the base of 
thoracic feet. 

Stage J/.—Head whitish, dull, eye black, the vertical shade behind 
it reaching nearly to apex; width .6 mm. Body rather finely annulate, 
whitish, green only from the food, bases of thoracic feet marked with 
black. Anal plate truncate, concave, the posterior rim dusky bordered. 

Stage J//.—Head rounded, whitish, eye black, a dark shade behind; 
width .8 mm. Body translucent sordid greenish, no marks except at 
bases of thoracic feet ; spiracles blackish. 

Stage [V.—As before, the dusky shade behind the eye has become 
small; width 1.15 mm. Anal plate projecting, truncate-concave ; no 
prongs. ‘Translucent whitish green with black marks at base of thor- 
acic feet. 

Stage V.—Head green, eye black, mouth brown, no marks; width 
1.4-1.6 mm. ( ¢ @ ) clearer green than before, incisures folded ;_ black 
marks at bases of thoracic feet clouded, small. Anal plate truncate, 
slightly cordately notched, no prongs. A little green fat in joint 13, 
the frass not contrasted ; dorsal vessel obscure. Head shagreened, 
dull; body also dull. Thoracic feet colorless, abdominal ones small, 
slender on joints 6-11 and 13, functional. Segments irregularly 
wrinkly 6-annulate, last annulet very narrow, the others subequal; no 
sete even under a ¥%4-inch objective. Sometimes the body is faintly 
yellowish subdorsally from the obscure fat granules; spiracles dusky. 


124 JoURNAL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 
' 


Cocoon elliptical dark brown, single, formed at the surface of the 
ground. Single brooded. ‘This is the commonest of the oak feeding 
nematids on Long Island, N. Y. 


Hemichroa fraternalis /Vorv7on. 


8 described by Norton (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV, 81). 

Q black and rufous. Head black; prothorax pale, whitish, interior 
lobe of mesothorax and upper half of pleura shaded with brown ; abdo- 
men largely pale brown. All the segments above broadly banded with 
black and narrowly so below. Legs luteous, femora and tibia lined with: 
black. Wings hyaline, nervures black, costa and stigma luteous. 
Length, 9 mm. ‘Texas, New York, Massachusetts. A perfectly dis- 
tinct species, not nearly allied to A. albidovariata. ‘The larva lives on 
the young leaves of the white oak in May and early June, solitary. 
Each larva eats away the leaf from the midrib or a large vein and uses. 
the vein as a perch somewhat in the manner of the young Léminitis 
They hold on by the thoracic feet and thresh the body around violently 
when disturbed. There are probably five larval stages. 

Stage 7.—Head rounded, dull, dusky, eye black; width .4 mm. 
Body annulate, sordid grayish green, uniform with short black points. 
A dark line at base of thoracic feet. 

Stage [7.—Head .6 mm., sordid whitish, gray posteriorly, eye black;. 
body slate gray, whitish below the spiracles. 

Stage [/7,Head small, leaden black, width .9 mm. Segments. 
6-annulate, with black points on the second and fourth. Body slate 
gray, more or less whitish subventrally below the spiracles, a dusky — 
shade along subventral folds. Thoracic feet largely black, abdominal 
ones small, on joints 6-12, 13: Venter waxy grayish white. 

Stage /V.—Head sordid leaden, clypeus and back of head nearly 
black; antenneze and eye black ; width 1.3 mm. Dorsum leaden black,. 
somewhat broadly greenish centrally except in the incisures, below the 
spiracles nearly white, the subventral folds marked in blackish, forming 
a double row of dashes. ‘Thoracic feet largely black, abdominal ones 
pale. Black points on second and fourth annulets small. Later the 
larva becomes more greenish with growth. 

Stage V.—Head black, the face pale and vertex gray; or a light 
fleshy brown; width 1.6-1.8 mm. (¢ 2). Body sordid greenish gray, 
white subventraily, a lateral leaden gray shade band touching the stig- 
matal line; dusky marks on the subventral folds; points small, black. 
Thoracic feet pale, black at base; a trace of white bloom on head. In 
some the subventral region is scarcely contrasted and the larva appears. 


June, 1898.] Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARVA OF SAWFLIES. 125 


more uniformly gray. The black points vary in distinctness, sometimes 
obsolete. Occasionally the larva is very pale, an albino, with dull red 
head and sordid white body marked with an olivaceous blackish lateral 
band. 

No ultimate stage; cocoon dark brown, formed in the earth. Single 
brooded. 

Larva referred to as ‘‘F’’ Can. Ent. XXVII, 330. 


Hemichroa albidovariata (Vor/on. 


2 described by Norton (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 81). 

3 closely similar to 2 with the three basal segments of abdomen 
above yellowish white, the basal plates black. Two 29, one ¢ from 
Texas (Belfrage), coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., one from larva at Bellport, 
Long Island, N. Y. The larvee live on the black oak (Q. coccinea) in 
May, eating the young leaves, resting on the edge, the abdomen slightly 
curled. 

Stage V.—Head pale red-brown, eye narrowly black, mouth dark 
brown; width 1.8 mm. (2). Feet on joints 6-12, 13, moderate; seg- 
ments regularly and distinctly 6-annulate, spiracle on second annulet. 
Color translucent fleshy brown, a lateral row of irregular black spots on 
annulets 1 (small), 2-3 (large), 4-5 (rather small), the large one 
broken on some segments; all absent on joint 13; anal plate immacu- 
late. Some small black marks around spiracle; a distinct black patch 
on the anterior subventral fold and a smaller patch on the posterior one. 
Feet and venter unspotted, but a black mark at the base of thoracic 
feet. Dorsal vessel and paired dots on annulet 1 dusky translucent. 

No ultimate stage ; cocoon in the ground; single brooded. 


Hemichroa phytophagica, sp. nov. 

2 extremely similar to . albidovariata but the pale lines on an- 
terior lobe of thorax are short and obscure and the basal plates of ab- 
domen are black. 

One @ bred from larva from Bronx Park, New York, and two ? @ in 
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. marked ‘‘saw fly on white oak’’ from Miss Murt- 
feldt, No. 241 M., Dept. Agriculture, No. 3168. 

Found on the young leaves of the white oak in May. 

In Bronx Park these larvee were mixed with those of HZ. fraternalis, 
and showed somewhat the same habits by eating away the leaf from the 
midrib; but they do not use this as a perch and are true edge eaters. 

Stage J.—Head rounded shining black-brown; width .4 mm. 


126 JouRNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Body lustreless blackish, segments 6-annulate with rows of short, blunt, - 
pale points on second and fourth annulets, about six on each side. 

Tracheal line pale; feet on joints 6-12, 13. Eats the whole leaf on 
the edge. 

Stage [7,—Head pale, faintly brownish, eye black with a very faint 
dark shade reaching upward. Body whitish translucent, colored by the 
food, the points blunt, fleshy, dark at tip. 

Stage I/1,—Head very pale brownish, eye narrowly black. Body 
translucent waxy whitish, segments 6-annulate, the points whitish ; no 
marks. Incisures folded,tracheal line white. 

Stage [V.—Head pale brown, eye black. Body moderately trans- 
lucent, dull whitish with a tinge of yellowish and green, the folds of 
skin whiter. Points obsolete; no marks or, in some, a small black 
patch laterally on third annulet and another on anterior subventral fold, 
more or less distinct. In some the points are still visible, pale, rarely 
distinctly defined by dusky dots. Spiracle on the second annulet. 

Stage V.—Head pale, finely brewn dotted, eye black. Segments 
6-annulate, smooth, no points seen. Skin thin, the body uniformly 
green from the blood, dorsal vessel dark, outlined by a little green fat, 
not contrasting strongly. A black patch on the anterior subventral fold 
and sometimes another laterally. ‘Tracheze evident, their ramifications 
visible nearly up to the dorsal vessel. Thoracic feet pale; anal flap 
smooth. Abdominal feet on joints 6-12, 13. The larva is now very 
green, differing markedly from the preceding stages. A single example 
from Bellpcrt, Long Island, had a black dot on the thorax, subdorsally 
on the second annulet of joints 2 and 3, one on the anterior subventral 
fold of joint 3 and one at base of each thoracic foot. The paired dusky 
translucent patches in annulet 1 were also noted. No ultimate stage; 
cocoon in the ground; single brooded. ‘This larva is possibly a dimor- 
phic form of 4. albido vartata, but the food plants differ and the slight 
imaginal characters seem correlated. 


GENERIC SYNOPSIS OF THE BLENNOCAMPINE. 


The following tables have been prepared by Mr. Ashmead for his 
forthcoming revision of the genera of saw flies and he has kindly given 
me a copy of them for use here. 


June, 1898.] Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARV OF SAWFLIES. 127 


Family SELANDRIID&. 


TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES. 


Lanceolate cell petiolate; (in only a single genus, Aadosysphinga, does it appear 
contracted, but the anal vein is faint or subobsolete before uniting with the sub- 
median vein, while the anal cell in hind wings is wanting). 

Subfamily I. Blennocampine 

Lanceolate cell contracted befcre the middle but still open. 

Antenne 4-jointed, the third joint very long, the fourth very minute. 
Subfamily II. Blasticotomine 
Antennz 7 to 15-jointed, the third joint not unusually long, often shorter or not 
longer than the fourth........... so noo OsooNmeAC Subfamily ILI. Selandriine 

Lanceolate cell contracted at or at little before the middle and completely closed. 

Subfamily IV. Aoplocampine 


Subfamily I. BLENNOCAMPINA. 
TABLE OF GENERA. 


Reo Lontiwines with foursubmarsinall cellsi3..sclaciel- cle elsleyeielels leis cieieteieicieiei-e oie 3 

Front wings with three submarginal cells, the first transverse cubitus wanting, 
very rarely with the second transverse cubitus wanting. 

Hind wings with two discal cells 


We, eel ale) si ayol(ejistie\ a olvie! siisi@lielle joi ella)ie/ eieliwie) =jes! «eve 2 
Hind wings without discal cells. 

MLC = Tk —LA GOMES 5) atae ate) ein eye iehalereietel =a) eley eivi=eie Fenella Westw. 

Antennz 9-jointed. 
Hind wings with a distinct anal cell............ Fenusa Leach. 
Hind wings without an anal cell....... Kaliosysphinga Zaschd. 
2. Head transverse ; clypeus anteriorly truncate ; front wing with the second trans. 
EESEP CLUS WADE Osis 5 cctictcis, © orslcvaiais) cata; slesdisicietoveteleys Palmatopus artic. 


Head large, quadrate, the temples broad ; clypeus anteriorly deeply emarginate ; 
antennz densely hairy, the third jo’nt nearly as long as joints 4-5 united. 
Xenopates Cameron. 
3. E es extending to base of mandibles or at most with only a linear space between. 7 
Eyes more or less distant from base of mandibles, with a distinct space between. 
Hind wings not surrounded by a bordering nervure at apex. ..... ...... 4 
Hind wings surrourded by a bordering nervure at apex, and without a 
discal cell; claws bifid or with a tooth within. ; 

Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian, petiolate or sub- 
petiolate at apex. f..... GaONe seater alee * Periclista A onow. 
(= Mogerus Mac G.) 

Anal cell in hind wings fully as long as the submedian. ¢ 
Isodyctium Asim. g. n. 
(Type caryicolum Dyar. ) 


* Mr. MacGillivray was not justified in changing the name of this genus, since 
the cynipid genus is Periclistus, not Periclista. 


128 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE. 


A, labiacl (ies yrlaout a Cleseal Ghiscal Cll, coscasandcoasndcanbasadaoeanouen. 6 
Hind wings with a closed discal cell. 
Claws simple or with a minute scarcely perceptible tooth within. ........ 5 


Claws cleft or with a large tooth within. 
Anal cell in hind wings as long as the submedian. 2 
Isodyctium 4shm. 
Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian. 

Transverse median nervure in hind wings received by the discal 
cell at or somewhat deyord the middle; sheaths of ovipositor 
equally thickened and more or less obliquely pointed at apex ; 
third joint of antennz almost as long as joints 4-5 united. 9 

Periclista Kozow. 

Transverse median nervure in hind wings received by the discal 
cell defore the middle; sheaths of ovipositor produced at apex 
intoyanthorny Wkeltips Orne eerie Ardis Konow: 

5. Third joint of antennz longer than the fourth ; sheaths of ovipositor at tips obtuse. 

Pareophora Konow. 

Third joint of antenne a little shorter than the fourth, never longer ; sheaths of 

ovipositor at tips rounded ; clypeus anteriorly truncate. Rhadinocerzea Aonow.. 

6. Anal cell in hind wings as long as the submedian. 9. .... Isodyctium 4sim.. 

Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian. G ........ Ardis onow. 

7. Third joint of antennze longer than the fourth. ...............00c0ceeeeeee- & 

Third joint of antennze shorter than the fourth or not longer; hind wings with 

oneudiscalacellliaclawsibitideaseen eee Phyl matocera Dahm... 

8. Preesternum of mesosternum not at all separated by a suture................. oy 
Preesternum of mesosternum separated by a distinct suture. 

Clypeus anteriorly truncate ; hind wings with one discal cell, the anal cell 

shorter than the submedian ; claws loog, simple.. Tomostethus Zers. 

9. Elind! wings) withrone’discallcelll s,s sae. aa ele ee eee i132 

Hind wings without a discal cell. 
Hind wings with the marginal cell pointed at apex and sometimes open. . 12 
Hind wings without a surrounding nervure at apex the marginal cell well 


roundedvatapexyandiy27/7saniappendacen marr eeeeie irene: 10 
Hind wings with a surrounding nervure at apex the marginal cell well 
rounded at apex but w2thout an appendage............... «+++ II 


10. Third transverse cubitus curved inwardly and not extending in the same direction: 
with the transverse radius, the third submarginal cell considerably larger than 
the first and second united ; antennz dense'y pilose, tapering toward tips, the 
third joint longer than the fourth ; claws cleft. 9 ¢.Parazarca Ashm. g. n. 

(Type fumipennis Ashm. ). 
Third transverse cubitus straight or nearly so, and running in the same direction 
with the transverse radius; antennz pubescent, the third joint nearly as 
long as joints 4 and 5 united 
Claws cleft or bifid; anal vein in front wings straight, not curving upwards. 
at tip; transverse cubitus in hind wings not short, the anal cell shorter 
than the submedian, briefly petiolated... 9 Erythraspides 45/7. g. n. 


(Type pvgma@a Say. ) 


June, 1898.] Dyar: NEW SPECIES AND LARV OF SAWFLIES. 129 


Claws simple ; anal vein in front wings curving upwards at tip; transverse 

cubitus in hind wings very short, the anal cell longly petiolated. 9 ¢. 
Blennocampa Zartiz. 
11. Third transverse cubitus curved inwardly, not extending in the same direction 
with the transverse radius, strongly divergent ; third submarginal cell larger 
than the first and second united ; pedicel as long as the scape, about thrice’as 
EHCka were Aer cistrstycretancraevee sivicle a Meiers s'alnian ae LBs eye Calozarca Ashm. g. n. 
(Type fasczpennis Nort. ) 

Third transverse cubitus straight or nearly so, and running in the same direction 
with the transverse radius ; third submarginal cell hardly longer than the sec- 
ond, much smaller than the first and second united ; pedicel shorter than the 
SEA EMMIS amit icte isin, vials osiaias ws Sn er syas mw ceieiemns Erythraspides 4shm. 

12. Third transverse cubitus in front wings not running in the same direction with the 
transverse radius ; marginal cell in hind wings wit an appendage ; third joint 
of antennz much shorter than joints 4-5 united; claws with a small tooth 
WHEL S TARE HEPA a .chc aa ahs) apate i iniats caoer sce wie aire arate, al epoy uataceis Scolioneura Konow. 

Third transverse cubitus in front wings almost interstitial with the transverse ra- 
dius, and running in the same direction; marginal cell in hind wings without 
an appendage, sometimes open at apex ; claws witha strong triangular tooth at 
scat Uk yeh creche tens amacied a etm toe Entodecta Konow. 

13. Hind tarsi usually longer than their tibize ; clypeus very small, transverse-linear. 
antennz densely pilose, the third joint longer than the fourth. 9 ¢. 

Zarca Cameron. 

Hind tarsi not longer than their tibice ; clypeus not small, anteriorly subemargi- 

nate or truncate. 

Antennze pubescent, the third joint distinctly longer than either the fourth 
or the fifth. 

Third submarginal cell longer than the first and second united ; antennze 
long, tapering toward tips, the third joint about as long as joints 6-9 
united Or yac ye BODOG ODISE CTD OOM DOR NAD OU TOOL Calozarca Ashm. 

Third submarginal cell not longer than the first and second united ; 
antennze with the third joint usually not longer than joints 9-10 
united ........................ ..... Monophadnus artig. 

Antennz clothed with long appressed hairs, the third and fourth joints equal, 

the fifth longer, all somewhat thickened toward tips. .Senoclia Cameron. 


Periclista diluta Cresson. 

These larvze are briefly described from Riley’s notes in Packard’s 
Forest Insects (5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 206), but without giv- 
ing the most essential characters. The bred flies in collection U. S. 
Nat. Mus., have the lanceolate cell of hind wings unusually long, though 
still shortly petiolate at tip. 


Periclista purpuridorsum, sp. nov. 

3. Black, segments 2 to 4 of tergum dull luteous ; angles of prothorax (except a 
black dot) aid tegulze white ; tip of clypeus and labrum pale. Legs black at base, 
ends of femora and tibicze whitish and brown, tarsi dusky, nervures brown black ; 
second recurrent received at base of third submarginal cell, almost interstitial, 


130 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Voi VI. 


©. Reddish brown and black. Head black, tip of clypeus and labrum pale brown. 
Thorax brown, a black spot on each lobe, lower half of pleura and pectus black ; pro- 
thorax and tegulz whitish. Abdomen brown, shaded with black on each segment, 
the basal four segments solidly black ; ovipositor sheath black ; all the segments above 
and below narrowly lined with whitish posteriorly. Legs reddish, coxz black, tibiz 
whitish and tarsi dusky. Middle cells of hind wings one or none. The larva re- 
sembles that of P. dz/uta as far as that description goes. 

Stage /7/T,—Head black, a pale dot at apex of clypeus; width .6 
mm. Body green, food darker, the four dorsal spines on each side 
black with white limbs. 

Stage V.—Head pale in sutures and face, all the black marks touch- 
ing each other ; width, 1 mm. Body green, dorsum faintly shaded with 
purplish ; spines as before, all distinctly furcate. 

Stage V7.—Head pale, the lobes broadly black and a geminate 
spot in clypeus; width, 1.4 mm. Segments indistinctly 5-annulate, two 
spines on second (spiracular) annulet, one small one on third behind 
spiracle, three on fourth; two on each subventral fold. Legs on joints 
6-12, 13; rest on venter on surface of leaf. Dorsum to spiracles oliva- 
ceous blackish, the four dorsal spines black, short with short limbs or 
reduced to small black buttons; joint 2 anteriorly, subventral region 
and feet pale greenish white with colorless furcate spines which fringe 
the sides. The dorsal spines on joints 2, 3, 12 and 13 are not reduced. 
At the end of the stage the dorsal color fades to purplish. 

Stage VII,—(Ultimate.) Smooth, no spines, annulets folded ; 
shining areas represent the tubercles; color translucent waxy greenish 
white, greener on the thorax, often blue-green ; no purple shade. The 
larvee enter the earth and form cells lined with brown secretion. Soli- 
tary on the white cak in May, eating the young leaves; single brooded. 
Found at Pelham Manor and Bellport, Long Island, N. Y., Washing- 
tone): iC: 


Periclista albicollis /Vorvfon. 


Stage /V.—As in next stage; head .7 mm. 

Stage V.—Head shining black except mouth anda small arcuate 
line above clypeus which are greenish; width, 1.1mm. Spines arranged 
as in the preceding species, quite large and strongly furcate, all black, 
even the little one on third annulet and the anterior one of the upper 
subventral fold ; lower subventral spines pale, not furcate. Body trans- 
lucent green, indistinctly annulate. Feet on joints 6-12, 13. 

Stage V7.—Head 1.4 mm. The same, the spines with long tapering 
limbs, longer than the shaft. 


June, 1898.] Dyar: New SPECIES AND LARVA OF SAWFLIES. 131 


Stage VZZ.—(Ultimate.) Not smooth, the tubercles represented by 
small distinct cones; not shining, all very light whitish green, very 
much whiter than in the feeding stages, slightly wrinkly annulate, no 
marks, no tarry shades. Larvaas high as wide, robust. Spins a rather 
fine brown cocoon either in the earth or after boring in decayed wood. 
Single brooded. ‘The larva is solitary, rarely several together, resting 
on the upper side of the leaves of Q. “vcforia early in June. They are 
unusually sluggish, often feeding upon a single leaf. 

Others were found on the white oak (Q. a/ba) which appeared less 
robust and had a pale space on the spines at the bases of the limbs; but 
the imagines seem indistinguishable from the others. 

Brookhaven, Bellport and Yaphank, Long Island, N. Y. 


Periclista emarginata J/acGilfivray. 


2. Black, clypeus emarginate, labrum pale; abdomen with the tips 
of segments lined with whitish below, the last segment brownish ; pro- 
thorax largely and tegulz white; legs pale, the femora brown, except 
narrowly on the under side; tips of tarsi dusky. Under wings with one 
middle cell or none. 

Two 2 bred from larve similar to those described (Can. Ent., 
xxvi, 185), which produced the ¢ type. 

Stage [V.—As in next stage, spines all pale; head .7 mm. 

Stage V.—Head 1.1 mm., a shade above ocelli, the patch in clypeus 
single, transverse, later double. 

Body green, spines all pale, furcate, arranged as in the preceding 
species of Perictista. 

Stages VI and VJT have been published. 

Found on Q. coccinea at Pelham Manor and Van Cortlandt Park, 
N. Y., in May. 


Periclista subtruncata, sp. nov. 


Q.Similar to the preceding, but the clypeus shallowly emarginate. 
Shining black, prothorax narrowly and tegulz white; abdomen entirely 
black. Legs brown, coxee and basal two-thirds of femora blackish, tarsi 
dusky. Sculpturing essentially as in emarginata, but the vertical groove 
on head shows a tendency to cross the transverse one between the pcs- 
terior ocelli. ‘Length, 5.5 mm. One °. 

Not strikingly distinct in either imago or larva from P. emarginata, 
but both Mr. MacGillivray and Mr. Ashmead have compared the flies 
and do not consider them the same. 

Stage /V.—Head pale brown, dotted on a greenish ground, a black 


132 JournaL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY [Vol. VI. 


patch in clypeus; eye and antennze black. Body light yellowish green, 
the furcate spines paler except the thoracic ones which are black tipped. 
Feet on joints 6-12, 13, the thoracic ones short, scarcely visible from 
above. 

Stage V.—Patch in clypeus brown; body green,-dorsal vessel less 
contrasting. 

Stage V7.—Head green, clypeus brownish, eye black. Body rather 
opaque green, a little whitish dorsally from diffuse fat, dorsal vessel 
darker green. Furcate spines whitish, dusky tipped on joints 2 and 3 
and faintly on anal flap. 

Stage V77.—(Ultimate.) Smooth, waxy greenish, eye black ; shin- 
ing, indistinctly annulate, dorsal vessel green. Cocoon in the ground ; 
single brooded. 

Found on the black oak (Q. coccinea) in Van Cortlandt Park, N. 
Y., in May. 


Periclista chionanthi J7Zur¢fe/dt, (M.S.). 

©. Shining black ; tips of femora and tibiz du | luteous, tarsi dusky ; angles of 
prothorax narrowly and tegulz whitish. Wings hyaline, nervures brown-black ; second 
recurrent nervure received at basal third of third submarginal cell. One middle cell in 
hind wings. Length, 5.5 mm. 

Two 2, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Miss Murtfeldt), no. 296 M. 

Larva.—Head shining black, mouth parts only pale. Segments in- 
distinctly 5-annulate, spines furcate, moderate, two on second (spirac- 
ular) annulet, three on fourth, two on each subventral fold, all furcate 
except the pair on lower subventral fold. Body yellowish with numer- 
ous fat granules, a broken subdorsal black shade, distinct at the bases 
of the second spines. Dorsal spines black-ringed at base. Thoracic 
feet small, abdominal moderate on joints 6-12, 13; rests on venter on 
surface of leaf. ‘*Slug on white fringe’’ (Chzonanthus), Kirkwood, 
Mo., Dept. Agriculture no. 4048 bis. 


Periclista media /Vor/on. 


Sitting on the venter on the surface of young leaves of white oak 
(Q. alba), eating circular holes, solitary. 

Stage [.—Head very pale brown, eye black; width .3 mm. Body 
translucent whitish, food brownish; covered with short colorless Y- 
shaped spines, thick and with short shaft, the limbs blunt, apparently 
arranged as in the later stages. 

S/age IT, —Head and body translucent, colorless, eye black ; width 
.4mm. Spines with long shaft and sharp recurved branches extending 


June, 1898.) Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARVA OF SAWFLIES. 133 


in a longitudinal plane. Segments scarcely annulate. ‘Thoracic feet 
large, abdominal on joints 6-12, 13. 

Stage [//.—Waxy white, shining, eye black; width.6 mm. Body 
pale green, principally from the food. Furcate spines moderate, con- 
colorous whitish. Feet pale. Length, 5.5 mm. 

Stage JV,—The same. Head .8 mm., length, 6 mm. The body be- 
comes darker green from the food, but the blood is pale green, tinting 
the subventral area. 

Stage V.—The same; width of head 1.1 mm. 

Stage V7,—Entirely green, no marks. Furcate spines rather short; 
seeming remote, none dark ; arrangement as usual in fericlisfa with 
but two spines on the spiracular annulet. Head greenish white, eye 
black; width 1.4mm. Rarely some of the spines are trifid instead of 
bifid. A variety occurs with a black patch in the clypeus, but it dis- 
appears in the last stage, leaving the larva immaculate. Segments 
indistinctly annulate. 

Stage V7/,—( Ultimate.) Smooth, all greenish, not shining; head 
and thorax emerald tinted ; dorsal vessel green. Enter the earth and 
form cells. Single brooded, common onthe white oak in May, the 
commonest of the early spring slugs. Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx Park, 
Bedford Park, Pelham Manor, N. Y.; Fort Lee, N. J., Brookhaven, 
Bellport and Yaphank, Long Island. 


KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF Periclista, 9. 


ce vellow with brown thorax ;) no black above........0- 00.2.4. diluta Cress. 
HateealEETCOLOE LACK ects ea Saye orci bi aie arg ol eicrarciara yh Cini oniniel eid Gichejie Peers nists 2 

2. Bjack of dorsum mixed with brown, abdominal segments very narrowly white 
BIQTELEN tenets tayereyexo ed avec oharase aretha ecaterayer clavate @ tis purpuridorsum Dyar. 
Batixe ly blackwabOve.c sjecjac.ctcie-<isisleleiercia oe eine et esata tetelan Tons ots Faiorapatoheneyancee veins 3 
peuypeus somewhat, angularly emaroinate sd. csc) ss, « elals a are seis oe peewee seis 4 
Clypeus more broadly and shallowly emarginate or truncate...............--- 5 

4. Slender, legs whitish and amber brown ; vertical groove from lower ocellar basin 
GUILE? 3 oy 15,6 h cha Riel Ole oR Renee ens GSICaR OeSAG eee emarginatus ac G. 
Robust, legs shadi: g to black on femora; vertical groove from lower ocelJar basin 
SHG ab eM ERIE Se take. st tee ske 2) tc ose lard Mima ec etdloxaesitmee albicollis (Vor. 

eee lypeusisuallowlywemarcinatens.y...33.< sisters syne ae vist ciereelainiele enclave vie, actrelovevetanere eve 6 
Clypeusitruncate, scarcely at alliemarginate: sss s oes dc cs meee eel eel cole 7 

6. Legs heavily sbaded with bleckish brown ; transverse groove between upper ocelli 
straight, sightly crossed by the vertical groove.......... subtruncata Dyar. 

Legs mostly wh tish below the femora ; transverse groove slightly bent at junction 
with vertical one, noticrossed by it). ..... sem ec cn ecines chionanthi Muri 


7. Legs pale, femora brownish, abdomen brownish at sides posteriorly ; vertical 
groove short, the lower ocellar basin reaching ‘nearly to the transverse froove. 
media Vorz. 


134 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [V ol. VIL 


Isodyctium floridense, sp. nov. 


@. Brown; anteanze, except basal joint, black. Head narrowly darker brown in the 
sutures, orbits yellowish. Thoracic lobes lined with yellowish as in 7z/eyz, bat with- 
out black, only darker brown double marks on the side lobes. Abdomen brown, 
basal plates yellowish, lined before and behind narrowly with blackish; beneath 
shaded with black, especially towards tip. Mesopleura brown, with a yellow line 
posteriorly. Legs pale. Wings hyaline, veins blackish brown, basal half of stigma 
pale. Length, 6.5 mim. 

One 2. Florida, U. S. Nat. Mus. (from Am. Ent. Soc.). 


Larva unknown. 


Isodyctium subgregarium, sp. nov. 
$. Head black, clypeus emarginate with two white dots at tip, labrum pa’'e ;. 
clypeus hollowed below each antennze, the lower rim projecting. Thorax black, 
tegulze and collar (except a black dot) white ; a line on mesopleura and sutures below 
white. Abdomen whitish, basal plates and four terminal segments above black, be- 
low shaded with black. Legs pale, tarsi shaded with blackish, coxee and trochanters. 
spotted with black. Wings hyaline, costa pale at base, second recurrent nervure re- 
ceived near base of third submarginal cell. Lergth, 6 mm. 
©. Pale yellowish, head, thorax and pleura red Antenne black except basal joint; 

narrow black linings in head grooves and in sutures behind mesothorax. Legs yel- 
lowish, tarsi slightly tipped with blackish. Wings hyaline, nervures pale, those to- 
ward center of wing lined with black. Nomiddle cells in hind wings. Length,6.5 mm. 

Stage [V.—Head green with a large triangular black patch on each 
lobe and one in clypeus; width .8 mm. Spines furcate, short, three on 
second and fourth annulets, one behind spiracle, two on each subven- 
tral fold, the smaller ones simple. Spines black except the subventral 
ones; feet pale, abdominal ones on joints 6-12, 13. 

Stage V.—The same ; patch in clypeus double; width of head 1.2 
mm. Spines distinct, the limbs curving, divergent and tapering. 

Stage V7,.—Head 1.8 mm. Body uniformly green from food, 
spines black except on lower subventral fold. No change in colorxation. 

Stage V/I.—(Ultimate.) Smooth, entirely green, eye black; 
shining areas in the places of the spines. Enter the earth and form 
cells; single brooded. 

The larve are gregarious in the early stages, but separate before 
maturity. 

Found in May on white oaks (Q. alba, Q. priuus) at Pelham Manor, 
Bronx Park and at several places on Long Island. 


Isodyctium infrequens, sp. nov. 


©. Robust ; head black, a brown dot between antennz and line at tip of clypeus 
which is scarcely emarginate. Thorax dark brown, streaked with black on all the 


June, 1898.) Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARV# OF SAWFLIES. 135 


lobes, scutellum black ; pleura brown above, black below, pilose. Abdomen brown, 
segments banded with blackish posteriorly, more distinctly toward base above. Legs 
brown, tibize and tarsi paler. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma pale. One middle 
cell in hind wings. Length, 6.5 mm. 

Stage V.cHead immaculate, eye black; width, 1.1 mm. -Body 
green, dorsal vessel darker; spines moderate, furcate, arranged as is 
normal for /sedyc¢ivm with three on spiracular annulet, pale except the 
terminal ones on joints 2, 3, 12 and 13 which have black limbs and 
the upper row the whole length which is touched with black at the base 
of the fork, leaving the apex and shaft pale. Feet pale, 6-12, 13. 

Stage VZ.—Head 1.6 mm., green, eye narrowly black. Body faintly 
annulate, spines all pale except the black patches as before. Another 
had the limbs of the four dorsal spines black whole length. 

Stage V//,—( Ultimate.) Head slightly brownish tinted, eye black ; 
width 1.6 mm. Body smooth, green, with shining areas instead of the 
spines, indistinctly annulate. Color uniform, dorsal vessel dark. 

Single brooded, cells in the ground as usual. 

Found on the white oak (Q. ada) at Brookhaven and Bellport, 
Long Island, early in June, but probably occurs earlier in the mainland 
where the season is not retarded by cold winds as on the south shore 
of the island. Rare. 


Isodyctium murtfeldtiz, sp. nov. 


2. Head black, clypeus emarginate, its tip and labrum whitish. Thorax brown, a 
black spot on each lobe ; metathorax black. Mesopleura brown above, black below, 
a distinct white line behind ; metapleura shining black, lined through the middle with 
white. Abdomen mostly pale luteous, basal plates and irregular marks on some of the 
sutures black. Legs pale, black marks only in sutures of trochanters and cox. 
Hind wings with one middle cell. Length, 5 5 mm. 


One °, Miss Murtfeldt, no. 207 M. 

Larva.—Head green, eye narrowly black; width, 1.4mm. Body 
green, the spines distinct, well furcate (arrangement not discernible in 
the specimen, but presumably as in Jsodyctium), all the basal ones 
broadly black at the base and with blackish limbs. Food plant, black 
oak. 


Isodyctium calricolum Dyar. 

In the larvz previously described (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., V, 193) 
only the upper spine on second annulet and upper two on fourth were 
furcate, the rest being reduced to single spines or cones. I have since 
found others with the spines nearly normally furcate and others perfectly 
normal, all the spines furcate except the stigmatal one of third annulet, 


136 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI 


the posterior one of anterior subventral fold and pair on posterior fold. 
On acquiring the last stage (VI) some of the lower spines become single. 

Stages 1V to VII observed. Rather common on the hickory at 
Bronx Park and Bedford Park, New York, in May. 

The ¢ of J. dipartitum Cress. closely resembles this species in color- 
ation, but the head sculpturing and shape of clypeus seem different. 
The 2 is unknown, and may turn out to be quite distinct from that of 
LI, caryicolum. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF /sodyctium, 2*. 


©. Head in part, at least orbits above pales. os... 2. 6c sce en cles cle em eile «ical i=cicle 2 
Plead tblaeheg ao a aiie Mao sands chk eu ontyabe tars, Syece elle eucaste alacowels vet ss tales ae oMie cot fea een 5 
2. Black on head confined narrowly to sutures..........- eral aie Gyerela bs a ietoveeteheneeme 3 
Black on head covering most of vertex besides sutures.............0+.+-0---- 4 
3. Lobes of thorax yellow lined ; orbits narrowly yellowish...... floridense Dyar. 


Thorax and head uniformly red brown except for slight black marks. 
subgregarium Dyar. 
4 Lobes of thorax yellow lined, orbits pale above, black before and behind. 
rileyi Cress. 


5. Upper half of pleura red’ or brows? 2). ceca al= 2 mielelela = tarekele siete ee 6 
Pleuratblacke sisi eratcrs eo oo ataeraais ane ere ie he oie levetote eau eta ers tayoechene aoe nite Rte neaetets 9 
6. Slender; ocellar basin narrowed, the vertical groove joining the transverse one be- 
(AGN Whose Ceellasoos secooenouuso seco bUadbodGbaosHougauRsDOOR SOS 7 

More robust ; ocellar basin, triangular, the vertical and transverse grooves slightly 
GSA IE ee ao ens Aa Aan COO A UE OM OOGESO.CCC050¢ 8 

7. Middle lobe of thorax brown............+. ae Parse acareue es inzequidens /Vort. 
Thorax heavily black marked on all lobes................ murtfeldtiz Dyar. 

8. Thorax dark brown, the streaks on lobes obscure, brown ; abdomen brown at 
SUES wiaisce Shoes erereee eaten eleven ok ore etic entass teror er leuus ohareuansnareons's infrequens Dyar. 
Thorax brown, obscure streaks black ; abdomen yellow at the sides........... 9 

9. Rather slender, ocellar basin narrow, joining the straight transverse groove 
ADOVE Mars optsiersieveis ctatessie iene svatotansitore ei ie inat ee teieroeeeterens caryicolum Dyar. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE LARV& OF THE NoxtTH AMERICAN 
BLENNOCAMPIN SO FAR AS KNOWN. 


The Blennocampine have feet on joints 6-12 and 13, resting flatly 
on the surface of the leaf; body thick and robust, as high as wide or 
more so, except in leaf mining forms which are flattened and have de- 
generate feet. 

The group is rather heterogeneous in appearance, but includes all 
the leaf miners, all the spiny slugs and the smooth slugs that are thick 
and robust. 


* bipartitum Cress, not included from lack of 2 specimen. 


June, 1298] Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARV OF SAWFLIES. 13T 


The hairy, slimy, long-woolly or slender slugs and all edge feeders 


are foreign to the group. 


1. Resting flatly on surface of leaf, feet moderately developed, functional......... 2 
Weafaniners mectstunctionlessior ADSENEy = sien diet ie'eleiei sig) cis wien v vis s ois wa ale a yele 16: 
2. Body with spines or points, distinguishable at least subventrally............... 3 
Rechy Geeweiltig.yoecddse So usemaco noo ducdode too cod G UTTOnt oc eatin aoe 15 
BwOrspines Onisecond (Spiractiian)Fannullet, \).c:ta\-/sie1 slneiciein scl eiais onc» wm ool 4 
Three spines on both second and fourth annulets...................00000.- 9 
4. Dorsum shaded with blackish in last stage, at least subdorsally. .............. 5 
DYONStIMIENtinelyROTEE Meyer. c, creche teks cis leie siaveuclcvcusleutvelecny wie 'efieevsieyatersisiv’s lebeleisi sist e/a, 5 6 
5. Head black spotted ; dorsum purplish, on Quercus alba. 


Periclista purpuridorsum 
SNMAT Fontes PRECCUMIG® yers\ac as ss ieie eis ov) oe, as HK sbiehle eo» mi Periclista diluta* 
Head black ; a subdorsal black line, on Chionanihus..Periclista chionanthi 


6. Head and spines blac<; on Q. alba, Q. tinctoria ....... Periclista albicollis 
Meadeandespines! partlycon wholly :ereens iim icteric aici electors Aminoiey 
7. Head with a black supra-ocellar shade and double spot in clypeus ; on Q. coccinea. 
Periclista emarginata 
Head green or with only a brownish spot in clypeus. .............- 000 cee. 8. 

8. Clypeus brownish ; terminal spines dusky on the tips; on Q. coccinea. 
Periclista subtruncata 
All green, at least in last stage; on Q. alba .......... Periclista media 
Guaecnine ‘on trees (Omerces,: Caxpinus, CAryd) 2. se ovecn wesc wens SLO 
Feeding on shrubs or vines ( Rzbus, Vitis, Spirea)...... ouoooddeDoouNs 13 

Io. Head largely black spotted, spines black; on Q. srznus, QO. alba 

Isodyctium subgregarium 
bleadenotispottedsaspinesmmost lym palenricrlcnrictsstmestercisieleisisieienenersieiter-lelciare leis II 
Hem SpInesnwe llMorked, mot depeneratemryricrs sim cier tials cirereiieve ole stersielloie aielsiie! » 12 


12. 


13. 


14 


15. 


16. 


Spines more or less degenerate in last stage ; on hickory (Caja) 
; Isodyctium caryicolum 
Spines black at base and tip; on Q. coccinea .... Isodyctium murtfeldtiz 
Terminal spines only black tipped; on Q. adda ... Isodyctium infrequens 
Spines well forked, dorsal ones wih black limbs ; on raspberry ( Abus) 
Monophadnus rubi 
SME SHCMNCE MRTG APOUItS stirs sites /atatacve inves crephislol Gaus sieia sialic nt vel ena 14 
Head and dorsal points black ; on grape ( Vet/s).... Erythraspides pygmza 
All green, points white ; on meadow sweet (fica)... Blennocampa spire 
Head black, body white and yellow ; on ash ( Fvaxinus) 
Monophadnus barda 


NNAVES NEM OR EH NCECIIEUS )\ sta's « a)acslajeiase sicie aiareralelctera/e\ sinycieieis «ais Fenusa curta 
WMS PEATE EASPDETLY (LEE VHS ly «Sia ayn are ni a’atripels eralentioieystsyeieta le eats Fenusa rubi 
Minin AnaLdee (AUpzL8) Liles ania sjeieiats'd wleie¥s| alecn'a Kaliosysphinga varipes 
amin ohn poplar. (CZ0h74/265))\-\<tais\ > ereysuclerois cicvelsiai «level eo che eve Entodecta populi 


Note.—Mr. Ashmead has kindly revised the generic references of 


* Insufficiently described, 


138 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


the insects recorded in the above table in accordance with his generic 
synopsis. 

I have excluded the woolly slugs from this table because yuglandis is 
clearly referable to the Selandriinz. There is probably some error 
connected with the account of the other woolly slug, Monaphadnus 
cary@ of Norton and Packard, and it will be found to be wrongly re- 
ferred to Monophadnus. 


NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM TROPICAL 
AMERICA. 


By WILLIAM ScHaus. 


SYNTOMIDA. 


Cosmosoma dorsimacula, sp. nov. 


Head and palpi black. Legs brown; fore cox white. Collar and thorax 
orange, the latter with two large black subdorsal spots; a minute black point an- 
teriorly on patagize. Abdomen orange with four subdorsal black spots ; the last three 
segments entirely black. Wings hyaline, the margins black, the outer margins and 
apices more widely so; a large black spot at the end of the cell on the primaries. 
Expanse, 37 mm. 


ffabitat: Balzapamba, Prov. of Bolivar, Ecuador. 


Cosmosoma biseriatum, sp. nov. 


Head and palpi black. Collar black with two metallic blue spots. Thorax 
black anteriorly, orange posteriorly with a large black subdorsal spot containing some 
metallic blue scales ; the patagice orange internally streaked with black ; thorax be- 
Jow dark yellow, the legs brown streaked at the base with yellow. Abdomen above 
orange, the last four segments black ; the orange portion with lateral transverse black 
bands, interrupted dorsally. A lateral row of metallic blue spots on all the segments. 
Underneath the abdomen is yellow; the last segments black and a black band on 
basal segment. Wings hyaline with black margins, very wide on the outer margins 
and at apices. A large black spot at the end of the cell on primaries ; a large orange 
spot at the base of the wings. Underneath the wings at the base are yellow. Ex- 
panse, 41 mm. 


Habitat: Balzapamba, Prov. of Bolivar, Ecuador. 


Cosmosoma bolivari, sp. nov. 


Head and palpi black. Collar anteriorly black, posteriorly yellow. Thorax 
yellow, with subdorsal black spots. Abdomen dorsally brown, the first and sixth seg- 


June, 1898.] New SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. 139 


ments yellow, the first having a black subdorsal spot ; anal scales yellow. Under- 
neath yellow, the last two segments black. Legs light brown, tarsi yellowish. Wings 
hyaline ; the margins finely black ; the apices, inner angle and base of primaries more 
widely black ; costal margin of primaries luteous. Expanse, 23 mm. 


Habitat: Balzapamba, Prov. of Bolivar, Ecuador. 


Chrostosoma cardinale, sp. nov. 


Head and palpi black. Collar, thorax and abdomen red ; tibize and tarsi brown. 
Wings hyaline, veins and margins finely black ; apices and inner margin of secondaries 
more heavily black. A red spot at the base of the primaries and some red scales 
along the inner margin of secondaries. Underneath with the base of the wings red. 
Expanse, 28 mm. 


Habitat: Colombia. 


Tsanthrene pentagona, sp. nev. 


Body below, legs, head and palpi bright yellow. Collar yellow with a transverse 
black streak. Thorax black, patagize with a central yellow streak. Abdomen above 
yellow, the last five segments broadly banded with black. Wings hyaline, the veins 
and fringe reddish brown. Expanse, 24 mm. 


Habitat: Peru. 


Agunaix lacrumans, sp. nov. 


Body black. Primaries smoky black, darkest on the basal half. Secondaries 
semi-hyaline, black. Expanse, 26 mm. 


FHflabitat: Peru. 


The genus Aguwnazx is new and will be described by Sir George 
Hampson in his work on the Syntomidez. 


Paramya flavia, sp. nov. 


Palpi and legs light brown. Body otherwise pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins 
and margins finely light brown, the apex and outer margins of primaries, also the in- 
ner margin of secondaries more broadly so. Discocellular black. Base of the wings 
light yellow. Expanse, 23 mm. 


Flabitat: Castro, Parana. 


Pheia hemapera, sp. nov. 

Body black ; two large crimson spots on collar. Anus crimson. Coxze and base 
of abdomen below cream color. Wings hyaline, veins and margins black, most 
heavily marked at apices and inner angle. A black spot at the end of the cell on 
primaries. Expanse, 22 mm. 


Habitat: Sta. Catherina, Brazil. 


ethria rubipectus, sp. nov. 


Palpi black spotted with white. Head black. Thorax black, the collar and 
patagize finely edged with white. Underneath thorax is crimson. Abdomen metallic 


140 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


blue, the anal hairs very long and black. Wings hyaline, veins and margins finely 
black ; the apex of primaries broadly black. Expanse, 22 mm. 


ffabitat : San Domingo, W. I. 


Napata unifascia, sp. nov. 


Palpi and head black speckled with metallic blue. Thorax black mottled with 
metallic blue. Abdomen above dark metallic blue, below with a white ventral stripe. 
Legs black streaked with white. Primaries black, the basal half of inner margin me- 
tallic blue; a broad median crimson fascia from the subcostal vein and narrowing 
towards inner angle. Secondaries dark metallic blue with the extreme margin and . 
fringe black. Undern: ath the same, but on the primaries there is a cluster of metal- 
lic blue scales beyond the crimson fascia, and the secondaries have the outer margin. 
and apex more broadly black. Expanse, 27 mm. 


Flabitat: Chimbo, Ecuador. 


Trichodesma obliqua, sp. nov. 


Head brown, frons cream color. Thorax and collar brown finely edged with 
yellowish. Abdomen brown circled with fine yellow lines. Primaries brown; a 
broad yellow oblique band from the costa, not reaching the inner angle. Secondaries. 
yellow, with the margins broadly black. Underneath the same. Expanse, 30 mm. 

ffabitat: Rio Janeiro. 


SATURNIDA, 
Automeris naranija, sp. nov. 


Primaries olive gray to brown, sometimes shaded with paler in the disk; the 
antemedial line wavy, indistinct ; the postmedial line somewhat curved inwardly from: 
apex, to beyond center of inner margin; this line outwardly dark, inwardly pale. 
Discal spot large, darker and diffuse, outlined by five black points. Secondaries with 
the costal and inner margin brownish, with a darker subterminal shade inwardly lim- 
ited by a black line which also separates it from a deep orange postmedial space which 
contains the ocellus, the latter being brown with a gray centre and broadly circled 
with black. Below wings grayish with a dark straight postmedial line and a black 
discal spot on primaries. Thorax colored like primaries, abdomen blackish above, 
grayish below. Expanse, g, 64 mm.; 2, 77 mm. 


Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul. 


Automeris zaruma, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax dark velvety brown; abdomen reddish. Primaries yellowish 
brown, with basal space and postmedial shadings darker, an oblique and irregular 
bright yellow, antemedial line ; the postmedial black, inwardly shaded with yellow, 
from apex to inner margin at two thirds from base. Secondaries with costal and inner 
margins reddish ; outer margin brownish; a black subterminal band adjoining the 
larger median space of bright yellow ; this yellow space crossed by a black postmedial 
line ; ocellus brown, broadly circled with black and containing a cluster of gray scales. 
crossed by a white line. Underneath the wings are reddish; a large black discal 


June, 1898.] New SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. 14] 


point with white centre on primaries, a minute white discal point on secondaries, 
Indistinct dark postmedial lines and subterminal shades. Expanse, ¢, 81 mm. 


FHlabitai ; Zaruma, Ecuador. 


Automeris castrensis, sp. nov. 

Thorax dark brown ; abdomen red; anal hairs brownish. Primaries narrow with 
ioner angle rounded, also apex rounded, light brown with an oblique indistinct line 
from apex to middle of inner margin ; this line is inwardly p.'er, outwardly darker 
than the ground color; discal spot round small with paler center. Secondaries bright 
yellow the outer margin narrowly brown, separated from yellow portion by a black 
line. Ocellus large, black, with grayish centre crossed by a white line. Underneath 
wings brown with a large round black discal spot on each wing. Expanse, 55 mm. 


FHlabitat : Castro, Parana. 


Dirphia muscosa, sp. nov. 

Primaries thickly mottled with greenish and black hairy scales ; an oblique angu- 
lar line from the costa at one-third from the base to vein 2, where it is joined by 
the postmedial line which is crenulate. The lines are black, outwardly shaded with 
grayish ; a dark spot in the cell ; inthe 2 the lines do not meet, but extend to the 
inner margin some distance apart. Secondaries brownish gray in the ¢, fawn color 
inthe 9, thickly speckled with dark scales, the outer margin and a subterminal line 
darker in the ¢ ; inthe ? only a subterminal line. Thorax same color as primaries ; 
abdomen orange with transverse black bands inthe g. Expanse, ¢, 80mm.; 9, 
9° mm. 


Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul. 


NoctTuID&é. 


Chorizagrotis sorella, sp. nov. 

Body grayish brown, the collar slightly reddish. Primaries brown, faintly tinged 
with reddish beyond the reniform. Space before the spots dark brown, spots them- 
selves of ground color finely outlined in dark brown ; claviform the same; ante- 
medial line geminate, indistinct, forming three curves ; postmedial very fine, almost 
punctiform ; subterminal wavy, indistinct with some sagittate spots between veins 3-5. 
Secondaries semi-hyaline, smoky brown, darkest along the outer margin. Underneath 
whitish powdered with brown scales ; traces of postmedial line and discal spots dis- 
tinct on secondaries. Expanse, 39 mm. 


Habitat: as Vigas, Cobre de Perote, Mexico. 
According to Prof. J. B. Smith this species is allied to Chorizagrotis 
soror Smith. 


Peridroma scortea, sp. nov. 

Body grayish brown. Primaries light brown; some grayish scales at the base on 
the inner margin, in the orbicular reniform, along the veins and terminal space. 
These grayish shades are very indistinct. Antemedial line only visible on costa. 


142 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Postmedial fine crenulate. A fine terminal black line, saggitate on veins. Secondaries 
whitish hyaline, smoky along the outer margin. Expanse, 34 mm. 


Flabitat: Orizaba, Mexico. 


Mamestra gavisa, sp. nov. 


Body brown. Primaries dull brown, somewhat shaded with rufous; a black 
streak at the base; the veins indistinctly grayish ; the antemedial pale fawn color 
finely edged with dark scales; the orbicular and claviform finely outlined with dark 
scales; the reniform grayish with a distinct white line outwardly, the postmedial 
fawn color, slightly crenulate and finely edged with dark scales; the terminal space 
except at apex dark gray with a terminal row of yellowish spots ; the fringe mottled 
gray and fawn color. Secundaries brown, pale at the base. Underneath a post- 
medial line and discal spot on both wings. Expanse, 32 mm. 


fTabitat: Las Vigas, Cobre de Perote, Mexico. 


23 


Mamestra ciniva, sp. nov. 


Head and thorax gray. Abdomen light brown. Primaries silvery gray, thickly 
speckled with white scales; an interrupted black basal line; the antemedial line 
black, oblique from the costa to middle of inner margin ; the median space a trifle 
darker ; some subterminal black scales ; a terminal gray line ; fringe white with two 
gray lines ; the orbicular and reniform very indistinct and faintly outlined with black. 
Secondaries whitish ; the veins and outer margin smoky. Expanse, 22 mm. 


Flabitat: Oaxaca, Mexico. 
This species somewhat resembles JZ. anguina Gr., and WZ. vecina 
Gr., but is much smaller. 


Hadena dyschoroides, sp. nov. 


Body reddish brown. Primaries light reddish brown, the terminal space except 
at apex dark brown ; the basal line black, geminate, indistinct ; the antemedial dark 
brown, sinuate, a dark median transverse shaded, angled below costa ; the postmedial 
fine wavy, dark brown inwardly shaded with violaceous and outwardly followed by 
two rows of dark points ; the dark terminal space preceded by a wavy violaceous line, 
a bright yellow spot in the reniform. Secondaries brown, the fringe reddish. Un- 
derneath grayish brown ; a dark postmedial spot on costa of primaries. Secondar.es 
with a discal spot and postmedial line. Expanse, 21 mm, 


Flabitat: Orizaba, Mexico. 


Hadena orizabena, sp. nov. 

Head and thorax violaceous brown ; abdomen light brown. Primaries violaceous 
brown ; the central portion of median space darker ; some dark scales at the base ; 
the antemedial line paler, irregularly oblique from costa to a paler space on the middle 
of inner margin ; the postmedial similar, slightly sinuate to middle of inner marzin 
also, but not quite touching the antemedial line; orbicular very indistinct, reniform 
with a large white spot; a subterminal row of white points inwardly preceded by 
sagittate dark violaceous shadings. Some minute reddish brown spots on costa and 


June, 1898.] New SpeEciES oF HETEROCERA. 143 


extreme outer margin; fringe dark violaceous brown. Secondaries light brown. 
Underneath light brown with a postmedial line and discal spot on secondaries, Ex- 
panse, 25 mm. 


Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico. 


Hadena zuelana, sp. nov. 

Palpi, head and collar pale fawn in color. Thorax brown. Abdomen gray ; 
dorsal tufts reddish brown. Primaries with the basal half brown, the outer half gray, 
the basal half sometimes mottled with paler shades; the antemedial and medial lines 
fine, geminate, very indistinct ; the. postmedial line fine, dark, very wavy and twice 
sinuate beyond the cell; the apex darker, with a lunate subapical line outwardly 
shaded with white; some dark subterminal shadings at the inner angle; the spots in- 
cistinct and faintly outlined. Secondaries with the basal half white, the outer half 
black. Expanse, 34 mm. 


FHlabitat: Aroa, Venezuela. 
Out of eight specimens I have of this species no two are absolutely 
alike and the variation is greater than the description implies. 


Eurois bertha, sp. nov. 

Head and thorax mottled brown and white. Abdomen light brown. Primaries 
brown. A pink spot at the base; the basal line white, inwardly shaded with dark 
brown ; the antemedial and postmedial lines fine wh'te, the basal and postmedial 
spaces slightly speckled with white. On median space the median and submedian 
veins pink ; the spots circled with white ; the orbicular dark brown, the reniform in 
the shape of 8, pink and brown; a dark brown space between the spots and a dark 
brown spot beyond the reniform. The terminal space mottled with light brown, some 
subterminal black streaks ; a terminal dark line interrupted on the veins. Fringe 
mottled with gray. Secondaries brown, fringe partly white. Expanse, 30 mm. 


flabitat: Castro, Parana. 


Eurois orbiculata, sp. nov. 

Palpi yellow, laterally brown. Head yellow. Collar and throat mottled yellow 
and gray. Primaries mottled white and olivaceous brown ; the basal line dark olive, 
the entemedial white, interrupted, and outwardly bordered with a black line ; a dark 
olive space in the cell between the spots. The orbicular small, white ; the reniform 
large, mottled gray and white ; the postmedial dark, fine, crenulate, angled beyond 
the cell, inwardly shaded with white ; a subterminal wavy greenish white shade; a 
terminal black line inwardly shaded with white and interrupted in the veins. Fringe 
olivaceous with pale streaks opposite the veins. Secondaries light brown. Under- 
neath primaries brownish. Secondaries gray with discal spot, postmedial and sub- 
terminal shading. Expanse, 34 mm. 


Habitat: Castro, Parana. 
Platysenta obscura, sp. nov. 


Head, collar and thorax black. Abdomen brown. Primaries black, brown 
along the inner margin, in the cell and towards apex. A velvety black streak at base 


144 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. . 


below median vein, some indistinct subterminal brown streaks between the veins. 
Orbicular brown, outlined in velvety black. Reniform, small, round whitish circled 
with black and crossed with two black lines ; a terminal black line, fringe mottled 
brown and gray. Secondaries white, the veins black on the outer margin. Expanse, 
33 mm. 


Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico; Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 


Stibadium corazona, sp. nov. 

Body gray. Primaries apparently gray, the ground color being olive brown, very 
thickly irrorated with whitish scales. The antemedial line fine, pale, nearly straight; 
the postmedial pale, angled beyond the cell and then straight to inner margin, above 
which it is inwardly shaded with olivaceous ; a pale subterminal shade straight from 
apex to angle of postmedial, then wavy to inner angle. Secondaries grayish brown, 
with an indistinct subterminal pale line. Expanse, 35 mm. 


Habitat: Orizaba, Guadalajara, Mexico. 


Stibadium jalada, sp. nov. 

Head and thorax rufous. Abdomen brown. Primaries olivaceous brown, thickly 
speckled with lilacine scales, the outer margin paler ; the lines fine olive brown, de- 
void of lilacine scales ; the antemedial angular, the postmedial forming a large curve 
beyond the cell ; the medial line geminate, indistinct. Secondaries grayish brown, 
with a fine postmedial line. Expanse, 33 mm. 


flabitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. 


Plagiomimicus musculus, sp. nov. 

Head and thorax light gray, abdomen light brown. Primaries mouse gray; an 
indis'inct antemedial whitish line angled at the cell; a broad white band indistinctly 
divided by a grayish line from the costal margin close to the apex to just beyond the 
middle of inner margin. Secondaries grayish white. Primaries below grayish. 
Secondaries below white, speckled with gray on the costal margin. Expanse, 24 mm. 


Flabitat: Oaxaca, Mexico. 


Grotella dulcita, sp. nov. 

Body and primaries bright silky yellow. Secondaries dark gray, the fringe yel 
low. Underneath primaries dark gray with the costal margin and fringe yellow. 
Secondaries below light gray. Expanse, 23 mm. 


ffabitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. 


Eustrotia malonia, sp. nov. 

Palpi black. Head and collar white. Thorax and abdomen brownish yellow 
speckled with white. Wings pale creamy brown. Primaries with a black spot at the 
base of the costa ; an antemedial white wavy band, spotted with yellow, and starting 
from a conspicuous black spot on the costa ; the postmedial line fine, white, shaded 
with brown and also starting from a black costal spot, then curved beyond the cell, 
and wavy to the inner margin; a heavy white subterminal shade; an interrupted 
terminal black line; fringe grayish brown, spotted with white. Secondaries pale 


June, 1808. ] New SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. 145 


brown, shaded with white at the base and along the inner margin ; a terminal dark 
line ; fringe mottled brown and white. Exparse, 22 mm. 


Flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. 


GEOMETRID&. 
Pityeja picta, sp. nov. 

Head and thorax cream color, the latter speckled with reddish brown ; abdomen 
cream color. Primaries with the base cream color defined by a reddish oblique line ; 
the antemedial line very oblique to the centre of the inner margin, reddish brown ; 
the space before it light brown mottled towards the base with white; the postmedial 
line’ nearly straight from costa to vein 4, and then forming an inward curve to near 
the inner angle; the median space white crossed by reddish brown veins and some 
transverse strice especially in the cell ; beyond the postmedial line the wing is dark 
gray shading to reddish brown on the outer margin, mottled with darker stric ; near 
the apex some reddish spots. In the 9 the dark basal and postmedial spaces are 
thickly spotted with white. Secondaries white, the inner and outer margins, 
especially about the anal angles, light reddish brown with some grayish striz. A 
terminal blackish line, and a black spot on the prolongation between veins 3 and 4. 
Expanse, 29 mm. 


flabitat: Jalapa, Mexico. 


Ophthalmophora fasciata, sp. nov. 

Body brown. Primaries dark brown, crossed by a broad median yellow band, 
very wide on the costal margin, narrowing at the median vein and then widening 
slightly to the inner margin ; some yellow spots on the extreme margin and fringe 
yellow, except from veins 2-4, where it is brown. Underneath the same but no spots 
on the margin except at anal angle. Secondaries above dark brown ; the apex, outer 
margin and fringe yellow ; a subterminal silvery line and four postmedial ocelli black, 
circled with yellow and containing some silvery scales. Underneath the same but 
without the ocelli or silvery line. Expanse, 23 mm. 


Habitat: Castro, Parana. 
This species is closely allied to O. asopis Druce. 


Aplogompha chotaria, sp. nov. 

Body yellow ; two longitudinal brown streaks on thorax. Abdonen with brown 
spots and transverse lines. Primaries yellow with transverse rows of small quadrate 
brownish spots ; basal, subbasal, antemedial and medial complete ; the postmedial 
and subterminal rows coalescing between veins 4, 5 and 6, and represented by a single 
spot on the inner margin; a terminal row of smaller spots. The spots along the 
costa, the terminal and some of the subterminal spots shaded with metallic scales. 
Secondaries yellow with similar rows of spots, the terminal and subterminal rows also 
shaded with metallic s:ales. Expanse, 16 mm. 


Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico; Aroa, Venezuela. 
Bapta ruptilinea, sp. nov. 


Primaries silky white, thickly irrorated with creamy scales and sparsely speckled 
with dark brown. An indistinct antemedial shade not reaching the costa ; the post- 


146 JourNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1. 


medial shade broad, interrupted between the veins giving it a denticulate appearance ; 
a terminal row of black poin‘s. A black point in the cell. Secondaries similar but 
with only the postmedial shade, which does not reach the costal margin and is most 
distinct on the inner margin. Expanse, 26 mm. 


Flabitat: Castro, Parana. 
Allied to &. hebetior Warr, from the same locality. 


Lozogrammia (?) setaria, sp. nov. 

Wings pale silky grayish brown. An almost imperceptible wavy brown ante- 
medial line ; a minute discal point ; a postmedial straight brown line edged on either 
side with dark brown. Secondaries with a trace of a postmedial line on the inner 
margin. Expanse, 23 mm. 


Flab:tat: Castro, Parana. 


’ 


Semiothisa oaxacana, sp. nov. 


Wings entire, very pale reddish brown, darker beyond the postmedial line, thinly 
speckled with dark brown scales ; the veins and a postmedial line buff, the latter 
straight on the primaries, slightly wavy on the secondaries ; traces of a fine medial 
line on the primaries. A minute black spot in the cells, terminal black ‘points between 
the veins, underneath the same. Expanse, 26 mm. 

FHlabitat: Oaxaca, Mexico. 


Microgonia gilva, sp. nov. 

Pale yellow, tinged with green, the basal and medial space on primaries somewhat 
grayish, iridescent. An irregular antemedial black line edged with whitish scales ; 
a minute black discal point; the outer line fine, black, outwardly bordered with 
white, angled near apex and then slightly wavy to middle of inner margin ; this line 
is continued on secondaries where it is still more wavy ; the outer margin with lilacine 
striee and three subterminal cuneiform marks ; a wavy lilacine subterminal shade on 
secondaries. Underneath primaries bright yellow, except inner margin which with 
secondaries is grayish; the outer line brownish, broadly shaded outwardly with white 
on the primaries ; on the secondaries it is perpendicular from costal margin to below 
cell where it forms a large curve to centre of inner margin. Expanse, 56 mm. 


Flabitat: Castro, Parana. 

Allied to JZ. mexicata Gn., but readily distinguished by color, 
wavy line on secondaries and absence of glaucous spot on inner margin 
of primaries. 


Microgonia fulcata, sp. nov. 

& olive green, 9 dark brown. Primaries very acute as in Alatypterata Gn.; a 
fine basal line; an antemedial line oblique from costa to median vein, then slightly 
wavy, perpendicular to inner margin ; a minute discal point followed by an oblique 
dark shade from costa; outer line curved from costa to nearly outer margin, then 
angled and inwardly oblique to inner margin at two-thirds from base ; this line is 
heavily marked and dark brown followed by a narrow pale shade and is continued on 
the secondaries to middle of inner margin ; there is also an angular subterminal shade 


June, 1898.] New SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. 147 


on secondaries. Underneath the wings are grayish in the ¢ with brownish mottl- 
ings; the outer margin on primaries and apex being dark brown. In the ? under- 
neath wings are dark brown suffused with lilacine ; the primaries with a white mark 
before the apex, and some postmedial white spots on secondaries. Expanse, ¢, 57 
mm.; 9, 67 mm. 


flabitat: Castro, Parana. 
This species is very distinct. 


Azelina castraria, sp. nov. 


Antennz simple. Wings hardly dentate. Body and primaries dark greenish 
gray shaded with buff in the cell. The inner line wavy, oblique from the costa at a 
third from the base to the inner margin beyond the middle and nearly contiguous to 
the outer line which is nearly straight and runs parallel with the outer margin. Both 
lines finely velve'y brown, shaded with olive green which nearly fills the base of the 
V formed by the two lines. A minute black discal point. The outer line is outwardly 
shaded with lilacine, then with a dark greenish shade and finally with pale buff. All 
these colors running into each other. Secondaries buff, speckled with dull greenish 
gray. The inner margin and anal angle reddish brown. A submarginal dark shade, 
divided by a faint buff line. Underneath grayish, the ccstal half of each wing red- 
dish brown, mottled with gray. An indistinct white outer line and a black discal spot 
on the secondaries. Expanse, 33 mm. 


Ffabitat: Castro, Parana. 
Nearest Aze/ina scitaria Obt. 


Subfamily AscoTinz. 


Psilopora thesea, sp. nov. 


Wings gray, thinly speckled with dark brown, the lines dark brown: the ante- 
medial fine, perpendicular to subcostal, then a curve to near submedian and then in- 
wardly ‘oblique to inner margin. A dark discal point; beyond this a curved median 
line and a wavy punctiform postmedial line ; the space between these two lines filled 
in with dark brown from inner margin to vein 4; a fine reddish shade beyond post- 
medial and a darker subterminal grayish line ; a terminal row of black points. Sec- 
ondaries with a broad dark median fascia from inner margin, slightly bifurcating at 
cell and not reaching costal margin ; a postmedial punctiform line, followed by two 
fine reddish shades ; the margin darker gray. Expanse, 26 mm. 


flabitat: Castro, Parana. 


Physocleora tascaria, sp. nov. 


Wings white, finely powdered with light brown, lines fine, irdistinct and inter- 
rupted, marked by larger spots on the costa; the postmedial punctiform, the largest 
spot being between veins 3 and 4 and is followed by a bright yellow spot, a terminal 
row of dark points. Secondaries with the lines more distinct, the basal fine, wavy ; 
the median distinct, just beyond ‘the cell spot, and geminate ; a postmedial and sub- 
terminal grayish shade; terminal spots between the veins. Underneath primaries 


148 JourNnaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


dark gray, secondaries sordid white, discal spots and terminal wavy dark line. Ex- 
panse, 2I mm. 


Flabitat: Castro, Parana. 


Physocleora obscura, sp. nov. 

Wings gray in the ¢, light brown in the 9° ; the basal space and costa grayish, 
the former limited by a dark line, nearly straight. A perpendicular fine median line ; 
the postmedial wavy, geminate, the space within filled in with reddish brown; the 
margin mottled brown and gray with an irregular angular white subterminal line, en- 
closing some cuneiform black marks. Secondaries heavily powdered with gray; the 
antemedial line heavy, dark gray, the postmedial fine, indistinct, followed by reddish 
brown shadings. A terminal dark line on both wings, thickened between the veins. 
Underneath gray, primaries with a basal, median, postmedial and subterminal dark 
lines, the latter outwardly shaded with white. Secondaries with a broad antemedial 
band and a fine postmedial line. Expanse, 9, 21 mm. 


ffabitat; Castro, Parana. 


Physocleora punctilla, sp. nov. 

Wings white with a few black speckles ; lines black; the antemedial forming a 
large curve, the space within bei1g shaded with light brown ; a black median spot on 
costa and a small discal spot below it ; the postmedial line fine wavy, followed by a 
distinct reddish brown shade ; the marginal space heavily shaded with dark gray, 
divided by a subterminal white angular line; a terminal row of black points. Sec- 
ondaries the same, but with the discal spot larger and more distinct. Underneath 
gray, the margins broadly darker. A postmedial punctiform line and discal spots. 
Expanse, 15 mm. 


ffabitat : Castro, Parana. 


Stenalcidia nortonia, sp. nov. 

Pale gray, speckled with brown scales. A fine antemedial line, punctiform on 
subcostal and median veins; an oblique median yellowish line not extending above 
cell; a postmedial punctiform line nearly straight from near apex to middle of inner 
margin, followed by a broad smoky shade ; margin darker with a terminal row of dark 
points. Secondaries with a broad antemedial dark band ; the prstmedial line fine, 
followed by two reddish gray lines; a terminal row of black points. Underneath 
darker gray ; on the primaries a straight postmedial line, and on the secondaries an 
antemedial band and postmedial line; the lines somewhat punctiform. Expanse, 
26 mm. 


flabitat: Castro, Parana. 

Described from a well-marked $. The secondaries are slightly ex- 
cavated below apex with a slight tooth at vein 4 and then the margin is 
straight to anal angle. 


Stenalcidia cindica, sp. nov. 

Wings whitish thinly powdered with gray; lines dark brown ; the antemedial 
slightly curved and inwardly oblique to inner margin, marked by a large dark spot 
on costa, a smaller one on median vein and inner margin, preceded by an oblique 


June, 1898.] New Species OF HETEROCERA. 149 


light reddish brown shade; the median line less distinct, wavy, and slightly curved, 
marked by a dark spot on costa; the discal point forms part of the line ; the post- 
medial line thickened in places, slightly curved to below vein 2 where it touches the 
median line and then perpendicular to inner margin ; this line is followed by a light 
reddish brown shade ; a subterminal lunular white line heavily shaded with dark gray 
oo either side, especially between veins 4 and 6; beyond this the veins are shaded 
with light reddish brown ; a terminal row of black triangular spots between the veins ; 
fringe pale, spotted with gray. Secondaries with an antemedial line straight ; discal 
spot distinct ; postmedial finely acute, followed by a broad reddish brown shade ; sub- 
terminal line dark gray, angular ; beyond this a row of triangular grayish spots filled 
in with reddish brown ; a terminal black line, thickened between the veins. Under- 
neath sordid white with antemedial and postmedial punctiform lines, the fringe also 
distinctly spotted. Expanse, 28 mm. 


Fflabitat: Castro, Parana. 
The female is larger, more thickly irrorated with gray, and the lines 
very fine and punctiform. 


Tephrina submarcata sp. nov. 

_ Wings above sordid white, irrorated with brown scales ; the lines hardly percepti- 
ble, but strongly marked by four brown blotches on costa of primaries ; a brown discal 
spot ; fringe brown, at inner angle buff; a terminal row of dark spots between the 
veins. Secondaries more heavily irrorated with brown along the outer margin; a 
faint postmedial line and subterminal shade; an interrupted terminal brown line ; 
fringe buff. Underneath yellowish with strong brown mottling and striz. The post- 
medial line straight and broad on pr maries, punctiform on secondaries. Expanse, 
26 mm. 


Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. 


Tephrina griseata, sp. nov. 

Body and wings dull gray; fine antemedial, medial and postmedial lines, the 
latter closely followed by a dark subterminal shade not extending above vein 6; the 
lines marked by a dark spot on costa. The extreme costa mottled with buff. A 
small discal spot with pale centre. Fringe buff interrupted by darker scales. Sec- 
ondaries with antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines very indistinct. Under- 
neath pale gray thickly clouded with darker gray. Expanse, 25 mm. 


Flabitat: Jalapa and Oaxaca, Mexico. 


Tephrina guadarana, sp. nov. 

Wings dove color, the veins yellowish ; costa yellowish with some black strize ; 
a curved antemedial yellowish line, inwardly shaded with black ; a straight post- 
medial yellowish line, outwardly shaded with black, at four fi ths and parallel to the 
outer margin. Secondaries with a straight postmedial yellowish line not reaching the 
costal margin. A blackish discal spot in cells of both wings. Underneath buff, 
powdered with gray. Expanse, 3I mm. 


flabitat: Oaxaca and Guadalajara, Mexico. 
This species comes nearest to Z. ¢rrorata Pack. 


150 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


DESCRIPTION OF LARV OF HEMILEUCIDS FROM 
THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 


By Harrison G. Dyer. 


Hyperchiria coresus Bozsduval. 


Larva shaped as Z. zo, large, cylindrical, with prominent head. The body bears 
bunches of long stinging spines as in 4. zo, three rows on joints 2 to 13 on each side, 
a single dorsal one instead of the first row on joints 12 and 13, anal plate bare; a 
fourth row on joints 2 to 6, 11 and 13.. The shaft of the tuft of rows 1 and 2 is very 
long (Io mm.) except the mid-dorsal of joint 13, which is rudimentary ; row 3 is 
small, especially on the abdomen, not over 2 mm. in length and row 4 is still smaller. 
A few fine secondary hairs, short and pale. Color green, a narrow, broken black, 
substigmatal line on joints 5 to 13, edged below by a white band ; a black patch, 
dotted with white on the anterior side of the segment subventrally on joints 6 to 12 ; 
anal plate blackish, pale dotted. An eversible gland behind the spiracle on joints 5 
and 11. Width of head, 6 mm.; length of larva, 80 to 100 mm. 

Hyperchiria viridescens Walker. 

Three rows of tufts of spines on joints 2 to 13, singie dorsal on 12 and 13; 4 
fourth row on joints 2 to 6, 11 toIl3. Spineshafts short, subequal, the spines coarse, 
the upper row bearing piercing caps, the two lower rows setz only. Rather numer- 
ous, pale, secondary hairs most abundant and longest on the feet. Color black, the 
head, leg plates and anal plate shining, the body sooty. Spines pale yellowish, con- 
trasting. Width of head,6mm. The eversible stigmatal glands cannot be made out 
in the specimens. ‘This differs unexpectedly from the other species in the presence of 
a fourth spine tuft on join 12 (tubercle vii not aborted). 

Eudyaria venata Butler. 

Head large, smooth, not bilobed, rounded. shining brown, the mouth and a spot 
covering the ocelli black ; width, 7.5mm. Body with tufts of stinging spines arranged 
exactly as in 4. viridescens described above, the fourth row present on joint 12. Body 
black, the feet and anal plate shining ; the segmental incisures from joints 3 to 12 are 
occupied dorsally as far as the third spine tuft by broad reddish brown, transverse 
bands, contrasting with the body. Spines ocherous brown like the head. A few blackish, 
rather stiff, secondary hairs. 

Hylesia nigricans Berg. 

Head rounded, smooth, shining black, curiously marked with white streaks ; a 
line on the vertex in the median suture, an inverted V- mark over the clypeus, a dash 
above each eye, joined by a spur above to a quadrate patch on the posterior side of the 
head ; width, 3.5 mm. Body with rows of spine tufts as in HZ. viridescens, the fourth 
row present on joint 12; row I on joints 5 to 12 is somewhat shorter than rows 2 and 
3 but not so markedly as in Hemzleuca and Pseudohazis, from which this larva also 
differs in the presence of the fourth spine on joint 12. Rather numerous, pale, 
secondary hairs are present. Body black, a broad white stigmatal band, white dots 
at the bases of the secondary hairs and pale streaks in the segmentary incisures. Spine 
shafts brown-black, the spines brownish. 


I am indebted to Mr. G. Ruscheweyh for sending me these larvee. 


JOURNAL 


Meo Bork Entomological Society. 


Mol. VI. SEPTEMBER, 1898. No. 3. 


THE LIFE HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG- 
CATERPILLARS.—XVI, WITH CERTAIN 
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


PLATE VIII. 
By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., PH.D. 


Tortricidia testacea Packard. 
1864—Tortricidia testacea PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, III, 337. 


1882— «6 “ Grote, Check List, Bombyces, no. 195. 

1891— se cs SMITH, List. Lep. no. 1211. 

1892— a ss Ktrsy, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 551. 

1894— «“ ‘“ NEUMOEGEN & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 


SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS. 


Dorsal space moderately broad, narrowing only a little toward the 
extremities, arched ; lateral space broad, oblique, concave; subventral 
space. small, retracted. Ridges slightly prominent, never tubercular, 
furnished with single or furcate swollen-tipped sete in stage I, afterward 
with rudimentary setee which nearly disappear at maturity. Outline 
from dorsal aspect elliptical, notched at the anterior part of joint 13 to 
form a short quadrate tail. Skin covered with close, appressed, rather 
large, clear granules, which appear immediately after first molt, a little 
papillose on the margins, becoming smoother and increasing in number 
at subsequent molts. Depressed spaces large, well developed, deep, 
with sharp sides, the bottom flat and finely granulated. The spaces 
(2) to (8) are present, dividing the surface into a series of raised lat- 
ticed ridges. 

The larva is throughout very smooth. ‘The coloration is green with 
a large red mark appearing in the middle of the back, finally reaching 
head and tail and the middle of the sides. 


152 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol, VI. 


This species is more generalized than its ally, 7. pallida. It is the 
stem form, from which Za//da is just beginning to diverge. It is the 
more northern form of the two and in this again shows its ancestral 
condition, since, belonging to the Palearctic Eucleids, it is less distantly 
removed from the ancient habitat of the group. 


AFFINITIES, Hapits, ETc. 


This larva is closely allied to Z. pallida. It has all the same struc- 
ture and coloration, differing only in certain details which might be 
considered to be of but varietal rank, except that they prove to be con- 
stant. The certain differentiation of these larvee is difficult except when 
the whole life history is seen, and then a number of differences appear. 
The real difference between the species is found in the date of occur- 
rence. The moths of ¢estacea emerge unusually early, nearly a month 
before the allied species. My dates are June roth to 14th for moths 
bred at Long Island. Professor G. H. Hudson finds June gth to 22d 
for all the moths he has taken at light at Plattsburgh during a series of 
years. Consequently, full grown larve are found early, often during 
July at the time when 7. palida is hatching. This is not a case of two 
differently colored broods, as I thought at one time. Both species are 
strictly single brooded, like all the other northern Eucleids. The power 
of early emergence gives 7. ¢es¢acea a northern range, since it pupates 
in time to avoid early frosts. In the Adirondacks it was the only Eu- 
cleid met with. 

The larva is a rather low feeder, occurring in the same situations as 
its ally, Z. pallida. The habits are the same. ‘There are seven larval 
stages, occasionally six by the omission of stage II and still more rarely 
eight by the interpolation of an extra stage before the last, as Mr. L. 
H. Joutel tells me happened to a larva that I sent him to breed. 


CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS. 


I have no references to this larvaassuch. Probably the descriptions 
referred to Z. pallida cover festacea in part, but I find it difficult to sort 
them out without dates of occurrence. The diagnosis given by Miss 
Morton and myself (JourNnaL N. Y. Ent. Soc., III, 146) of (?) 7. 
zestacea refers more probably to Aronea minuta Reakirt. Miss Morton 
thought she had bred the larva, getting an imago /esfacea, but there 
must nave been some error. I followed her opinion at the time of 
writing the synopsis as I had not then bred zes¢acea myself. A corrected 
table will be given at the end of these articles. My account of 7. pal- 


Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Lire Histories or N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 1538 


lida (JourNau N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 167-172) contains many sentences 
referring to Z. ¢estacea. Having wrongly identified the larva of fes- 
facea and being under a misapprehension as to the close relation of sev- 
eral of our smooth red-spotted Eucleids and further desirous of includ- 
ing all the varieties of Aa//ida while I was writing about it, I went too 
far and included portions taken from larvee of other species. The ac- 
count, therefore, is based on Zortricidia pallida, T. testacea and T. 
( Heterogenea*) flexuosa, confused together. It is fully corrected here- 
with, with illustrations of both species. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL. 


fgg. Elliptical, flat, whitish translucent on white leaves, shining ; 
reticulations faint, narrowly linear, elongate. Size 1.0.6 mm. 
Laid singly on the under side of the leaf. 

Stage, (Plate VIII, fig. 1). Elliptical, rather elongate, dorsal and 
lateral spaces rather broad. Sete as in 7. palida, the Y-shaped ones 
large, strongly alternating, those on joints 5, 7, 9 and 11 leaving out. 
Color translucent whitish with a slight green tint. Skin smooth. 
Length .7-1.1 mm. The larva feeds during this stage. 

Stage JI. Distinct short black setz, two on subdorsal ridge, one 
on lateral ridge on the abdominal segments. Subdorsal ridge rather 
square, dorsum flat, rounded; tail quadrate; sides concave. Lateral 
ridge moderate, subventral space small, retracted. Depressed spaces 
all present as in the mature larva, deep, sharp, the latticed ridges com- 
posed of one row of large clear granules, becoming subpapillose on the 
lateral ridge. Color pale greenish without marks. Length, 1.1-1.7 
mm., or reaching 2.2 mm. in six-stage larvee. 

Stage I/f, Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate; all pale green. Skin 
structures the same as before; setz quite distinct. Length, 1,6-2.2 
mm. Six-stage larve, which have omitted stage II, have the size and 
coloration of the next stage. 

Stage IV. (Plate VIII, figs. 2,3). Elliptical, both ends rounded, 
the anterior more obtusely ; dorsum arched. Ridges low, the subdorsal 
shorter than the lateral. Body smooth, setz nearly obsolete. Skin 
coarsely clear-granular except in the large depressed spaces which are 
finely granular and on the lateral ridge where the granules become sub- 
papillose. Color light yellowish green; during the stage the subdorsal 


*J find that none of the American species belong to Heterogenea Knoch except 
shurtlefit Pack. which is distinct from cesonia Grt. A generic revision will follow. 


154 JourRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI. 


ridge becomes pale, a large rounded quadrate reddish spot appears dor- 
sally, covering joints 7 to g and reaches the subdorsal ridge; as the 
stage advances this becomes better defined, regularly elliptical, covering 
joints 6 to 10 and reaching nearly half way down the lateral space. It 
is bordered with yellow, this color extending also backward and forward 
for some distance along the subdorsal ridge (Plate VIII, fig. 3). Length, 
2.2 tO 3.3 mm. ‘ 

Stage V. (Plate VIII, fig. 4). Shape as before. Skin surface the 
same, but the granules on the latticed ridges are more numerous. Sete 
obsolete, scarcely discernible except at the ends of the body. Color 
green, dorsal patch elliptical, but now a little angled at the sides, a 
slight point projected to the depressed space (4) of joints 6—7 and 9-10 
and a more decided one reaching below the space (4) on joint 8. The 
patch is rounded before and behind and contains a varying paler cen- 
tral space, which may be so large as to reduce the patch to a red line 
but is usually small and quadrate. Yellow border distinct, reaching 
as a subdorsal line nearly to head and tail. Depressed spaces greenish. 
Length, 3.5 to 4.7 mm. 

Stage VT (Plate VIII, fig. 5). Structure as in the mature larva and 
as before. Color green, the depressed spaces concolorous. A large red 
patch of varying shade covers the center of the back, more rounded out 
and larger than before and enclosing six of depressed spaces (1). Its 
outline is elliptical, a little irregular or notched on the sides, the furthest 
lateral extension being on joint 8 where it reaches depressed space (5). 
The patch does not reach either extremity, though a small detached 
red spot may occuron joint 3. There is a more or less distinct central, 
square, pale blotch on joints 7, 8, sometimes large as before. A sin- 
gle example found on hickory had the patch blackish chocolate, nar- 
rowly bordered with red and yellow. Length, 4.7 to 6.7 mm. 

Stage Vi[,—(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, pl. VI, figs. 5, 6, 7) 
shape as described. Depressed spaces as in 7. palida (l. c. pl. VI, 
f. 8). Latticed ridges coarsely clear granular, the depressed spaces. 
finely granular. Color green, depressed spaces pale with dark centers. 
Dorsal mark reaching the extremities and lateral margins in the form of 
a cross with four projections from the center which touch the depressed 
spaces (4) of joints 6-7 and g-10 (l.c. pl. VI, f. 6), or filled out to 
a larger diamond-shaped mark, produced narrowly forward to joint 3 
(1. c. pl. VI, f. 7). It has a pale salmon-colored center, often square 
and covering only one depressed space (joints 7-8) or rarely larger, 
occasionally wanting. The patch is bordered with crimson and yellow 


Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Lire Histories oF N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 155 


and is usually darker around the edge and on the latticed ridges. The 
exact shape is variable, but the points mentioned form its boundaries 
between which the outline may be contracted or expanded. Length, 
6.7 to 9.5 mm. 

Cocoon with the characters of the group. 

food-plants: Oak, wild cherry, birch, hickory, chestnut, witch- 
hazel and sour gum have been observed. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


As it was necessary to make the corrections to the account of 7. 
pallida with this plate, I have included all additions and corrections that 
have occurred to me to date, to all the articles that I have published on 
Eucleid larve in this JouRNAL. Corrections to the introductory article 
will be deferred to the concluding remarks. 


Apoda y-inversa fackard. 


This JourNat, III, p. 151. Omit the reference to the larva. A. 
y-inversa larva was undescribed previous to our article. 

This JournaL, III, p. 152, lines 8, 9. Omit the words ‘‘in which 
the larva does not feed.”” P. 154, Stage .—Add ‘“‘ The larvee feed in 
this stage. Length, .g to 1.5 mm. Subdorsal sete of joints 5, 7, 9 
and 11 lean outward, lateral of joint 5 leans upward.”’ 

This Journat, III, Plate VI, Fig. 1. The alternation of the sete is 
wrongly represented. 


Sibine stimulea Clemens. 


‘Comparison may be made with the allied South American species 
referred to by me (Can. Ent., X XIX, 77). 


Tortricidia pallida Herrich_Schiffer. 


This JourNnaL, IV, 167, et seq. Special structural characters, line 
5 of paragraph, omit the words ‘‘ smooth or;’’ p. 168 line ro for ‘* sete 
practically’’ read *‘ tubercles.’’ 

Affinities, Habits, etc. Read as follows: This larva is typical of 
the red-marked smooth Eucleids, a subdivision of the Palearctic group. 
It is most nearly allied to 7. ¢estacea, less closely to H. flexuosa. It 
represents a more primitive state than AZoda in that setee ia and id on 
joint 4 and i and ii on joints 5 to 12 are partly united into a furcate or 
Y-shaped spine, both limbs of equal length, whereas in Afoda one limb 
has been reduced to a slight prominence. 


156 JourNnAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


The moths emerge rather late in the season. Professor G. H. Hud- 
son has taken them at light between June 26th and July 29th at Platts- 
burgh during several years. My own dates for bred moths are July 8th 
to 1gth. 

Full grown larvee are not found till September. In Long Island, 
eggs and young larve were found on the trees at the time the larvee of 
T. ¢estacea were maturing. . 

This larva is a little more specialized than 7. ¢estacea, in that the 
dorsal patch becomes earlier defined and grows larger while the granules 
are a little more papillose. The two larvz, however, are not distin- 
guishable in any strong character. 

The larva is rather a low feeder, occurring on higher bushes and the 
lower branches of trees, along the edges of woods, etc., not as a rule in 
very shaded locations. Rarely more than one larva is found on the 
same plant. ‘They are well scattered, not affecting any particular tree 
and occurring almost everywhere, not abundant locally and elsewhere 
rare as H. flexuosa is. The larva remains on the back of the leaf 
where its shape and color are adapted to its concealment. . 

Criticism of Previous Descriptions. The ‘* Z. testacea’’ that Dr. 
Packard described from a larva I sent him, may be correctly named. 
The date of occurrence would decide. 

Description of the Several Stages in Detait. Stage [.—Add: Sete 
large, strongly alternating, those on joints 5, 7, 9 and 11 leaning out- 
ward. 

Stage /7,—Read: Elliptical, narrowed behind, tail quadrate. Sub- 
dorsal ridge rather square, dorsum flat, rounded; sides concave. Lat- 
eral ridge moderate ; subventral space small, retracted. Setze short, dis- 
tinct, pointed, black, two on subdorsal ridge, one on lateral ridge on 
abdomen. Depressed spaces large, sharply edged, deep, as in the ma- 
ture larva. Latticed ridges apparently one granule wide, but not smooth 
and clear, being all finely papillose, especially on the lateral ridge, 
though also showing on the subdorsal ridge, feathery and frosted. 
Color frosted whitish, no marks. Length, 1 to 1.6 mm. 

Stage [/7,—Read: Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate, structure as 
before. Setee still distinct, short, black. Skin neatly granular as in 
T. testacea, papillose only around the margin. Colorless, greenish, a 
faint red shade centrally on the subdorsal ridges. Later this develops 
into a large red patch, becoming rounded, the depressed spaces covered 
by it pale. Length, 1.6 to 2.5 mm. 

Stage /V.—(Plate VIII, fig. 8). Elliptical, both ends rounded, the 


Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Lire Histories oF N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 157 


anterior more obtusely ; dorsum arched, the highest point a little before 
the middle; tail quadrate. Ridges low, not prominent, the subventral 
shorter than the lateral. Body smooth, setze still visible. Depressed 
spaces large, the latticed ridges beginning to be more than one granule 
wide, those of the subventral ridge subpapillose or slightly cleft. Color 
whitish, green only in front; dorsal red patch large, covering joints 6 
to Io, pentagonal, truncate before, widest at joint 8 where it reaches 
the lower border of the depressed space (4), tapering behind nearly to 
a point; a central pale patch and distinct yellow border, produced as a 
subdorsal line behind, but not in front. Length, 2.6 to 3.7 mm. 

Stage V.—(Plate VIII, fig. 9). Page 170, lines 31, 32, 39, 4oand page 
171 lines 1 and 2, omit all reference to the coloration and read: green 
in front, the dorsal patch larger than before, more distinctly angled and 
pointed in front; it covers six depressed spaces and reaches on the sides 
to depressed space (5). There may be a small red patch oi joint 3. 

Stage V7.—(Plate VIII, fig. 10). Page 171, lines 8 to 13, omit all 
referring to the coloration and read: A large dorsal purplish red patch 
almost exactly as in the mature larva, but not reaching either extremity. 
Line 7 for ‘‘ may have’’ read ‘‘has.”’ 

Stage V7/J,—(Plate VIII, fig. 11). Page 171, lines 27 and 28, omit 


the words ‘‘ from narrow to broad and.’’ Omit also the references to 
the plate and the foot-note at bottom of page. Lines 36 and 37, omit 
*«thus forming a large blurred red cross.’’ ‘There is no particular re- 


semblance to a cross in 7. pallida. 

This JouRNAL, IV, pl. VI, figs. 5, 6 and 7 represent Z. ¢estacea not 
T. pallida. Compare the accompanying plate (Plate VIII, figs 8, 10 and 
DT) for the correct representation of 7. falda. Figs. 3 and 4 repre- 
sent H. flexuosa not T. pallida. 


Phobetron pithecium 4207 & Smith. 


This JouRNAL, IV, 178. Add as reference to the larva, 1869—Mel- 
sheimer, Harris’ Ent. Corresp., p. 112 (as Ocketicus). 


Sisyrosea textula errich-Schiffer. 


This JouRNAL, IV, 187. Add the following description of the freshly 
laid egg: Large, colorless, a little milky whitish, shining; 1.8 x 41. 
mm. and almost without thickness (about .1 mm.); reticulations dis- 
tinct, raised, whiter than the egg. Hatches in not less than ten days. 

Stage I.—Mr. Joutel has seen this stage with the subdorsal horns of 
joints 6 to 12 degenerate, the rest normal. The degenerate horns had 


158 JouRNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SocIETY. [Vol. VI. 


three large, and a group of smaller setz on joints 6 and 12, three large 
and other very rudimentary ones on joints 5 to 11. This is a most in- 
teresting variation as foreshadowing the condition of the mere specialized 
species where but three setze remain. 3 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. 


Tortricidia testacea, 


1. Larva, stage I, dorsal view, enlarged. 
2. Larva, stage IV, dorsal view, early in the stage. 
3. The same, later in the stage. 
«4. Larva end of stage V. 
5. Larva end of stage VI. 
6. 7. ¢estacea, imago, 


Tortricidia pallida. 


Fig. 7. Side view of mature larva. 
« 8. Larva end of stage IV (compare hg. 2). 
“« g. Larva end of stage V (compare fig. 4). 
“10, Larva end of stage VI (compare fig. 5). 
“11. Larva stage VII (compare this JouRNAL, IV, pl. VI, figs. 6 and 7). 


LIFE-HISTORY OF CALYBIA SLOSSONIZA. 
By Harrison G. Dyar. 


I am able to present descriptions of the remaining stages of this larva 
which, with those previously given by me, will complete the life-history. 
The previous article may be amended as follows: 

This JouRNAL, V, p. 123, line 1, read. . appendages of nearly 
equal length at maturity, the anterior ones a little shorter, but in stages 
II and III of unequal length as in Phobetron. Page 124, line 1 for 
“except that this character may not be primary,’’ read: except that this 
character is a secondary adaptation. 

Add: I have recently received a specimen of this species from Mr. 
Graef labeled ‘‘ Texas.”’ 


DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL. 


f£gg.—Add: duration of this stage six days; 15 days in a cold 
room in New York. 


Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Lire History OF CALYBIA SLOSSONIA. 159 


Stage J.—Add: the dorsal and subdorsal brown lines are broken, 
existing as dashes on the weak segments 4-5, 7, 9 and 11; a slender 
brown marking between the horns of 4 and 13. Later a milky white 
shade along the subdorsal ridges, joining at the ends. Length, 1 to1.5 
mm. 

Stage JJ.—Elliptical, flattened, dorsal space broad, level with the 
laterally extended horns; side area small. Horns 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12 
and 13 short, tapering, as long as the width of the dorsum, those of 
joints 7, 9 and 11 very short, conic, less than half as thick and about 
one sixth as long as the others. Long horns with many fine, flexible, 
spinulose white hairs toward tip, but above and at base mixed with 
smooth straight sete with dark tips. The short horns bend down and 
have only smooth sete ; the long horns are all equal. Color uniform 
translucent whitish green, in some with rounded brown dots on joints 
4, 7 and 11 or 4, 7, 9 and 11 dorsally. The side area is covered by 
the subdorsal horns which are constricted a little at base, but are with- 
out separate basal pieces. Skin with clear setiferous granules as at ma- 
turity. The larva eats a channel in the leaf, in which it rests, the 
horns overlapping the uneaten leaf. Length, 1.5 to3.1 mm. Duration 
of the stage 5 days. 

Stage I7I.—Shape essentially as in the mature larva, the dorsal 
groove broad and shallow. Horns of joints 3 to 13 of even length ex- 
cept 7, 9 and 11 which are about half as long or a little over half as 
long as the others, thick, tapering, constricted near and at base, indica- 
ting the rounded basal pieces, but they are not furcate. Hair abundant, 
fine and spinulated as before with some smooth, dark tipped ones 
toward bases of horns ; primitive setze ii visible. Color all green, made 
whitish by the hairs. Skin as before. The horns are slenderer than 
before and look more numerous as those on the weak segments appear 
more distinctly. Length, 3.1to 4.5 mm. Duration of the stage 5 days. 

Stage [V.—Much the same. The short horns are now about nine- 
tenths the length of the others and during the stage they fill out and 
become almost completely indistinguishable. The hairs are almost all 
the spinulose ones, only a few of the smooth, black tipped ones remain- 
ing. Horns long and slender, a little swollen at base, the basal pieces 
constricted off and obscurely furcate. Sete i and ii are distinct, on the 
basal piece and tip of horn respectively, smooth, dusky. Lateral horns 
minute, naked, tapering, enlarged at base and once constricted, con- 
cealed under the subdorsals. All green, usually no marks, sometimes 
with the dorsal red spots. The shade varies from leaf green to bluish 


160 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.  [Vol. VI. 


green. Head rounded, green with black ocellus and brown mauadibles ; 
width .8 mm. The horns are detachable as at maturity. Length, 4.5 
to 7 mm. 

Stage V.—Shape as in the mature larva, all the horns equal except 
joints 3 and 4 which are beginning to be a little shorter, that of 3 
slightly recurved. Dorsal groove distinct, narrow; basal piece of horns 
distinct, cordate at base. Horns regularly tapering, rounded at tip, 
densely clothed with long, fine, white fringe-hairs. There are also some 
smooth, short, dark-tipped hairs and short, densely feathered, stellate 
ones especially toward the bases of the horns. Setz i and ii long, 
smooth, black. Skin as at maturity. Color soft, clear green, more 
whitish along the dorsal groove. Nearly all the specimens (35) had lost 
the red spots at this stage, only one or two retaining them. Length, 7 
to 10.5 mm. 

Stage VI.—Mature larva. Length, 10.5 to 16.7 mm. The short 
smooth hairs on the horns represent the long smooth ones of the earlier 
stages; the short, very feathery hairs are those of the long feathery 
ones which lie on the dorsal aspect of the horns, made short. The 
larva here recorded probably omitted one of the normal stages. Prob- 
ably the penultimate as in Packardia geminata (JouRN. N. Y. ENT. 
Soc, VE 3). 

It was kept very warm and was protected from the chill night air that 
it would have had on its native river. Consequently it grew very rapidly, 
probably more so than in nature. 

Another larva reached 13.5 mm. before last molt which was doubtless 
this missing stage. It was like the final stage, but the coloration entirely 
green. 

Food-plants. Add Marlberry (Ardisia pickeringia), cocoa plum 
( Chrysobalanus icacoa) and another plant not determined. I am in- 
debted to Mr. F. Kinzel for the names and to Mrs. Slosson for sending 
leaves to feed the larve. 


> 


ON THE DIPTEROUS FAMILY SCATOPHAGIDE., 
By D. W. CoquiLLetT, Washington, D. C. 


This family is known in Europe as Scatomyzidz, but since the genus 
Scatomyza is an admitted synonym of. Scatophaga, it would appear de- 
sirable to change the name of the family to Scatophagide. In the 


Sept. 1898] COQUILLETT: ON DipTEROUS FamiILy ScaToPpHaGID&. 161 


Osten Sacken catalogue it bears the name of Cordyluridz, but since the 
genus Scafophaga is the oldest one in this family, it is desirable to name 
the family after it. 

The European genera and species of this family have quite recently 
been monographed by Mr. Theodore Becker,* and a translation of his 
tables of subfamilies and genera, in an abbreviated form, is given by Dr. 
Williston in his recent manual. Owing to the faulty definitions of the 
subfamilies, whereby certain genera which possess a given character are 
placed in a subfamily in which this character is expressly stated to be 
absent, and the further difficulty of separating subfamilies by such 
Walkerian phrases as ‘‘ face short,’’ ‘‘ face long,’’ it will be quite im- 
possible for the student to refer his species to its proper genus by the use 
of these tables, and I have therefore constructed an entirely new one 
which contains all of the genera belonging to this family known to me 
to occur in this country. 


TABLE OF GENERA. 
1. Front tibiz destitute of an erect black spine on the inner side of each near the 
SUD | 22 SSS SRR ORR OCOD OER Ene See Aer ORE mae eerie z 
Front tibize each bearing such a spine, third antennal joint rounded at the apex, 
palpi destitute of an unusually long bristle at apex of each, one sternopleural 


TH AGE GRACE AIRE fetes e acl ay ei zis: jahtel pais) shclciciacaye aehsccitietniessle Acanthocnema Secker. 

2. Third antennal joint produced in the form of a tooth at the anterior apical angle. .3 
MI KAs OME ONNG edeatithe ape xii sieyeratcrelerareivelelcilarckeretcrsieleleteleieisieheterereteistavole cere 5 

3. With three sternopleural macrochete, palpi destitute of an unusually long bristle 
2; 23S OH CHGHL 6 Seo pababcagocusses poonbaér cot don Orthocheta Becker. 
With two sternopleurals, palpi near apex of each bearing a bristle which is nearly 
one-half as long as the palpi..............-...+++.--. Chetosa, gen. nov. 
With only one sternopleural, palpi destitute of a single long terminal bristle....4 

4. Palpi spatulate, about twice as long as wide,.............- Spaziphora Rozd. 
Palpi more than four times as long as wide... .......-. Opsiomyia, gen. nov. 

5. Apex of palpi each bearing a single bristle which is nearly as long as the palpi, 
ONEHStSIMOP le tTallty irra yare oeiera skaiesetedtorskeiche ela sohels/orsrsi si ove/s eeievsielaey siareje\atsrotavole 6 
NPE XAOM al PICestiti te OfSitCl) ai lLIStl epperrerateitslopaleintete) lelalelelsielayajeiererelelerelarele let 7 

6. Head at least as high as long, face nearly perpendicular ...... Cordylura Fad/. 
Head flattened, noticeably longer than high, face very oblique, greatly retreating 
DELOWssivisieys yeas Rraperalavavekevorcveceveratepevehcuslavarssolcietsnotneleteors Acicephala, gen. nov. 

Pere tu Only One Sterno plerraly 5; i «:0isininia vse cusveha,n ie.n/0) 0,0) s)ecninlies q.cvwhoheleiege's i erete sce 8 
With two sternopleurals, frontal bristles strong, two or more pairs on anterior third 
SIPC ULOMG | 12 otoieicicls(ei« 0 ninie sifalesciieeisin a aislaeeTar .... Hexamitocera Becker. 


8. Frontal bristles strong, two or more pairs on anterior third of the front. 
Scatophaga Jeig. 
Frontal bristles very short, none on lowest third of the front. Hydromyza /a//en. 


* Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., May, 1894, pages 77 to 196. 


162 JourNnaAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, AND NOTES. 


Scatophaga vulpina, sp. nov. 


Black, the front except each side and an ocellar spot, face cheeks, first two an- 
tennal joints, arista, palpi, halteres and legs, yellowish, the bases of the front femora 
and a streak or more or less of the bases of the others, sometimes black; hairs of 
occiput, body and legs long and abundant, principally reddish-yellow, arista bare, 
humeral and dorso-central bristles except the posterior pair, very slender, scarcely 
distinguishable from the hairs, pteropleura bare, middle and hind femora destitute of 
stout macrocheetze, hind tibize each bearing only two, situated near the middle of the 
front side; wings strongly tinged with yellow, the small and posterior crossveins 
bordered with brown; body subopaque, gray pruinose, the thorax and pleura mottled 
with brown. Length, 8 to 11 mm. 


Point Barrow, Alaska. Five males and five females collected June 
22, 1882, by Mr. John Murdock. Type No. 4096, U.S. National 
Museum. 


Scatophaga furcata Say. 


This is one of the few species introduced from Europe and described 
in this country before it was described in Europe. The synonymy is: 
sguatida Meig., aficalts Curtis, nigricans Macq., fuscinervis Zett., pu- 
bescens Walk., and Cleigastra suisterei Townsend ; the latter based upon 
a co-type specimen. 


Opsiomyia, gen. nov. 
The characters of this genus may be gleaned from the following de- 
scription of the type species : 


Opsiomyia palpalis, sp. nov. 

Head slightly broader than high, as long as higk, slightly longer at base of 
antennz than at the vibrissze, seven pairs of orbital bristles which extend from the 
lowest ocellus to the anterior end of the front, clypeus connate with the face and ex- 
tending more than the length of the second antennal joint below the vibrissz, the 
latter almost twice as long as any of the adjacent bristles, lateral oral margin bearing 
black bristles on nearly its anterior half; third joint of antennz twice as long 
as broad, slightly more than twice as long as the second, the anterior apical 
angle produced in the form of a tooth, arista bare, thickened on the basal third, the 
penultimate joint slightly longer than broad ; proboscis robust, palpi greatly flattened, 
of nearly an equal width but tapering at the base, five times as long as broad, pro- 
jecting four-fifths of its length beyond the oral margin, each bearing a single long, 
black bristle near the middle of the outer side, eyes oblique, slightly higher than 
long, bare. Bristly hairs of body short and sparse, five dorso-central macrochztz» 
one sternopleural and four stout scutellar, none on the abdomen, all femora and tibize 
bearing several, hind tibize each with two pairs on the outer side besides those near 
the tip. Venation practically as in Cordy/ura, all veins bare. Black, the extreme 


Sept. 1898] COQUILLETT: ON DipTEROUS FAMILY SCATOPHAGID2. 163 


base of palpi yellow, remainder white, halteres, femora, tibice and tarsi yellowish, 
wings hyaline ; face silvery white, body brownish gray pruinose. Length, 5 mm. 

White Mts., N. H. Two males collected by the late H. K. Mor- 
rison. Type No. 4097. 


Chetosa, gen. nov. 

The type species is Cordylura punctipes Meig., of which the Na- 
tional Museum possesses two specimens from Minnesota, one from Colo- 
rado and two from Holland. This species could never be identified by 
the use of Becker’s monograph, since he places it in the genus Z7icho- 
palpus, to which, both in the table of genera and in the definition of the 
genus, he attributes a single sternopleural macrocheta. ‘The palpi are 
sub-lanceolate, slightly flattened, and at the apex of each is a black 
bristle which is much longer than any of the adjacent ones. 


Acicephala, gen. nov. 


Closely related to Cordylura but readily distinguishable by the 
elongated, flattened head and very oblique face. Type, the following 
species : 

Acicephala polita, sp. nov. 


Black, the face, cheeks, palpi, halteres, coxze, femora, tibize and tarsi, yellowish; 
front, except the ocellar triangle, inner side and apex of second antennal joint, face, 
cheeks and pleura white pruinose, the occiput, mesonotum, scutellum and abdomen, 
polished; second joint of antenne prolonged over the inner side of the first nearly to 
the arista, the third joint two and one-half times as long as broad, only slightly longer 
than the second, arista rather long plumose, thickened on the basal fifth, the penulti- 
mate joint broader than long; eyes bare, nearly perpendicular, only slightly higher 
than long; vibrissze more than twice as long as the adjoining bristles, lateral oral 
margin bearing three or four black bristles en its anterior half; palpi clavate, slightly 
flattened, bearing several long yellowish bristles near the middle, a few short black 
ones at the tip besides one which is nearly as long as the palpi; proboscis robust, only 
slightly over twice as long as thick. Mesonotum almost destitute of bristly hairs, five 
stout dorso-central macrochzetz, one prothoracic, one sternopleural, and two on the 
scutellum ; abdomen less polished than the mesonotum, destitute of stout macrocheete, 
its hairs black, those on the venter except at the apex, whitish. Wings hyaline, 
tinged with brown along the veins, third and fourth veins toward their apices parallel, 
the fourth ending far beyond the apex of the second, small crossvein beyond the mid- 
dle of the discal cell, and far beyond the tip of the first vein, all veins bare. All 
femora and tibiz bearing macrochate, hind tibize each bearing three pairs on the 
outer side beside those at the tip. Length, 7 ty 8 mm. 


Colorado. One male and three females. Type No. 4098. 
Acicephala pilosella, sp. nov. 


Same as the above description of fo/ita with these exceptions: Face, cheeks, 
palpi, coxze and femora black; pruinosity of front, face, cheeks, and pleura, brownish 


164 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. Vr, 


gray and not dense, none on the second antennal joint, mesonotum sparsely covered 
with short yellow hairs, oaly one pair of dorso-centrals, the prothoracic bristle yellow, 
hairs of the first three segments of the abdomen in the male, of the first six in the female, 
yellow, apex of sixth segment in the female bearing six stout macrocheetz. Wings 
not tinged with brown along the veins. Hind tibize each bearing only two pairs of 
macrocheetee on the outer side. Length, 6 to 7 mm. 


Colorado, and Reno, Nevada (H. F. Wickham). One male and 
two females. Type No. 5002. 


Cordylura nebulosa, sp. nov. 


Black, the front except the sides and the ocellar triangle, dark brownish yellow, 
sides of front, face, cheeks, lower part of occiput and the palpi, white, first two anten- 
nal joints, proboscis, halteres, coxze, femora, tibize and tarsi yellow; third antennal 
joint one and one-third times as long as wide, arista short pubescent, vibrissze short, 
yellow, a yellow bristle of nearly the same length below each. Mesonotum and scutel- 
lum opaque gray pruinose, five dorso-central macrocheetz, scutellum bearing four stout 
ones; pleura on the lower part gray pruinose, the upper part and the abdomen 
polished, the latter destitute of stout macrocheetee, its hairs yellow. All femora and 
tibize bearing stout macrocheetee, hind tibize each with three ou the outer side besides 
those at the tip. Wings hyaline, the costal cell beyond the humeral crossvein, a bor- 
-der to the first vein beyond base of the second, and a large spot extending from apex 
of first vein to slightly beyond the apex of the fourth, brown, sometimes a hyaline 
vitta in the marginal cell, a triangular hyaline spot near apex of the submarginal and 
first posterior cells; small crossvein near last third of the discal cell. Length, 5 mm. 


Algonquin, Ill. Two female specimens collected June 2 and 6, 
1895, by Dr. W. A. Nason. Type No. 4099. 


Cordylura slossone, sp. nov. 


Black, the lower half of the front, antennz, face, cheeks, lower part of occiput, 
palpi, proboscis, under side of the prothorax, halteres, apical lamellz of the genitalia, 
coxze, except a spot on the outer sides of the middle and hind ones, femora except 
apices of the middle and hind ones, tibize and tarsi, yellow. Third antennal joint 
one or two-thirds times as long as wide, arista long plumose on the basal half, 
thickened on the basal sixth, lateral oral margin ciliate with yellow bristly hairs. 
Mesonotum, scutellum and abdomen polished, sparsely covered with yellow hairs, one 
pair of dorso-central and scutellar macrocheetee, abdomen destitute of stout macro- 
cheetze except at apex of the sixth segment; pleura gray pruinose, one sterno- 
pleural macrocheete, those of the proth>srax and mesopleura slender and yellow. 
Front and hind femora destitute of stout macrochetz, those of the front tibize slender 
and yellow, under sides of femora and inner sides of tibize thickly covered with long 
yellow hairs. Wings hyaline, small crossvein near last third of the discal cell. 
Length, 7 mm. 


Mt. Washington (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) and White Mountains (H. K. 


Morrison), N. H., and Beverly, Mass. (Edw. Burgess). Four male 
specimens. ‘Type No. 5000. 


Sept. 1898.1 TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican Coccinaé. 165 


Hexamitocera vittata, sp. nov. 


Head yellow, an oblong ocellar spot and a wide stripe extending from the upper 
part of each eye to the neck, dark brown; antennz brown, the first two joints and 
base of the third yellow, third joint two and one-half times as long as broad, arista 
pubescent, palpi and proboscis yellow. Thorax yellow, the mesonotum, scutellum, 
metanotum and a vitta beneath each wing, dark brown, polished, the mesonotum 
marked with four yellow vittz; two pairs of dorso-centrals, one pair of scutellar, 
two prothoracic and two stenopleural macrochzetze. Abdomen polished, dark brown, 
the hypopygium and the posterior margin of each segment, except the first, yellow, 
the hairs black, a few macrochztz along the sides. Legs yelluw, front and middle 
femora ciliate on the under sides with black bristles. Wings grayish hyaline, small 
crossyein slightly beyond middle of discal cell. Length, 6 mm. 


Colorado. A male specimen. Type No. 5o0ot. 


COCCIDZ COLLECTED IN MEXICO BY MESSRS. 
TOWNSEND AND KOEBELE IN 1897. 


By C. H. TyvLER TowNsEND anp T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


The following are species jointly studied by us (with certain excep- 
tions duly noted) in working over the two lots of coccid material col- 
lected in Mexico by Messrs. Townsend and Koebele during 1897, which 
were sent to us for determination by the United States Department of 
Agriculture. An author’s initials, bracketed at the end of a species, 
mean that the entire text under that species is to be accredited to that 
author alone. The work of mounting the specimens, drawing up the 
descriptions, and finally of preparing and writing the entire manuscript, 
was done by Mr. Townsend. Some notes on the forms of /cerya pur- 
chasi, based on material not represented in the above two lots, and also 
the description of a Brazilian species of Capuw/inza, are included in the 
paper, having developed in connection with the study of the other 
material. 


Icerya purchasi J/ask. 


Typical form (= craw? Ckll.).—On citrus trees in Magdalena, So- 
nora, Sept., 1894 (Townsend). ‘Thriving colonies of the typical pur- 
chast were found here, and must have been introduced from California. 
This, however, is so far the only authentic recorded locality for typical 
purchasi in Mexico. (See remarks under var. maskel/i which follows. ) 
enor. LT. T.] 


166 JouRNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Icerya purchasi var. maskelli C2/. 


On trunks of several orange trees at Aranjuez, six miles from Guay- 
mas, Sonora, Sept. 23, 1894 (Townsend).* This is the form that I took 
at Guaymas, and which has been published as purchasz. ‘The specimens 
are noticeable for their small size and short subconic ovisacs. 

The larval characters of gurchasz (typical form) and var. maskelii do 
not differ appreciably except in the antennze of first stage, and this dif- 
ference is not apparently constant. Mounts were made of larve of pur- 
chasi (typ. form) from California and Magdalena, Sonora; and of var. 
maskelii from Californiaand Guaymas, Sonora. The two mounts from 
California and that from Magdalena show the antenne of first larval 
stage practically the same; 2. ¢., the last joint is irregular in outline, and 
the penultimate, as well as last joint, bears one or two of the very long 
hairs. The Guaymas mount, being from the present specimens, shows 
the last antennal joint of first larval stage almost uniformly to be rather 
swollen and regular in outline, well constricted at base, rather soda-bot- 
tle shaped, and with none of the long hairson penultimate joint. But 
some specimens occurred exhibiting a tendency toward the other form, 
so that the character can hardly be called distinctive. 

The difference between the typical purchasz and var. maskellt were 
pointed out by Cockerell in Psyche, July, 1897, under the heading 
«¢note on two forms of the fluted scale.’’ These forms were recognized 
by Craw some seven years ago as differing from each other, and have 
ever since been noticed by him to retain their distinctive features. The 
finding of the present specimens, which seem to be an exaggerated 
maskelli form, near Guaymas, Sonora, suggested the possibility that 
maskelli might represent an endemic American form, not in any way 
connected with the Australian purchasc. This supposition fell after 
making-an extended examination of the larve, which could not be satis- 
factorily separated (at least the Californian specimens could not), so 
that the two forms could hardly be natives of two widely separated 
countries. It is still possible, however, that the present specimens from 
Guaymas may represent an endemic form related to purchasz, and thus 
a new species, but I do not consider it probable. 

The statement of Cockerell (Psyche, 1. c.) that maskelii is purchase 
in the strict sense, and agrees very nearly with Maskell’s description, 

*These specimens were in al] ‘probability what I collected near Guaymas, but 
unfortunately they were sent out from the Department without label. I can state 


positively that I collected exactly similar specimens, so far as external appearance goes 
at the locality given.—C. H. T. T. 


Sept. 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican Coccipa@. 167 


needs correction. It is craw which agrees very perfectly with Maskell’s 
description, and maske/di agrees very poorly. A photograph taken by 
Craw, in San Francisco, of Californian specimens of the two forms side 
by side, in situ on the branches, shows the differential characters very 
clearly. _Z. purchast has the body covered, usually conspicuously, with 
a white or yellowish mealy secretion; the ovisac long, stout and sub- 
cylindric, the whole form of sac and insect robust; the edges of body 
with curled cotiony filaments often of some length and pronounced, 
and the long glassy filaments normally present and conspicuous. J. 
maskelli, on the other hand, has the body usually nearly bare, dark in 
color; the ovisac short rounded subconic, being very conspicuously ab- 
breviated compared with purchast ; the whole form much less robust, 
the edges of the body quite destitute of curled cottony filaments, and 
the long glassy filaments usually inconspicuous. [C. H. T. T.] 


Icerya montserratensis Ailey and Howard. 


On leaves of avocado pear, Tampico, Jan. 26, 1897 (Townsend). 
Diy. Ent., No. 4708. Only one adult 9, but many young. 


Icerya palmeri (/ey and Howard. 


One adult 9, on Coursetia sp.,* near Guaymas, Sonora, April 23, 
1897 (Koebele, 1714), Div. Ent., No. 7893. ‘This is the first and onty 
adult specimen of /. Jalmeri known. As the specimen is an unique, it 
was decided not to boil it for a study of the adult 9 anatomical charac- 
ters. Unfortunately the antennz were broken, so that it is impossible 
to say whether it possesses g-jointed or 11-jointed antenne, and there- 
fore it can not yet be referred to its proper subgenus. 

Length of scale including ovisac, over 11 mm. Greatest width of body and of 
ovisac,5 mm. Width of ovisac at extremity, 4mm. Height of insect, 4 mm.; of 
ovisac, 444 mm. 

Adult 9. Body red; legs and antennz black, covered as well as venter with a 
white mealy secretion. Edge of body with moderately long curled filaments of white 
secretion, a central dorsal patch of filamentous secretion being variegated with pale 
sulphur-yellow. No glassy filaments on body apparently. 

Ovisac pure white, not fluted, presenting a smooth lime-like surface, large and 
stout, 8 mm. long below and 7 mm. above. The species resembles v2/eyé in its 
smooth unfluted ovisac. 

Several larvee extracted from the ovisac demonstrated the fact of this 
species being fa/meri. The median constriction of last antennal joint 
of first larval stage is pronounced and seems a constant character. The 


* The name was spelled Cocersitia on label. Presumably Coursetia was in- 
tended. 


168 JouRNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


wax of first and second larval stages is pure white. The characters 
agree perfectly with Riley and Howard’s description. A specimen of 
the second stage of 9 larva was also obtained from within the ovisac, 
and shows two long hairs, a little shorter than width of body, sticking 
straight out from sides of body, well removed from each other. These 
were doubtless broken off from the dried cast larval skins, from which 
the original description and drawings were made. The several hairs on 
last antennal joint of first larval stage are somewhat longer in some cases 
than in the figure. The broken stumps of the pair of cephalic hairs 
between bases of antennze appear in one specimen, but do not show in 
Phevouners. 1: [MC lw eeyalicg) 


Icerya rose Riley and Howard. 


Seven @ specimens, all apparently adult, taken on bark of trunk of 
a tree which may have been Prosopis sp., in plaza at market place. 
Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, May 26, 1896 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 
4222. It is curious to note that the anatomical characters of the adult 
@ of vos@ are the same as those of purchasz ; the antennee of rose have 
been stated by Riley and Howard to be the same as purchasz, while an 
examination of the present specimens shows them to agree perfectly in 
allthe other anatomical characters with the description of purchasz given 
by Comstock. The validity of vos@ stands on the absence of ovisac, 
absence of curled filaments of secretion on border of body, and absence 
of fine glassy filaments on body. Boiling in caustic soda gives first a 
pronounced rose-color, then a rose-brown. 


Icerya littoralis C£/. 


One adult 9 on bark of tree which may have been /rosofzs sp., in 
plaza at market, Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, May 26, 1896 (Town- 
send). Div. Ent., No. 7222. The egg-sac is short, and is distinctly 
yellow on circumference of basal half. There is no sign of the fine 
glassy filaments of the body in this species. ‘The fluffy waxy secretion 
enveloping the eggs and newly-hatched young is whitish, but the inside 
of the wall of egg-sac shows conspicuously yellow. The wax of first 
stage of larva is apparently quite pure white. ‘The last antennal joint of 
first larval stage, taken from ovisac of present specimen, and from sacs 
of “ittorals typical form, shows a slight constriction in middle, thus ex- 
hibiting a tendency toward Zalmeri. The first larval stage of Uttorals 
has the third antennal joint uniformly the same as 1, 2 and 4, the ap- 
proximate formula being 6 (1234) 5; while Aadmer? has the third joint 
uniformly longer than 1, 2 and 4, the formula being 63 (124)5. The 


Sept, 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican Coccip#. 169 


antenne of first larval stage of “¢toralis var. mimose Ckll., differ from 
typical “¢/oralis in the more uniformly stout basal joints and stout last 
joint, the intermediate joints being narrowed, giving the antennz a 
constricted appearance in the middle. In typical 47¢torals the basal 
joints seem nearly as narrowed as the intermediate ones. Both the 
typical form and var. mimose@ have the last antennal joint of first larval 
stage with several (about 3) very long hairs. Both also have the lateral 
bristles of border of abdomen anterior to anal bristles, in first larval 
stage, well differentiated from other lateral hairs, thus falling in the 
group with ros@, montserratensis and palmert. 

The antennz of adult 9 were both broken, one showing nine joints, 
the ninth joint being fractured and the distal portion missing. But the 
identity of the newly hatched larva with that of “7¢oralis proves the de- 
termination beyond doubt. 


Ortonia primitiva, sp. nov. Zowns. 


Differs from O. mexicanorum Ckll..as follows: Antenne only 9 jointed, less than 
twice as long as femur plus trochanter, more than twice as long as femur alone, the 
first five joints being about equal in length to the femur plus trochanter. Approxi- 
mate antennal formula, (39) (21) (678) (45). Ninth is not as long as seventh and 
eighth together. The only joints that are broader than long are 1, 2, 4 and 5, 
joints 3, 6, 7 and § are about as broad as long, In some cases 8 seems a little longer 
than 6 and 7. The last three joints are approximately equal in width, while the 
other joints gradually narrow proceeding toward the base. Joint 1 is perhaps 2 wider 
than 2. Tibia more than ¥f longer than femur, and but little more than 14 as broad 
as femur, being rather slim. Tarsus (not including claw) about 34 length of tibia, 
with about seven spines in a line on inner edge, tibia with about ten such spines. 
Claw apparently with a short stout rudimentary digitule. Under and outer edge of 
claw on each side delicately scalloped, showing four scallops. No bristles apparent 
on claw. Integument showing the large round and oval hyaline spaces said to be 
characteristic of the genus, and thickly covered everywhere with numerous long strong 
spines interspersed with shorter ones. Boiling in KHO stains the liquid brown. 
Length of 9 after boiling, about 5 or 6 mm.; dried unboiled ones are 3 mm. long, 
by 2 mm. wide. One of the larger specimens is accompanied by a considerable 
amount of pure white, fluffy, cottony secretion, which may form a substitute for an 
ovisac in this species. This cottony secretion, which does not seem to be present in 
mexicanorum, together with the presence in the debris of small orange-colored eggs, 
indicates that the material is adult. 


This species and mexicanorum need the erection of a separate sub- 
genus for their reception, perhaps two subgenera. I propose the name 
Protortonia for the present species, and it may even be found to merit 
generic rank, as being quite distinct from Or¢onza. For the present, 
O. mexicanorum can be included in it also. 


170 JourNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI- 


On ‘nettle tree,’? Cuantla, Morelos, May 31, 1897 (Koebele). 
Diy. Ent., No. 7878. The nettle tree, as stated elsewhere in this paper, 
is probably AZanzhot sp. [C. H. T. T.] 


Cerococcus corticis, sp. nov. 


Adult 9. Elongate-globular, balloon-shaped, apodous and without antennz, 
integument whitish and transparent after boiling; anal cone chitinous, yellowish at 
base, brownish on terminal margins, wide and stout, conico-cylindric, about as long as. 
basal width, less in diameter at discal end than at Fase, the margin deeply notched 
on ventral and dorsal aspect, the notch reaching to about middle of length of cone, 
the margins with a row of strong bristly hairs curved at ends, the lateral lips exter- 
nally rather thickly clothed with the same extending;down about 3/ way to base of 
cone. Between bases of lateral lips of cone inside appears what is evidently a 
median tubercle though not distinct, corresponding to the median tubercle situated 
between the two elongate caudal tubercles of C. guercus Comst. Anal ring con- 
cealed, but the stout, long cylindriform hairs arising from it are conspicuous, six in 
number (3 pairs), and reach well beyond ends of lateral lips of cone. In a younger 
specimen these hairs reach fully as far beyond ends of lips as depth of notch of anal 
cone. In astill younger specimen they are not apparent atall. The clear light yellow 
surface of basal part of cone shows a pair of brownish spots on either side, the inner 
pair much the larger. Spiracles distinct. Mouth parts large and well-developed 5 
@ full of large well-developed ova. Length of 9 on slide, nearly 2 mm.; width, 
12 mm. 

@ Scale white, irregularly oval in form, seed-shaped or bead-shaped, covered 
wholly with a waxy secretion which has a felted, sometimes cottony, appearance on 
the surface. Length, 2 to 214 mm.; width, about 13 mm.; thickness, about I to If 
mm. Apparently stuck into the surface of the rough bark. 


On bark of Quercus engelnanni, Nogales, Sonora, April, 1897 
(Koebele). Div. Ent., No. 7880. Professor Cockerell had determined 
this species rather hastily as C. ehrhorni, and Mr. Pergande called at- 
tention to the fact that it was very different in appearance and must be 
distinct. As will be seen, the anal characters show the species to be 
very distinct from ehrhorni. It will be well also to note the very 
marked difference between corticts and guwercus in the anal characters, 
as shown in Comstock’s figure of the latter. 


Phenacoccus gossypii, sp. nov. 


Sac pure lime white; length, 5 to6%4 mm.; width, 2 to 2%4 mm.; parallel-sided, 
more widened, larger and stouter than in ED, and the body of 9 not apparent 
at one end, the sac wholly covering the body, Boiling in caustic soda does not stain 
the liquid. 

Adult 9. Length of body, 3mm. Approximate antennal formula 2 (39) 
(145678). The antennz and legs are practically the same as in Aeianthi. The 
digitules of the claw are distinct, rather slender, well knobbed, and extending beyond 
the end of the claw about ¥% the length of the latter. Amtennze and legs pale 
brown. 


Sept. 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON MEXICAN CoccIDé. gil 


This species may be considered as taking the place in tropical 
Mexico of helianthi, which is found in northern Mexico, Texas and 
New Mexico. While hedianthi affects Helianthus, Pluchea, etc., in the 
temperate region just named, gossyZzz affects cotton and other malvaceous 
plants in the tropical region to the south. Probably the specimens 
found by Townsend on cotton at Santa Maria, Texas, May 7, 1895, 
and identified by Tinsley as he/ianthi var., are nearly or quite the same 
as the present form. 

LP. helianthi and gossypt both differ from ywcce, the only other de- 
scribed Mexican Phenacoccus in lacking the characteristic dark coloring 
of the antennz and legs. They may be separated from each other by 
the sac characters already given. 

Massed on stems, stalks and leaves, mostly on underside of latter at 
base of cultivated ornamental plant called, ‘‘amistad,’’ which is very 
closely allied to cotton and is probably a species of Gossypium. Fron- 
tera, Tabasco, June, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7820. 

Also specimens on twigs, leaves and squares of cotton, Frontera, 
Tabasco, June, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7811. From this 
material only a single adult 9 was obtained. It agrees in every respect 
with the specimens from amistad, except that the second and third an- 
tennal joints are equal in length. Only the first six of the antennal 
joints are represented in the specimen; the formula for these would be 
(23) 1 (456). The sacs are typical. 

Var. a.—Sacs have same general characteristics and appearance, but 
are uniformly smaller than in typical gossyfzz. Length of sac, 3 to 5 
mm.; width 14% to 2mm. The legs, including digitules of claw, are 
same as in gossyfiz. So also are the other characters of the 9 , except- 
only those of the antennze, the second and third joints of which are 
normally quite equal; the approximate antennal formula is 23 (19) 
(45678). 

Greatly massed on branches, twigs, stems, and leaves of AZmosa sp., 
called ‘‘sarsa,’’ Las Islas del Rio Usumacinta, some 20 miles or more 
above Frontera, Tabasco, July 9, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 
7281. The plants were growing on the edge of the river, and were 
partially submerged at the time by the high water. 

Subsequently to writing the above, Professor Tinsley has carefully 
studied these forms of gessyfi7, and compared them with hedianthi. 
His investigation convinces him that no antennal or other structural 
character of the adult 9 will serve to differentiate he/ianthi and gossypii. 
The easily noticeable differences. in external appearance are, however, 
sufficient to separate them. 


172 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VB. 


Prosopophora manihotis, sp. nov. 


. Scale suborbicular, averaging about 3 mm. long, by 2% mm. wide, and 1% 
to 1% mm. high. Color sordid yellowish-white or brownish-gray. Surface rugose 
near margin, dorsal surface faintly transversely ribbed, three longitudinal rows of 
slight tubercles more or less distinct ; in some specimens the dorsal surface is worn 
smooth. Scale with conspicuous traces of a whitish chalky secretion. Boiled in: 
KHO gives the liquid a reddish or brownish color. The dried females under the 
scales are black. 

@. Antennz 8-jointed, moderately stout, gently tapering; first joint about 
twice as wide as long, second a little wider than long, third a little longer than wide, 
second and third about equal in width and considerably narrower than first; fourth 
considerably narrower than third, about half again as long as wide; fifth still nar- 
rower but not twice as long as wide; sixth shorter than fifth, and seventh shorter 
than sixth, seventh being slightly wider than long; eighth joint knob-lke, circular in 
outline, surmounted by several hairs, diameter less than width of seventh. Usual 
antennal formula approximately (34) 5 (612) (78); varying in one case to (34) 
(512) 6 (78). . 

Spines of integument large, long and sharp. Double glands of integument not 
of the usual figure-eight form, but bent half double, thus presenting the outline of a 
pair of short ears. The integument shows the rod-like structures very numerous and 
rather stout, the whole surface being covered with them. 


On bark of ‘‘ nettle tree’’ (so called on label), Cuantla, Morelos, 
May 31, 1897 (Keebele 1757). Div. Ent., No. 7910. As there is no 
other possible plant in the tropics of Mexico, so far as I know, which 
could be called a nettle tree, other than what is known as the “ mala 
mujer,’’ which is a species of AZanzhot (or Jatropha), I take it that this 
is the plant in question. It especially merits the name of nettle, and 
assumes tree-like dimensions. Its spines are extremely irritating if only 
barely touched to the skin. The bark on which the scales occur resem- 
bles perfectly that of this giant nettle. [C. H. T. T.]. 


Tachardia nigra, sp. nov. 


Single specimens show the lac to be disposed in a more or less stellate form 
covering the body of the female, the stellate shape being due to the similar shape of 
the body of the female. Usually, however, the specimens are massed together on the 
branches, being so close to each other that the lac becomes confluent, joining the 
specimens and presenting the form of irregular elongate globular masses more or less 
confluent. The lac usually has a decided blackish surface color, unlike any hitherto 
known species of the genus; it varies to dark brown in some cases, however. Aver- 
age diameter of single specimens covered with lac, 3 to 4 mm.; height, 2 to21%4 mm. 
Boiling the lac in KHO gives a dark crimson lake color. 

. Spine is very long and thorn-shaped, perfectly regular in outline, widened at 
base, gradually tapering from near base to point, in length probably more than four 
times extreme basal width (the point in specimen studied is broken off). Perforated 


. 


Sept. 1838.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican CocciDé. 173 


plate of lac-tube subcircular; group of glands elongate-oval, widened end of group 
contiguous to border of plate; glands oval, closely packed. Anal tubercle prolonged 
at sides into long spine-like processes only a little shorter than width of tubercle at 
their origin, and longer apparently than the caudal filaments which are to be seen 
between them, The specimens are evidently adult. The lac of young specimens is 
disposed in a perfect star-like form, and the color is reddish-brown. 


On branches of Acacita sp., Orizaba, Vera Cruz State, July 15, 1897. 
(Koeble 1721). Div. Ent., No. 7927. 


Tachardia mexicana Comst. 

Lac in color reddish-brown, shaded to reddish-yellow. 

©. Antennz 6-jointed, formula (23) 4 (15) 6, stout, outwardly bowed, nearly 
equal in width throughout, first joint a little wider than rest; sixth joint narrowest, 
rounded, very short ; second and third about as long as wide. 


On branches of AZimosa sp., Oaxaca, Oaxaca State, August 21, 1897. 
@Mcebele 1664).> Div. Ent., No. 871. [C. Ho i: F.] 


Capulinia sallei Szgz. 


Adult 9. Antennze very short, atrophied, represented by a mere tubercle, not 
as high as broad, surmounted by several (about 4 to 6) hairs, not chitinous. Mouth 
parts large and well developed. Legs atrophied, front and middle pairs represented 
by a sharp conical stump, chitinous, triangular in outline, but little longer than basal 
width, usually distinctly 3-jointed, the third joint point-like. Hind legs nearly twice as 
long as others, of same structure, form and outline, except that they are nearly twice 
as long as basal width. The two stigmata on each side of body distinct, chitinous. 
Anogenital ring small, chitinized on its edge, without hairs; the integument thickly 
clothed all around it, within a radius of 8 to 10 times diameter of chitinous portion of 
ring, with what appear like short hairs but are probably minute elongate glands or 
tubular spinnerets, giving the area a thickly dotted appearance which ends abruptly. 
The specimens studied, after being boiled, measure 114 to 124 mm. in diameter. © 
They’ boiled clear easily. Boiled in KHO stains liquid greenish-yellow. 

g. What is apparently the male scale is creamy-white, cottony but of close 
texture, entirely covering the immature male, subquadrangular in dorsal outline, a 
little flattened, and 114 to nearly 2 mm. long, by 34 to 44 mm. wide. An immature 
male pupa shows a broad stout chitinous anal horn, twice as long as width at origin, 
rather bluntly pointed, triangular in outline, and with a long strong chitinous spine 
approximated to it underneath, taking its origin on ventral surface at a distance an- 
terad of origin of anal horn equal to fully or a little more than the length of latter, 
the point of spine reaching beyond the middle of length of latter and parallel with 
it. The legs are well developed ; femora, tibize and tarsi rather swollen, cox and 
trochanters narrowed, the femora thinly and the tibize and tarsi more thickly clothed 
with minute bristles, the tarsi with a well-formed claw atend. Femur plus trochanter 
distinctly shorter than tibia plus tarsus. The long many-jointed antennze do not 
show the segmentation distinctly enough to be described. The length of the pupa, 
as mounted, is 11¢ mm, A 


I have no doubt that this is Signoret’s species. Not only do the 


174 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


adult 9 characters agree perfectly, as figured and described by Signo- 
ret, but the description of the appearance of the adult 9’s in life, in 
situ on the food plant, agrees perfectly, the @ being covered with a 
cottony secretion and bearing pendant from the oval end a single long 
cottony filament. 

Found on leaves and twigs of a wild shrub or small tree called 
“*escobillo,’’ in woods, Arroyo San Isidro (near Frontera), Tobasco, 
May 27, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7659. The cottony fila- 
ments hanging pendant from the ?’s reached a length of something like 
tkree inches. 

This rediscovery of Capulinia sallec is of great interest, not only 
ger se, but further as throwing much light on the affinities of several 
more recently described allied genera. ‘The study of the present ma- 
terial has demonstrated the close relationship of Capudinza with Sphero- 
coccus Mask. (1891), and Xylococcus Loew (1882). Both Capulinia 
and Xylococcus fall in the /dococcine of Maskell, and in fact could 
both be included in the genus Spherococcus as characterized by that 
author. However, the genus Sph@erococcus may be maintained for 
forms of the S. caswarine Mask. and acaci@ Mask. type, while S. zzjfla- 
tipes Mask. needs the erection of a separate genus for its reception. S. 
bambus@ Mask. has already been referred to Aztonina. Other species 
described since by Maskell as Sshe@rococcus will need similar revision. 
Xylococcus filiferus Lw. of Austria, resembles Capudlinia sallei in the 
presence of the long pendant cottony filament of 92, but apparently 
differs in the presence of an anal cone and other minor characters. ‘The 
genus Spherococcus, asabove restricted, will include such forms as have 
the feet entirely absent in the adult 9, and the antenne either absent 
or rudimentary. Cafudnia will include forms in which not only the 
antennee, but also the feet, at least the posterior pair, are represented in 
more or less rudimentary form, and are not entirely absent. While both 
the feet and antennze are said by Loew to be wanting in Xy/ococcus, 
the latter genus will remain distinct from Sfh@rococcus by its chitinous 
analvconeron tubercle, Co Ee dyes) 

The description of the following Brazilian species is included here 
while on this genus: 

Capulinia jaboticabz Von Jhering.* 

Adult 9. Round-oval in outline, 44 tor mm. in length, Differs from C. sadlez 

as follows: Antennz more developed but still rudimentary, about twice as long as 


* We had named this species after Dr. Von Jhering, but in the meanwhile he has 
(Revista Agricola, June 1898, p. 188) proposed to call it Capalinia jaboticabe, Dr- 


Sept. 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON MExican CocciD&é. 175 


wide, distinctly 4-jointed, joints 1 to 3 more than twice as wide as long, last joint 
narrower and irregular with several hairs. Another specimen, probably of a previous 
moult, shows five joints in the antennee. Front and middle pairs of feet entirely ab- 
sent, without tubercular rudiments. Hind legs quite well developed, distinctly seg- 
mented, not tubercular but elongate; coxa subtriangular, as long as basal width, 
wide; femur (plus the small trochanter) wide, but only about two-thirds as wide as 
base of coxa, about as long as length of coxa; tibia narrower and a little longer than 
femur ; tarsus tapering, fully as long as tibia, without apparent claw. In the imma- 
ture specimen above mentioned the femora are relatively wider compared with the 
coxee, 


Brazil, probably Sao Paulo (Dr. H. von Jhering). On dZpreiaria 
cauliflora. This is a very distinct species from C. sad/ez, in the com- 
plete absence of front and middle legs, and the comparatively well 
developed hind legs. 


Lichtensia mimosa, sp. nov. 


Length of shrunken 9, 314 mm.; of ovisac, 12to 13 mm. Width of ovisac, 4 
to 4% mm, Ovisac white, compact, surface with a satiny lustre, nearly parallel-sided, 
not ribbed or keeled, normally covering the insect. 

Antenne rather short, eight-jointed, without noticeable hairs except what ap- 
pear to be two short ones at tip, second joint considerably shorter than third which is 
longest, fourth and fifth nearly equal and shorter than third, sixth about as long as 
second, seventh and eighth but little shorter. Approximate antennal formula 3 
(45) (26) (78) 1.  Tarsal digitules very long, slender, more than twice as 
long as the claw, not greatly knobbed. Digitules of the claw very stout, one 
quite equally thickened and not greatly widened at end, while the other is nar- 
rowed in the middle and club like at end. Claw digitules as long as the claw, 
which is rather large. Tarsus a little more than one-third length of tibia; femur 
markedly longer than tibia. Anal plates together forming a square, the outline of 
each being a right-angled triangle, each with two short hairs at posterior end. In- 
tegument with numerous oval or usually nearly spherical glands, the smaller ones so 
massed as to give a finely granulated appearance. Marginal spines small and simple, 
but fairly stout, about or hardly as far apart as their length. 


As compared with Lichtensia lutea Ckll., from Vera Cruz on Croton 
being the only previously known tropical Mexican Lichtensia, the pres- 
ent species differs markedly in the claw digitules, besides having the 
ovisac pure white instead of lemon-yellow. In JZ. éufea the claw is 
smaller, and the digitules of the claw are about twice as long as the latter. 

Occurring singly on branches of AZimosa sp., locally called ‘‘sarsa,”’ 
Las Minas, near Frontera, Tabasco, June 4, 1897 (Townsend). Div. 
Ent., No. 7810. 


Noack has also sent me some specimens in situ, collected by Dr. Campos Novyaes at 
Itatiba, State of St. Paulo, and I find they live in little crater-shaped galls. The 
females have the antennz with 5 or 6 segments.—T. D. A. C. 


176 JouRNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Ctenochiton aztecus, sp. nov. 

Length of 9 scale, 2 to 2% mm.; width, 114 to 2 mm.; height, I mm. or a 
little less; in form convex, and leaving a very conspicuous white silk-like covering 
on the bark whendetached. Boiling in KHO gives a pale brown color. The secre- 
tion of 9 is glassy in appearance, and has the characteristic serrate frings on the 
edge. The marginal fringe shows 12 to 15 short teeth on each side. The adult 9°, 
after being denuded of the glassy secretion, is brown, but loses its color by boiling in 
KHO, except the anal plates and adjacent edges of cleft which remain brown, In- 
tegument shows a reticulated or honeycombed structure. Female apparently apodous 
and without antenne. Marginal bristles extremely short, stout, and pointed, about as 
far apart as twice their length, but varying. Anal plates triangular, taken together 
hardly or nearly forming a square. Anal cleft deep, in some about one-fifth the 
length of whole body, in others less. Two bristles at end of each anal plate, and 
one on inner edge. Two longer bristles springing from their junction inside. The 
females are full of larvee. 

Glassy secretion is minutely irregularly striate, but shows no distinct air cells; it 
is raised on the dorsal surface into tubercular processes, showing especially in the 
more immature individuals. In the latter the processes take the form of a median 
dorsal row, a marginal row, and a row on each side half way between the dorsal and 
marginal, 


On bark of trunk of tree called ‘ cafetilla cimarron,’’ which means 
wild coffee, but the tree is very distinct from coffeé. Arroyo San Isidro, 


near Frontera, Tabasco, May 27, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 
7645. 
Ceroplastes roseatus, sp. nov. 

© scale. Greatest length, 11 mm.; greatest width, 8 mm.; height, 6 mm, 
Color pale sordid yellowish, with a very faint rose tinge. Younger (smaller) speci- 
mens measure 7 to 9 or 10 mm. in length, and show the wax clearer, whitish with a 
pronounced roseate tinge or blush. Wax not divided into plates, no nuclei present. 
Form in lateral profile low conical with the apex rounded, the two sides meeting ata 
little more than a right angle; in anterior profile the sides meet at less than a right 
angle. ‘The younger more roseate scales, with the fresh appearance to the wax, are 
not so symmetrically formed, the anterior margin of the wax being lapped up in 
front, and presenting just posterior to this a deep notch in the profile. Median dor- 
sal tubercle of the wax is pale yellowish. Margin a little scalloped in dorsal profile, 
showing about seven projections of the border. Thickness of wax at base, 3 mm. at 
ends, averaging 2 mm. at sides. Surface of wax smooth, a little roughened in the 
largest specimens. 

Body of 9, before being boiled, denuded of wax (basal measurements), 4 mm. 
long, 214 mm. wide; this being a specimen which measured 914 mm. in length with 
wax in situ. Dorsal tubercle prominent, high, narrow, but widened (or rather 
lengthened ) longitudinally, the sides giving the outline in lateral profile of a. perfect 
angle of 55 degrees. Sides of body showing seven distinct lateral tubercles, the an- 
terior one being in the middle. Caudal horn very elongate and stout, about 2 mm. 
long, and 44 mm. in diameter at base. Color of dorsum brownish-red, the caudal 
horn black, becoming brown at base. Boiling in KHO gives a faint rosy tinge. 


Sept. 188.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON MExican COCcCcIDA. EGE 


©. Capitate spines of integument present same form asin cerzferus. Claw 
short, digitules of claw about twice as long as claw, unequal, one very stout and that 
knob extremely large, the other more slender and widened or flattened leaf like at end. 
Femur rather stout, swollen, rather long oval in outline, without the trochanter about 
as long as tibia; tibia about one third as wide, parallel-sided. Tarsus a little more 
than half as long as tibia. Tarsal digitules filiform, well knobbed at end, reaching a 
little farther than to the ends of claw digitules. Antennz 6-jointed, the last three 
joints nearly equal in length, the sixth slightly longest, the third very long and a little 
wider than the following ones; the first and second about equal and each less than or 
about one-third as long as the third. The fourth and fifth are about one-half again 
as long as wide; the first is somewhat wider than length of second; the second is 
truncate-conical, its basal width being about equal to its length, its distal width a little 
more than one-half its basal. 


The only other known roseate forms of Ceroflaszes are, a variety of 
floridensis, which is easily distinguished by its much smaller size; and 
albolineatis, which was described from Jamaica, and is a very common 
species in Brazil, but is at once distinguished by the two conspicuous 
white lines on the sides. 

On branches of a wild fruit tree locally called ‘‘cojon de venado,”’ 
El Cuyo del Chicosapote, near Frontera, Tabasco, June 18, 1897 (Town- 
send). Div. Ent., No. 7611. 


Lecanium tuberculatum, sp. nov. 


Q. Scale very convex, rounded-oval, sometimes nearly round, normally about 
4 mm. in length, 3 mm. in width, and 2mm. in height. Color clear reddish-brown, 
the margin narrowly dark brown. Scale finely tuberculate and pitted near border, 
coarsely and less conspicuously tuberculate on rest of surface, the low rounded 
tubercles with shallow pits or furrows between them. In shrivelled scales the fine 
tuberculation is more extentive and conspicuous. Most specimens also show a pair 
of longitudinal dorsal impressed lines, with one or two less distinct lines running 
across them at right angles. No glassy secretion apparent on surface of scale. The 
blackish rim and tuberculate character of the scale will serve to distinguish it from 
perconvexum, which is uniformly blackish and with only the row of fine tubercles 
near rim. 

Legs very short, tibia and tarsus equal in length and about as long as broad; 
the tarsus hardly narrower than tibia, rounded apically and not pointed; claw short, 
stout, strongly hooked, and about half the length of tarsus; femur but little longer 
than tibia, wider basally than apically, and as long as apical width. Digitules of 
tarsus and claw stout, filiform, the claw digitule apparently longer than the tarsal, 
which latter is about as long as the claw itself. Anal plates subtriangular, together 
forming nearly a square, but somewhat rounded on the caudo-lateral margin. Anal 
ring with four bristly hairs showing between the opened plates. Dermis chitinous, 
with gland pits moderately small and rather numerous. Boiling in KHO stains 
liquid pale brown. 


Belongs to the neotropical group of perconvexum, chilaspidis, uricht, 


178 JouRNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


zmbricatum, etc., characterized by the short rudimentary legs. It comes 
nearest to the Brazilian ferconvexum Ckll. 

On twigs of tree called ‘‘cafetillo,’’ San Antonio del Sapotal, 
near Frontera, Tabasco, June 2, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 
78009. 


’ 


Aspidiotus jatrophe, sp. nov. 

Belongs in the subgenus Dzasfzdiotus. Q scale circular to suboval, CONVEX» 
pale grayish-brown, 114 mm. in diameter. Exuviz nipple-like, situated usually to 
one side of the middle, concolorous with rest of scale but ofa darkershade. { scale 
suboval or oblong, same color or a little paler than 9, 1 mm. long and about or little 
more than half as wide. Scales not leaving a white surface on the bark when de- 
tached. 

©. Circumgenital glands absent. Anal orifice near posterior extremity. Three 
pairs of lobes. Median lobes large, oblique, very strongly notched on outer side, not 
at all oninner side. Well marked glandular incisions in the interlobular intervals. 
Chitinous processes of the glandular incisions resemble those of A. detule. First 
interlobular interval moderately wide. Second and third lobes minute, dentiform. 
Spines unusually large and stout. Outer spine-like plates much branched, those of 
first interlobular space simple and two in number. Body of 9 broad pyriform, yel- 
lowish brown. Species doubtless viviparous, as the 9 is filled with large well 
developed embryos, and lacks the circumgenital glands. 


g and 9 scales massed together on bark of mainstems and branches 
of Jatropha sp., called ‘‘chaya,’’ a cultivated plant whose green juicy 
stems are cooked for food. Frontera, Tabasco, May, 1897 (Town- 
send). Div. Ent., No. 7682. This is a southern species of a northern 
type. 

Aspidiotus agavis, sp. nov. 

Belongs in subgenus Chy-ysomphalus. 9 scale circular or subcircular, brownish- 
gray, the marginal portion whitish. Exuvice central, black or blackish, more or less 
covered with a gray secretion which is usually scaled off and shows only as a border 
to the exuvize. Diameter, I to 1144 mm. 

©. Body deep yellow. Three pairs of lobes. Median lobes widened, ap- 
pearing like human incisions, contiguous to each other. Second pair of lobes about 
one-fifth wider than median, third pair same as second. Distance between median 
and second pairs of lobes less than half width of one of the median lobes. Distance 
between second and third pairs nearly equal to width of one of the median lobes. 
Spine-like plates moderately short. There is a rudimentary angular fourth lobe be- 
yond the third pair, and the margin of the body beyond the lobes is serrate for a dis- 
tance equal to that occupied by the lobes of one side, the serration being composed 
of smaller spine-like plates. Beyond this the margin of the body is minutely serrate. 
Four groups of circumgenital glands, cephalolaterals 16 in each group in one speci- 
men; in another 13 to 16, more or less prolonged inwardly in group outline instead 
of rounded as normally. Caudolaterals apparently with 8 glands each. 


Sept. 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican CocciD&. Ny( 


This species is allied to 4. nigropunctatus Ckll. It resembles it in 
general appearance by the blackish exuvize, and the lobes are similar in 
form. It may be distinguished from that species by the lobes being en- 
tire, not notched. ‘The scales are also uniformly smaller than in zzgro- 
punctatus. 

Massed on leaves of Agave sp. Toluca, Mexico, August 29, 1897 
(Koebele 1697). Div. Ent., No. 7935. 


Aspidiotus koebelei, sp. nov. 


Belongs in the subgenus Chrysomphalus. Allied to A. albopictus Ckll., from 
which it differs as follows: Caudal end not so narrow and pointed. Caudolateral 
glands 3, cephalolaterals 4. Tubular glands short, only about as long as the median 
lobes, eight in number, the median pair having their origin posterad of the rest. In 
immature females these glands are much longer, and much resemble those of a/bofic- 
tus, Median lobes well separated, about as wide as long, rounded, entire, Second 
pair of lobes removed from the median a distance equal to diameter of either lobe, 
about same width as median, entire. Third pair pointed, tooth-like, somewhat farther 
removed from second than are latter from median, less conspicuous than other lobes. 
Farther down the margin a rudiment of a fourth lobe appears. Anal orifice (appar- 
ently) close up near base of tubular glands. 

. Scale circular to suboval, flat or but little raised, 114 to 2 mm, in diameter, 
usually clear light brown but sometimes more or less grayish. Exuviz a little to one 
side of center, marked only by a darker ring in some specimens, in others nearly con- 
colorous with rest of scale, while in still others they are grayish or of a lighter color. 
g scales oblong or long-oval, usually pale grayish-brown, the exuviz usually neaier 
one end and light reddish-brown in color. 


Numerous ¢ and 9 scales massed on leaves of orange, Oaxaca, 
Oaxaca State, August 22, 1897 (Koebele 1656). Div. Ent., No. 7935. 


Aspidiotus albopictus var. leonis, var. nov. 


The characters of the 9 are the same as in a/bopictus, except that the caudolat- 
eral glands number 5 to 6, and the cephalolaterals only 6to 7. A. albopictus be- 
longs in Chrysomphalus. One specimen is infested by an interesting fungus. 

Q. Scale circular, flat, averaging 114 mm. in diameter. Color of scale flesh-gray, 
outer border more or less distinctly whitish, the whitish often invading most of sur- 
face. Exuvice often nearly central, pale brown. Although the characters of the 9 
insect are nearly the same as in typical a/éofictus, the present specimens represent at 
least a good variety in the considerable differences in the characters of the 9 scale. 


On leaves of orange, Linares, Neuvo Leon, Dec. 17, 1897 (Town- 
send). Div. Ent., No. 7935. 


Diaspis baccharidis, sp. nov. 


@. Scale rather broad oyster-shell shaped, 2 to 24 mm, long, 1% to 2 mm, 
wide, flattened, exuvicze at smaller end which corresponds to the hinge end of an 
oyster shell, leaving a whitish film on bark when detached, The inside or underside 


180 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


of the scale is grayish in color; the outside surface is wholly covered in all cases, 
with a fungus of a grayish-brown color, obscuring the color of the scale so that it is 
impossible to distinguish it. 

g. Scale is quite distinctly tricarinate, 11, to 134 mm. long, 24 mm. wide 
white; exuvium at one end, brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown. The ¢ scale is 
different in texture from that of the 9. 

Q@. After boiling, subcircular, tinged with brownish-yellow at least anally. 
‘Three pairs of lobes, the median largest, almost imperceptibly excavated on their 
outer posterior border, very slightly notched on inner posterior border, about as wide 
as long, slightly separated, not contiguous. Second pair of lobes subround, rather 
less than one-half the width and length of median lobes, each removed by about its 
own width from median lobes, entire. Third pair of lobes small, about half the size 
of the second pair, appearing as tubercles on the margin, removed from second pair 
a distance equal to rather more than twice their diameter. Small sac-like structures 
situated at bases of lobes resembling in form those of Dzaspidio¢us, those of each 
median lobe appearing nearly U-shaped, being very indistinctly separated at base ; 
those of third lobes shaped like a pair of heavy dots, those of second lobes transi- 
tional in form between those of median and third lobes. There arealso still a fourth 
pair, and even a rudimentary fifth. Spines rather smallandshort. Spine-like plates 
not large, not long, equallingin length the median lobes. Anal orifice about five 
times its diameter removed from anal end of body, well posterior to the level of the © 
caudolateral glands. Five groups of ventral glands, in form mulberry-shaped, espe- 
cially the cephalolateral pair. Caudolaterals, about 20; cephalolaterals, about 30 or 
more; median group, I5. ; 


On bark of woody stalks of Baccharis glutinosa, Amecameca, Mexico, 
June 1, 1897 (Koebele 1758). Div. Ent., No. 7959. 


Pseudoparlatoria serrulata, sp. nov. 


Distinguished at once from the other species of the genus so far known by the 
minutely serrulate character of the lobes. Five groups of circumgenital glands 
caudolaterals 11 to 15, cephalolaterals 12 to 15, median 2. Allied to P. zoacki CkIL., 
rather than to P. parlatorioides Comst., as indicated by the five groups of glands, the 
jJatter species having only four. The median lobes are not so pointed as in z0ack?, but 
are rather rounded; while not notched like pa7/atordoides (as in Comstock’s figure), 
they are rather inconspicuously notched nearer the base. The spine-like plates of 
first and second interlobular spaces are shorter than in either species, projecting but 
little beyond the end of the lobes. Lobes of second pair divided into three lobules. 
Fish tail structure between the median lobes hardly projecting beyond the lobes. 

©. Scale 1% to 2mm. in diameter, flattened, subcircular, whitish, grayish, or 
greenish gray; exuviz lateral, pale yellowish or yellowish-brown. ¢ scale small, 
subpyriform, about 1 mm. long, exuvice at the wider end; color grayish, with exuviz 
yellowish. 


On leaves of unknown tree Hernosillo, Sonora, April 23, 1897 
(Koebele 1719). Div. Ent., No. 7934. 


Sept. 1893 ] Banks: On MEXICAN PHALANGIDA. 181 


SOME MEXICAN PHALANGIDA. 
By NATHAN BANKS. 


Cynorta mexicana, sp. nov. 

Length body, 6.5 mm.; breadth, 4.5 mm. ; femurI, 2 mm.; femur II, 3.5 mm. 
Dull yellow brows, tibize darker, last palpal joint black. Dorsum nearly smooth, 
eye-tubercle low, smooth; tibia of palpus very broad, last joint ending in a fine 
curved claw; legs I, II and III nearly smooth, with fine hairs; venter smooth; 
‘dorsum of abdomen with low tubercles along each side to the hind femora, on hind 
part of middle a pair of very small tubercles, scarcely evident, and behind them a 
transverse row of four minute tubercles, the hind border of the shield and of the 
next two segments with a row of small tubercles ; hind leg spinulate on femur, patella 
and tibia, rather more strongly on last two, on inner side of femur near tip isa larger, 
prominent, blunt spine. Readily known from our forms by larger size, absence of 
markings, small tubercles, and armature of hind leg. 


Erginus mexicana, sp. nov. 

Length, 3.9 mm.; femur I, 1.7 mm.; femur II, 3.1mm. Body almost uniform 
pale yellowish, legs paler, nearly white. Dorsal surface evenly and rather. roughly 
granulate, eye-tubercle broad, low; basal joint of mandibles swollen above and 
prominent, distinctly granulate; palpi appressed to mandibles, the femur broad, den- 
ticulate above, below on inner margin with six blunt teeth, tibia very broad, concave 
within, margins with bristles, tarsus slender, one half length of the tibia, ending in a 
long, fine, curved claw; venter and coxz granulate; the margins of the very much 
retracted segments denticulate; legs slender, finely granulate, fourth pair nearly as 
long as second, but the fourth tarsus shorter than that of second leg. 

One specimen ; readily known by the blunt teeth under the femur 


of palpus. 


Liobuhum mexicanum, sp. nov. 

Length body 4mm, femur I, 11 mm., femur II, 18 mm. Dark brown above, 
nearly uniform, but faintly showing a chocolate brown vase-mark on basal part of 
abdomen; beneath wholly pale; palpi pale, brownish on base of the femora, above 
on patellze, and at base and tip of the tibiz; mandibles pale ; legs brown, with scat- 
tered pale dots on basal joints, often arranged in groups, coxze pale, trochanters brown- 
ish, extreme tip of tibice pale. Dorsum above quite finely and regularly granulate; 
eye-tubercle quite high, smooth, the eyes prominent; last joint of palpus as long as 
tibia and patella together, scarcely curved, each of the coxz I, II and III terminate 
above next to the body in a small white spine. 

Amecameca [Barrett]. The specimen has but three legs on the right 


side, leg II being absent and its coxa is rudimentary. 


Liobunum albipalpe, sp. nov. 
Length body 5 mm., femur I, 12 mm., femur II, 20 mm. Palpi white, basal 
joints rather yellowish, mandibles pale yellowish; cephalothorax black in center, 


182 JournaL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


whitish on front and sides, and narrowly behind ; abdomen black, a whitish stripe on 
the side of basal half and two or three of the segments behind are narrowly white 
on the side of the apical margin ; coxze and venter almost black, four elongate whit- 
ish spots just behind hind coxze, the basal one much the largest; trochanters black, 
legs brown, pale on middle of femora, darker on patellz. Eye-tubercle moderately 
prominent, faintly roughened above; patella of palpus with a distinct projection at 
inner end about as long as width of joint, tibia scarcely longer than patella, last joint 
slightly curved, fully as long as tibia plus patella; basal part of abdomen finely rug- 
ulose, also the apical portion of the apical segments; legs faintly roughened. 


Readily distinguished by the white front and white spots behind 
cOxe. 


Leptobunus spinulatus, sp. nov. 


Length 11 mm., femur I, 5 mm., femur II,9 mm. Black, mandibles pale yel- 
lowish, patella, tibia, and basal half of tarsus, of palpus yellow brown, coxze dark 
yellow brown, extreme base of femora whitish, tarsi brownish. Eye-tukercle low, 
with a few spinules above, a group of numerous spinules on front border, all small; 
palpi with short stiff hair, tibia much longer than patella, tarsus longer than both to- 
gether, nearly straight; coxze with granules, and trochanters spinulate, rows of spin- 
ules on the femora, more irregular on patella and smaller on tibie ; tibia II nearly 
smooth, with two false articulations, none in other tibize, none in anterior metatarsi ; 
abdomen with transverse rows of minute, pale, pointed tubercles, rather few in a row. 


Related to Z. grande, but much more spinulate. 


LIFE-HISTORY OF FERALIA JOCOSA. 
By Otto SEIFERT. 


This pretty species may be found in the vicinity of New York from 
the last days of March to the end of April, wherever hemlock trees 
(Tsuga Canadensis) grow in any number. The moths emerge from 
their pupze about noon and ascend the hemlock trunks to develop their 
wings. Sometimes, on very cold days, they remain resting near the 
ground, as if paralyzed by the severity of the weather. When dis- 
turbed, they seem indifferent at first, but later suddenly dart off, usually 
to the higher branches of the trees. ‘They are easily found, as their 
bright colors contrast with the dark bark, especially after rain; but 
they are never abundant and seem to prefer spending their lives high up 
amongst the foliage of the trees, so much resembling their own colors. 
I have never been able to find a pair in copulation, though I have often 
observed males and females on the same trunk. When taken home and 


Sept. 1898.] SEIFERT: LiFE-HISTORY OF FERALIA JOCOSA. 183 


kept carefully with hemlock sprigs in large glass vessels, they remained 
nearly inactive and finally the females laid unfertilized eggs. It may 
be mentioned here that these moths can be kept alive for a compara- 
tively long time when fed on slices of fresh apple. 

The entire existence of this insect is bound and admirably adapted 
to the conifer on which it feeds. In April and May the mature hem- 
locks develop their flowers. ‘The staminate aments are produced pro- 
fusely on the younger, higher branches. The moth is only to be found 
on the larger trees. The impregnated female runs restlessly up and 
down the branchlets until it finds a twig with the budding staminate 
aments. ‘These latter appear in numerous clusters and here on the ad- 
joining leaves the moth deposits its rather large, pale honey yellow eggs. 
One or a few are glued to a leaf, mostly on the under side. The whole 
number of eggs rarely reaches 150. 

The eggs hatch after 14 to16 days. The pale greenish yellow larve 
at once attack the undeveloped anther sacks and feed on these only at 
this stage. ‘They bury their heads and part of their bodies in the buds, 
covering themselves over with pollen grains. As soon as the anthers 
reach maturity; develop their tender filaments and turn light brown the 
young caterpillars leave them entirely and take to the new leaves which 
have just opened. In the successive stages they gradually abandon the 
growing leafy shoots, touching them only occasionally and, after the 
last molt, feed exclusively on the deep green perennial leaves. They 
often denude small twigs of their leaves and leave only the light green 
terminal shoots on the branches. 

By the changes of color and design during growth the larvze follow 
the successively acquired food habits. Very young larvz are pale yel- 
lowish green, the color of the budding staminate aments; after this 
they change to bright, light green; then they obtain pale white longitu- 
dinal bands; later on they change to bright pea green with intense 
white stripes from the head to anal segment and a cherry red supra- 
stigmatal line bordering the white stigmatal stripe; at last the bands 
are broken into oval spots partly tinted and edged with yellow and red. 
Now the glossy, deep pea green, checkered caterpillar is admirably 
adapted to the deep green lacquered perennial leaves of the hemlock, 
variegated with flowers and buds. About six weeks after leaving the 
egg shell, the larval period is completed and the trim creature descends 
the tree, probably at night, digging into the ground close to the trunk 
and near the surface to form an almost oval, soft, but tenacious cocoon 
of earth and silk. In this it transforms to a brown pupa in a few days. 


184 JourNnaL NEW YorK ENToMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


It might be rash to assume these seemingly adaptive changes of 
habits and colors in the larval state to be a protective measure. The 
insect, on account of its early appearance, hardly needs much protection 
from enemies. Birds are rather scarce at this time, especially in hem- 
lock groves and probably would detect it in any case. Ichneumon flies 
and other parasitic hymenoptera are almost out of the question. A 
small Carabid beetle which ascends the trees at night and a rather large 
green hemipteron lurking often on the bark in day time probably never 
will infest the lofty habitat of the Herafa larve. Even the colors of 
the imago resembling the green and white mottled lichens on the bark 
are to all appearance of not much protective value, as some mutilated 
moths found near the trunks had apparently been killed by Carabids 
while resting on the bark. Probably the larva simply follows the gen- 
eral law of markings (Eimer, Artbildung bei den Schmetterlingen ; 
Orthogenesis, etc.), gradually converting the primitive pattern of longi- 
tudinal stripes into spots. In this case these changes apparently coin- 
cide with the different surroundings which are conditioned by the alter- 
ing food habits. 

figg.—Rather large, of the typical noctuid form; semiglobular, 
much flattened at base, depressed on top; pale honey yellow with 
faint greenish tint, extremely thin shelled and soft; closely ribbed when 
magnified, the ribs appear as blunt ridges with many irregular indenta- 
tions, these ridges widening toward base, do not all commence from the 
vertex, nor do they all reach the base. 

Eggs laid April 7th commenced to hatch April 21st. The young 
larvee do not eat their egg shells, but making an opening side ways, they 
leave the delicate, colorless, transparent membrane in shape. 

First stage.—Larve slender, almost pellucid, of a pale green- 
ish yellow color. Skin not smooth but irregularly folded. Head 
rather large, sparsely hairy, mouth-parts and ocelli pale yellowish- 
brown. On 1st, 2d and 3d segments dorsally shield-like plates indi- 
cated, those on 2d and 3d are omitted after moulting. Eleventh seg- 
ment humped slanting to anus, this hump before first moult has a raised 
shield-like plate covering the entire dorsal and subdorsal region. Seg- 
ments, except thoracic and last, with five minute black dots each bearing 
a short slender hair arranged in the usual noctuid way (Dyar, Classifi- 
cation of Lepidopterous Larvee); the three first segments have a few more 
delicate hairs and above cremaster a transverse bow of about 24 minute 
hairs. The young larve have during their earlier stages a looper-like gait 
and habits, holding with the after legs to a sprig and stretching the body 


Sept. 1898.] SEIFERT: LirE-HIsTORY OF FERALIA JOCOSA. 185 


out like a stick. They are fond of spinning small networks over the 
leaves especially when moulting and drop on a thread when disturbed, 
but these customs are gradually abandoned during their moults. Before 
changing their skins they turn sordid olive green, moult during the 
night and eat their cast-off skins except the head shell. 

After first moult,—The larve are bright yellowish green, slightly 
paler ventrally. Skin very transparent, contracted. Head compara- 
tively smaller than before of very pale tan-color, mouth parts light 
brown, ocelli darker. First segment somewhat swollen, hump much 
produced. An indistinct stripe forms dorsally, more distinct from 
seventh to last segment, also a very pale whitish green lateral stripe. 

After second moult.—They change to bright, glossy pea-green with 
pale bluish white dorsal, lateral and stigmatai stripes, all equidistant. 
The stripes run from first segments to the last, the stigmatal continued 
by a narrow line above cremaster. Cervical shield indicated by a slight 
depression and still brighter green, hump on top also more shiny. 

After third moult.—The stripes turn clear, heavy white. The stig- 
matal one is bordered above by a cherry-red line. The larve vary 
much in deeper or lighter shade of green, from pea-green to bright 
olive; the red line with different individuals is more or less intense and 
when most prominent it is edged below with yellow and the stigmatal 
stripe appears cream-colored. 

After fourth moult.—The ground color is still more glassy and trans- 
parent pea-green: stripes chalky, finely wrinkled. The dorsal stripe 
rather even, the lateral one almost uniform on the three first segments, 
but then widening in the middle of the segments and tapering in the 
incisures forms a chain of elongated spots. The stigmatal stripe is 
broken up into eleven irregular, half-moon shaped spots ; conjoined. 
The humped 11th and 12th segments have only one spot, but enlarged ; 
these spots are bordered above with cherry-red and shaded with yellow 
on the edges and junction. A pedal line of yellowish-white, oblong, 
irregular spots forms above the abdominal feet and on the tenth segment. 

After fifth moult.—The larve attain their maturity. Full-grown 
they are nearly cylindrical, about 32 to 35 mm. long, width 4.5 mm. 
All 16 feet normally developed. Eleventh segment forming a hump 
slanting to cremaster. The few short delicate hairs distributed as before, 
but hardly perceptible. The finely granulated skin folded, especially 
on stigmatal area. Ground color deep, glossy pea-green, very transpa- 
rent ; head and legs more yellowish green; cervical shield and hump 
still brighter green. Dorsal and lateral stripes chalky white, finely 


186 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


wrinkled, running from first segment to last. Dorsal stripe uninterrupted, 
on thoracic segments nearly uniform, then widening in the middle of 
segments and narrowing in the joints. The lateral stripe follows the 
same principal, but in a more complete way, being almost uniform on 
thoracic segments and forming a chain of spindle-shaped spots on the 
abdomen connected by a narrow line. The spot on the eleventh seg- 
ment runs in a line to anal plate. From first to last segment a stig- 
matal row of eleven large, half-moon shaped, cream colored spots, yel- 
low on the edges and bordered above their full length with cherry red ; 
on the three first segments the spots are more elongated forming almost a 
band, but they are disconnected ; on last two segments one large spot 
which ends in a narrow white stripe, edged above with yellow, 
bordering the anal plate. A pedal line of oblong, irregular cream col- 
ored spots, one on each segment except on first and twelfth. Spots on 
second and third segments smaller than the others, the latter extending 
almost over the whole width of the segment. 

The larvee vary in the deeper or lighter shade of green, the inten- 
sity of the red color and prominence of the yellow edgings. One of 
about 75 full grown caterpillars had all, even the dorsal stripe, converted 
into oval spots. 

From May 3oth to June 3d all but a few sickly stragglers had gone 
into the ground. Some forming their cocoons on the surface, only cov- 
ered by moss and dry hemlock leaves. ‘ 

Cocoon.—Rather soft but durable, made of earth and silk. 

Pupa.—Rather stout anteriorly, head cases slightly rounded, almost 
blunt ; movable segments tapering much to anal joint, the latter ends in 
two fine hooks with which the pupa is fastened to the cocoon. ‘Thorax 
and wing cases brown, the former shagreened, the latter wrinkled, an- 
tenne cases clearly visible, but not much produced. Abdominal seg- 
ments more reddish brown, finely punctured, the movable ones only so: 
anteriorly. Length of pupa 15 mm., widest in the middle, 5 mm. 

The imagines do not vary much in size. Almost all expand 34 mm. 
(about 50 specimens). ‘There is more variation in ground color and 
the black scales in median space. ‘The former varies from pea-green to 
bright olive; also appearing in all shades of cream color. The whole 
median space is often powdered with black scales, sometimes only 
partly and in a few specimens the black scales are omitted. _The white 
and black t. a. and t. p. lines are nearly always regular and distinct. 
The green females seem to be in the majority, but in general the. 
variability in either way is not confined to any sex, nor has the flying 


Sept. 1898] CoQuimILLETT: ON A NEw GENuS oF DIPTERA. 137 


anything to do with it since undeveloped soft winged green females, 
as well as cream colored ones have been found. Hind wings and 
vestiture not subject to noticeable variation, nor the underside of pri- 
maries and secondaries, which differs only slightly in deeper or lighter 
shading. 

[Note.—This larva has occurred to me in the Adirondacks on the 
balsam fir. Its pattern of markings and coloration are strikingly like 
those of the pine-feeding Sphingide, doubtless in adaptation to the 
similar environment. H. G. Dyar.] 


A NEW DIPTEROUS GENUS BELONGING TO THE 
THEREVID. 


By D. W. CoquiLLertr. 


Henicomyia, gen. nov. 


Antenne slightly longer than the thorax, cylindrical, first joint two-thirds as long 
as the head, the second broader than long, one-fifth as long as the first, third joint of 
nearly an equal diameter until near the tip, almost twice as thick as the first joint 
and nearly four times as long, the apical portion tapering gradually to the tip which 
is truncated and destitute of a style; head nearly twice as broad as long, face bare ; 
proboscis rather slender, the labélla of about the same diameter as the proboscis 
proper, the two together slightly longer than the head; palpi slender, their apices 
considerably dilated ; three ocelli present. Abdomen slender, fully three times as 
long as the therax, Wings with two submarginal and five posterior cells, the fourth 
posterior and anal cells closed and short petiolate. Type, the following species : 


Henicomyia hubbardii, sp. nov. 


gf. Head black, front somewhat polished, at narrowest part one-third as wide as 
either eye, antennz yellow, the second joint and apical portion of the third, brown ; 
proboscis brown, the under side of the basal portion yellow; palpi brown, the apices 
yellow; a row of black macrocheetze extending around the upper half of the occiput. 
Thorax and scutellum yellow, polished, a white pruinose vitta in middle of dorsum of 
thorax, considerably expanded behind the suture, and a white pruinose spot on upper 
part of the pleura in front of the insertion of each wing; a black macrocheta above, 
and another in front of, the insertion of each wing, thorax elsewhere, and the scutel- 
lum, bare. Abdomen black, polished, the extreme base yellowish, the posterior 
margins of the first four segments white; hypopygium nearly twice as long as the 
seventh, or last, abdominal segment. Wings hyaline, a brown cloud on veins at apex 
of second basal cell, and a brown fascia extending from the costa, a short distance 
before the apex of the second vein, to the base of the third posterior cell. Coxze yel- 
low, the posterior ones Jargely brown and covered with a silvery-white pruinosity ; 


188 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


femora yellow, the posterior ones except the extreme base and apex, brown; tibiz 
yellow, the hind ones brown; tarsi brown, the first joint and basal half of the second 
joint of the hind ones, yellow; all femora and the front tibize bare, middle and hind 
tibize thinly beset with very short bristles; pulvilli rather large, empodium wanting. 
Halteres brownish, the apical portion of the knobs white. Length, 8 mm. 


Ft. Grant, Arizona. A single specimen collected July 19, 1897, 
by Mr. H. G. Hubbard, after whom this interesting species is named. 
Type No. 4071, U. S. Nat. Museum. 


LIFE-HISTORY OF THE TWO FORMS OF CERURA 
NIVEA. 


By RicHarp E. Kunzez, M.D. 


In Professor Packard’s Monograph on Bombycine Moths, this Ceru- 
rin: Moth is mentioned as a varietal form of C. cimerea. Under date 
of August 14, 1897, the doctor wrote me, that ‘‘ there were two pale or 
white forms of czzerea in my region, whose larvee need to be identified.’” 
Professor Packard in his monograph states, that the white color of an 
example of C. mzvea, in Mr. Palm’s collection, from the Virgin river, 
southern Utah, is evidently the result of the action of bright sunlight, 
heat and dryness. ‘The same conditions exist in the Salt River Valley. 
Phoenix and Yuma hold the record for highest temperature of Arizona, 
that of the former being 117° Fahrenheit in the shade, while that of 
Yuma exceeded it by two or three degrees. This information I ob- 
tained from U. S. Weather Bureau of this City, and an attaché of the 
same formerly stationed in Yuma. My examples of zzvea were all col- 
lected at light in Phoenix up to the end of June, a few emerged from 
collected cocoons, and of those sent six to Mr. Charles Palm for deter- 
mination. ‘The reply stated, that according to the synopsis of Neumoe- 
gen and Dyar, they were Cerura nivea, variety of cenerea. Since my 
correspondence with Professor Packard, have taken the autumn brood 
of this insect, from which I bred from ova to pupze and imagines, and 
will now give as a result, that this moth has an undisputed right to rank 
as a species, and not as varietal form of cémerea. In its earliest larval 
stages the resemblance is nearer that of c¢zerea than any other Cerurine, 
while the last two stages more nearly resemble larvee of C. mu@tiscripia. 
In the East have bred from ova and collected larvee of any number of 
C. cinerea, multiscripta and borealis and well remember the larval life 
of those specics. 


Sept. 1898.] Kunze: Two ForMs oF CERURA NIVEA. 189 


As before mentioned, there are two annual broods in this hot anc 
arid region. The larva feeds on willow and cottonwood and I have 
collected cocoons early in spring from both food-plants. ‘The examples 
which served for observation, were two females taken in September, 
1897, in Phcenix. One of these was almost immaculate, except a 
small black spot between the veins of external border of primaries. 
The other was marked at the base and near cell of primaries with a few 
black patches and irregular markings. Bodies of both heavily clothed 
by long white hair, and at first thought I had taken a Spclosoma. 
The base of wings likewise thickly covered by a thick mass of shorter 
hair than onthe body. The males of this species have longer hair than the 
females. These Arizona cerurines are much larger than the C. cinerea 
of the East. After ovipositing I sent both females, a little the worse 
for functions performed, to Professor Packard, and also better examples 
of the spring and autumn broods of both sexes. Ground color of all 
was snow-white. ; 

The first female secured I placed in a paper box for ovipositing. 
This example regarding ornamentation, agreed more fully with figure 
19 of Packard’s Bombycine Moths, described as C. cinerea var. nivea 
or Dyar’s type of merzdionalis, 8. Onthe night of Sept. rgth a few 
eggs were laid and some more the following evening. ‘They were laid 
singly and in piles of 5 to 6 each. They were black, of a dull color, 
hemispherical and flat at base. Size 1.5 mm. Seven larve hatched 
Sept. 26th and eight more Sept. 27th, between the hours of 8.30 and 
9.45 A. M., making time of hatching seven days. 


Stage 7.—Face neutral pink, pilose, the same as the rest of the body. On all the 
joints white hairs. Joint 2 has two lateral prothoracic horns finely spinose, of purple 
color. These processes connected by a dorsal ridge. Two subdorsal, purple stripes 
from joint 2 to 7, interrupted on joints 8 and 9, and continued from joint 10 to 12. 
Joint 13 has appended two anal, filamental legs or ‘‘ tails.’ Dorsum greenish-yellow 
in a continuous line to penultimate joint. Dorsum of segments 7, 8 and 9, presents a 
diamond-shaped mark, due to absence of subdorsal purple stripes. Tails covered 
with spines or spinules, annulated purple and greenish-yellow. Near insertion the 
‘*tails’’ are purple, and of similar color at middle and terminal parts. Feet yellow- 
ish white, almost co.colorous with body. Length of larva without stemapods, 3 mm. 
and inclusive of these organs, 5.5 mm. ‘The head .5 mm. in breadth, space between 
head and middle of body .33 mm. breadth, and between joints 6 and 7, .5 mm. 

Stage I[[,—Observed October 3d, larva seven days old. Length of larva without 
stemapods, 14 mm. and inclusive of ‘‘ tails,” I9 mm. Width of joint 2, 2mm., and 
of joints 6 and 7, 1.25 mm. Length of prothoracic horas, I mm., width of ridge con- 
necting these processes, 3 mm. Face and body sparingly covered with white hair. 
Face and vertex speckled brown and green, Middle of face and mouth parts green. 


190 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Laterally a green stripe passing from vertex to mouth. Prothoracic horns brown, 
covered with greenish tubercles supporting a black spine. A greenish-yellow dorsal 
stripe, becoming triangular on joints 2 and 3 ; it becomes narrow and again widens 
on joints 6, 7,8 and 9 intoa diamond-shaped patch, constricted on joint 11, and finally 
widening on joints 12 and 13. A triangular brown patch in the middle of joint 3. A 
brown spot on joint 6. Joints 7 and 8 ornamented by an oval brownish spot centered 
green, and surrounded by a circle of minute, greenish tubercles. From the middle of 
joints 9 to II, a brownish patch like a maple leaf. Across the penultimate joint a 
longitudinal brownish dash. Lateral parts of larva green, of the same color as leaf 
of cottonwood. All legs concolorous with lateral parts. Feet whitish. The green 
of abdominal parts a lighter tint, and last two joints almost white. Stemapods of a 
color approaching a purple or lilac brown, annulated with greenish-yellow. The ex- 
tensile part of outer third of ‘‘tails’’ of darker shade. Spinose from insertion to tip. 

Stage [77.—Noted October 11th, larva 15 days old. Length of larva at rest 24 
mm., of body from head to venter, 18 mm. and of stemapods, 8mm. The width of 
joint 2, 3.5 mm. of joints 6 and 7,3 mm. Head subquadrate, 3 mm. inlength and 
2.5 in breadth. Head brown, face almost oval, brown and of lighter tint at mouth 
parts. Ground color of face a much lighter brown covered with dark spots. Lateral 
parts of face tinted brown. Vertex light brown, the same color passing over dorsum 
joints t and 2. A chocolate brown triangular patch on joint 5, widening on segments 
6 and 7, and narrowing on joint 8, forming the first, anterior diamond-shaped orna- 
mentation. The same brown dorsal patch is repeated on joints II and 12, not quite 
so large. On joint 13 there is more of an elliptical brown dorsal patch, reaching to 
venter. A yellow border a little broader than the width of stemapod, passes like an 
iregular subdorsal line below the brown ornamentation. This line starts at the head 
and continues uninterruptedly to venter. On joints 3 and 4, this yellow line almost 
meets with only a trace of brown between. Lateral parts of larva green, exact coun- 
terpart of cottonwood leaf, covered by yellowish-white and lilac purple papillz, some 
surmounted by hairs. A few dark brown papillz on dorsal patches, Thoracic and 
abdominal legs green like lateral parts. Feet of a lighter tint. Stemapods lilac 
brown near venter, of ligkter tint at the ‘‘flagellum,’’ and twice annulated yellow, 
and spinose covered with setz. Venter and abdominal parts of last three segments 
whitish. All other abdominal parts of larva conclorous with lateral surface. The 
spiracles light brown, edged by atint of green and white centered. Feet quite pilose, 
hairs fewer in number toward spiracular line. 

Stage [V.—Not observed until nearly mature. October 22d, mature larva 26 
days old. Length at rest from head to venter, 30 mm., while in motion 37 mm, of 
stemapods 9 mm. when undisturbed, and during flagellation 10 mm. This gives en- 
tire length of 39 mm. at rest. 

Length of head 3 mm. and over, width 3 mm. Width of segment 2, 5 mm., of 
joint 7, 6 mm., of joint 10, 5mm. Dorsal abdominal diameter of segment 7, 7 mm. 
Head subquadrate or nearly so, a triangular patch on vertex. Color of head lilac 
brown with a brown spot each side of vertex. Face of lighter tint, lateral parts yel- 
lowish. Antennze also yellowish. Mouth parts blackish. Dorsal ornamentation of 
a triangular patch, whitish within and lilac edged, on segments 2 and 3. The median 
dorsal surface is almost miilk-white, much as in C. mzuliiscrzp/a, thus widely separating 


Sept. 1898.] Kunze: Two ForMs oF CERURA NIVEA. 191 


larval differences of mivea and cinerea. The dorsal ornamentation of larva of xzvea 
is bordered by a feint yellow line. Dorsal patch of joints 6, 7, 8 and 9, diamond- 
shaped, bluish-white on median line, edged rosy lilac when viewed in certain light 
and bordered yellowish. All diamond shaped patches much constricted near place 
of union. The patch of segments 10 and 11, also diamond shaped and in coloration 
like preceding. On segments 4 and 5, the yellowish border of dorsal patch is almost 
confluent, a trace of lilac tint between it. Joint 12, has a median lilac line which 
widens on joint 13, to form a smaller diamond patch reaching to venter. This dorsal 
patch is more lilac on median surface than the other. A brown elevated spot now marks 
the place of former prothoracic processes. Supra and in{raspiracular surface light 
green, spotted and speckled lilac and yellowish over entire parts, as far down as 
feet. These spots vary from ovoid to hemispherical. Below the yellowish border of 
dorsal ornamentation of posterior half of body, the green color of larva is lighter 
tinted, spiracles brown, white-centered. Thoracic feet yellow, laterally spotted brown 
and sparingly pilcse. Abdominal feet pilose, clasping surface white, and just above a 
brown luoulate mark covered by 6-8 hairs. Abdominal surface concoloring with 
lateral parts. Dorsal and lateral surface smooth. Stemapods have lost the bright 
color of previous stage. Spinose, with setze now very short. 

Cocoon.—Color, dark drab. Shape, elliptical, very little flattened, strong, not 
indented by finger. Size, length, 24 mm ; width across central area, 9 mm. 

On the night of October 22d, this larva only 26 days old, com- 
menced to make itscocoon. The only one other example of this brood 
for five or six days tried hard to transform and failed, so that finally I 


made an alcoholic specimen of it for Professor Packard. 


WHITE FORM OF CERURA NIVEA. 


The accumulated evidence referred to under this heading should be 
accredited to the whitest form of an Arizona cerurine, heretofore known 
as a variety of cimerea. The example from which bred, a female as 
white as the driven snow, was ornamented with a minute, black spot 
between each vein on external margin of primaries. The antennze 
showed very little black, which was confined to the branches, all else- 
where a spotless white. ‘The insect was secured at light in this city. 
Confined in a small paper box, I obtained 65 ova, all laid singly, of 
which about fifty hatched’ October 8, 1897. In color and size, as well 
as shape, the ova were black and hemispherical like those of the pre- 
vious female referred to. Of this brood about 33 reached maturity, and 
besides reserved two examples of every stage in alcohol for the use of 
Professor Packard. A full-grown larva or nearly so, by the time it ar- 
rived in Providence, R. I., was sent alive, and of which the doctor 
wrote me, Mr. Joutel made a beautiful figure. Of the earlier stages I 


‘ 


192 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


did not take notes, inasmuch as they resembled the progeny of the other 
cerurine referred to above. 


Stage IJ7,—Larva molted October 30th, when 22 days old. Length at rest from 
head to fork of tails, 14 mm. Stemapods, 8 mm. Breadth of joint 2, 5 mm. 
joint 7, 4 mm., joint 12, 3 mm. Width of head, 3 mm., length 3.5 mm _ Vertex 
marked by a triangular green yoke, the point of which passes into the median line or 
dorsal band. Prothoracic horns now quite rudimentary. A round brown spot quite 
prominent each side of head, I mm. in diameter. A few white hairs on face. 
Mandibles greenish-white and tinted lilac. In centre of face a brown dot, surrounded 
by an oval, light brown border above mandibles. On each side of this oval two longi- 
tudinal lines of same color and length. Above the brown dot a triangular depression 
lilac edged, which has passing through the middle a whitish longitudinal bar. 

On the anterior part of segments 6, 7 and 9, is a small, whitish triangular spot 
each side of median line, enclosing a purple oval which posteriorly is surrounded by 
three or four whitish dots. Joint 10, marked by faint dots of same color. Anterior 
ridge connecting rudiments of former prothoracic horns, of much lighter color than 
the rest of joint 2. Joint 4 has an elliptical purple patch, and joint 5, one of ovoid 
pattern on its dorsal surface. The purple of entire dorsal ornamentation bordered by 
a bright yellow line, which on anterior half of all segments is half a millimeter in 
width. This yellow line starts from below the insertion of former prothoracic pro- 
cesses, and is lost at the insertion of stemapods. Lateral surface green, dotted and 
mottled, with yellowish-white and purple spots. A few kairs on lateral surface. 
Spiracles tinted brown. Thoracic and abdominal legs a brighter green than the 
lateral parts of larva. Lateral surface of thoracic feet splashed redcish. Clasping 
surface whitish. Stemapods anteriorly tinted green, and annulated yellow from the 
middle to the flagellum. Lateral surface green covered by minu:e, purple papille. 

Mature Larva, 35 days old, observed November 12, 1897. Length at rest 
including stemapods, 40 mm., when in motion 50mm. Length from head to fork 
of tails, 32 mm., stemapods, 8 mm. Length of head, 3.5 mm., width, 3 mm. 
Width of joint, 3. 6 mm, of joint 7, 7 mm, joint 11, 6mm. MHead purple, vertex 
green, antennz white. A yellow spot indica'es location of former prothoracic horns. 
The border of entire dorsal ornamentation is now milk-white from joint 2 to 13. 
The color of dorsum between this border is greenish white in some places and 
milk white in others. 

The color intermediate between the whitered dorsal surface and whitish border 
line, has now changed to a lilac tint. Lateral surface of larva spotted and marked 
purple. Thoracic feet whitish, splasbed purplish. Abdominal feet whitish and 
above claspers purplish. On the abdominal surface of segments, between joint II to 
venter, runs a longitudinal, median purple line. A few white hairs below spiracular 
line. Spiracles brown with a longitudinal, yellowish dash, ringed greenish-yellow. 
Anterior part of stemapods concolorous with body, and posterior part of these anal 
filamental organs is yellow. Entire surface of stemapods studded purple. When 
prolonged the extensive part of outer third of ‘‘tails,’’ bright purple annulated 
lavender. Under a strong lens the purple spinules covering the stemapods, were 
seen to support a hair. 

Cocoon.—In all thirty-eight cocoons were observed. Of these 37 be- 


Sept. 1898. ] Kunze: Two Forms or CERURA NIVEA. 193 


longed to one brood and 1 to another, all but two larve of the last 
died, affected by a fungus which previously existed in the breeding cage. 
As soon as larve commenced cocooning and had the cells well walled 
the branches were removed into an envelope box, where the transforma- 
tion could go on undisturbedly, and permit cocoon to harden. The 
larve gnawed off bits of epidermis from the cotton wood, and mixed 
with saliva, formed when. hardened the silken frame for the wall of its 
cell. It would continue building on the inside of cocoon until of suffi- 
cient strength. On the external surface the cocoon resembled the light 
gray bark of cottonwood, sometimes of very light tint and again of 
darker color to agree with surrounding conditions. The dark color of 
cocoon often corresponded with that of the bark deprived of epidermis. 
Some were darkest at the terminal ends, of a chestnut tint, especially 
if spun against the surface of the branch covered by an eschar, always 
of darker shade. Some cocoons on surface exhibited striz, such as seen 
on young branches, here and there speckled, or raised bits of bark to 
mimicry and deceive enemies. In the open I have observed such 
cocoons on small canes of willow, as well as on the roughest bark of 
great cottonwoods, from which they had to be chiseled out with diffi- 
culty. All such yielded similar imagines as those bred. The in- 
side of cocoon presented a smooth surface, and a concavity existed in 
the stem where bark was bitten off to receive one-half or one-third of 
the pupa. The sides of cocoon generally flattened, plainly showing 
silken threads, where attached to bark. 

The cocoon is elliptical, mostly rounded, a very few flattened, 
tapering at end like a wedge. One or two cocoons seemed to be more 
ovoid than elliptical in shape. The measurement of another cocoon 
taken from a second observation jar is as follows: Length, 33 mm., 
width, 11 mm.; and height at central area, 6.5 mm. Another smaller 
cocoon gave length, 25 mm.; width, 9.5 mm.; and height, 5.5 mm. 

All larvee of this brood spun their cocoons between November 8th 
and 17th. 

Pupa.—Cylindrical, tapering mostly at inferior extremity, where much rounded. 
Toward the head much less reduced in size. The flattened parts of pupa restricted 
to upper two-fifths, and on abdomioal surface extending almost to the end of wing 
cases. Head and antennz case prominent, and that of wings much more on dorsal 
surface. Abdominal segments on dorsal surface thickly covered wi.h fine, dark 
points, as viewed through a lens. Length, 21 mm., breadth, 7 mm. at the middle 
part, and 6.5 mm. across thorax. Color of dorsum almost chestnut of lighter tint 


toward anal segment. A longitudinal, dorsal black line from the thorax to penulti- 
mate, abdominal joint. Color of case covering palpi, antennze and wings, show 


194 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


traces of a greenish tint as far down as costa of primaries. Abdominal segments a 
shiny, light brown almost chestnut. Posterior edge of three antericr segments heavily 
banded by darker brown, which is absent on the last two. A slight depression of 
the case on either side of thorax, between the wings and first adominal segment. 

Of twenty-four imagines emerged, I have the following record : 
April 14, 1898, one ¢ emerged from only cocoon of the first brood 
the parent representing the ordinary form of C. wvea. The emerged 
moth agreeing quite in every particular with this form. On same date 
emerged three g of the second brood, bred from an almost immediate 
female. The progeny all took after the ordinary form of zzvea as well 
as twenty others, which emerged in the following order: April 15th, 
2 9; April 18th, 2¢ and 19; April 20th, 1 9 and 16; April etst, 
1 Oy; Apnlzed, 2 9 andi d se eApuleesdie2rs CaeAprileeqthyecroms 
Apnllasth, 3105 Apml 2oth, mos Mayrist td. 

Six cocoons of the second brood I sent to Prof. Packard, and have 
not heard of result. Several went over to emerge in autumn, provided 
these do not perish. 

Imago.—The pectination of antennz of the male, black. Entire body heavily 
clothed with long white hair. Head white, across the occiput a few black hairs; on 
the dorsal part of thorax a transverse mark of black hairs, usually fringed posteriorly 
with yellow hairs. Abdomen white, forewings white, with a few yellow hairs near 
base of wing. A triangular, black mark across the middle of the cell. A row of 
blaek spots between the veins of external border. A similar row of black spots, 
across the wing near the end of cell. A few minute black spots near base of wing, 
between cell and inferior border. A few triangular black spots on costa. Hind- 
wings immaculate. Reverse side of wings immaculate. Antennz of female simple, 
black. In other respects, the head, thorax, abdomen and wings are ornamented the 
same as in the male. Legs white, feet blackish in both sexes. Sometimes the intra- 
venular spots are reproduced on reverse side of wings, and a black spot is noticeable 
in the cell of inferiors. In the whitest form of xzvea, black spots occur only between 
the veins of the forewings close to the fringe of the external border. 

food-plants.—FPopulus balsamifera, var. candicans, one of the 
Western Cottonwoods, and Sa/x spec., a narrow-leaved willow. One 
larva near Flagstaff, found on Populus tremuloides, much resembling | 
species herein described. 

ffabits.-The young larva feeds on the tender parenchyma of 
upper side of leaf, thus exposing the skeleton of the blade. It spins a 
web, to which it clings. When five days old the larva feeds on the 
green pulp as well as fibrous part of the leaf, except midrib. It was 
supposed by some that the anal filamental organs or ‘‘ tails,’’ were for 
the purpcse of aiding in casting aside dung pellets. _ This is not the 
case As stated in a preceding paragraph, I noticed larva less than 


Sept. 1898 ] Davis: DRAGONFLIES OF STATEN ISLAND. 195 


three hours old, remove a pellet wedged in tightly between the fork of 
stemapods, and toss it far away with its mouth parts. In so doing it 
moved the extensile part of ‘tails’? vigorously up and down. When- 
ever a larva large or small had to be removed from breeding cage for 
purposes of noting changes, the stemapods always moved to and fro in 
a very lively manner. It appears that it might be to frighten enemies. 
Whenever a larva, while in process of making cocoon, was disturbed, 
especially before completely housed in it, would endeavor to spin it else- 
where. Even the change from perpendicular of breeding jar to that of 
horizontal final depository, would cause it to make the attempt. One 
larva left its cocoon and transformed into pupa in an envelope box. 

General Observation.—The first molt of larva occurred in from 7 
to 74%4 days. Second molt in 15 days.. Third molt in 21 days and 
over. Warm temperature, and moisture seems to facilitate some of the 
stages. Cool weather much retards the time between stage IV, and pu- 
pating. One larva commenced to make its cocoon when only twenty- 
six days old, and others when from four to five weeks old. After 
ceasing to feed, the larva rests a day or longer and contracts in size be- 
fore the last transformation takes place. A week after second molt the 
color of the dorsal band or diamond patches, changes from chocolate 
brown to lilac brown, which in certain lights varies from amethystine to 
purplish tints. Two annual broods occurin Arizona, the pupa of autumn 
brood hibernating. 


PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE DRAGONFLIES OF 
STATEN ISLAND, WITH NOTES AND 
DATES OF CAPTURE. 


By Wm. T. Davis. 


There are no large, clear ponds on Staten Island like Echo Lake and 
Green Pond in northern New Jersey, and consequently the dragon- 
flies that make such bodies of water their home, are not to be found on 
the Island. The sub-family Libellulinz, however, seems to be well 
represented and all but two of the species mentioned by Mr. Philip P. 
Calvert in his Catalogue of the Dragonflies of the Vicinity of Phila- 
delphia, page 267, are here recorded. 

Thanks are due to Mr. Calvert for identifying species, or passing 
upon identifications already made, and at his suggestion I have in- 
dicated, by placing an asterisk before their names, the seven dragon- 
flies which are additions to the list of ‘* The Odonata of New York 


196 JournAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


State,’’ published in this JouRNAL, Vol. III, pp. 39-48 and Vol. V, 
PP- 91-95- 
Subfamily CALOPTERYGINA. 
Calopteryx maculata Beawv. Common along the banks of brooks 
in July and August. 
Subfamily AGRIONINA. 


Lestes congener Hagen. September. 

Lestes unguiculata Hagen. On July 15, 1894, several females 
were ovipositing in the stems of grasses growing on the edge of one of 
the Four Corners iron mine ponds. 

Lestes forcipata Rambur. May, June, August. 

Lestes rectangularis Say. June, July, August. 

*kLestes inequalis Walsh. July. 

Argia violacea Hagen. July, August. 

*Argia apicalis Say. 

*Nehalennia posita Hagen. June, July, August. 

Amphiagrion saucium Aurmeister. June, August. 

Enallagma civile Hagen. June, August, September. 

Enallagma aspersum agen. June, July, August. 

Enallagma signatum //agen. June, August. 

Ischnura verticalis Szy. May, June, July, August. 

Ischnura ramburii Se/ys. September, October. 

Anomalagrion hastatum Say. July, September. 


Subfamily GoMPHINA. 


Gomphus exilis Se/ys. May, June, July. 
Gomphus villosipes SeZys. June. 
*Cordulegaster maculatus Se/ys. Richmond. May 30, 1890. 


Subfamily AiscHNINA. 


Epizschna heros /adricius. May, June, July, August. On the 
7th of June, 1885, at 8.35 P. M., one of these insects flew into my 
open .window. ‘There was a light in the room at the time. The 
female has been observed on the 28th of July laying eggs in dead, 
water-soaked branches lying in swampy pools in the woods. 

Boyeria vinosa Say. July (September. N. J.) 

Basizschna janata Say. One male. May ad. 

4eschna juncea Z. var. verticalis Hagen. June, September, 
October. On the 21st of October, 1882, in the Clove Valley, one of 


Sept. 1898.] Davis: DRAGONFLIES OF STATEN ISLAND. 197 


these dragon flies was seen to crawl down a stick lying in the water 
until it was entirely below the surface of the pool, as recorded in Ento- 
mologica Americana, Vol. I, p. 18. 

4eschna constricta Say. June, September, October. On 
August 26, 1894, about six P. M., several hundred dragon flies were 
seen flying westward over Slosson’s Lane, West New Brighton. They 
were a species of #schna as I could see with my glass, but none flew 
low enough to permit of capture. 

Anax junius Drury. April 9, 1893, plentiful at Watchogue. 
May, June, July, August and September. In copula May s. 

* Anax longipes Hagen. Clove Valley, June 5, 1881; August, 
9, 1885. Also at Orange, N. J. 


Subfamily CoRDULIN2. 
Tetragoneuria cynosura Say. May, June, July. 


Subfamily LIBELLULIN2. 


*Pantala flavescens /adricitus. July, August, September. 
July 30, 1887, at New Brighton. On July 31, 1887, there were 
many specimens near the reservoir of the Crystal Water Company at 
Four Corners, nearly all of them keeping over a field of oats. They 
were quite difficult to capture, except those newly emerged from the 
pupze, and all that were seen closely were males. 

Tramea carolina Zizznué. May, June, July, August, September 
On July 15, 1894,a male Zramea carolina was flying over one of 
the Four Corners iron mine ponds. Soon a female came and com- 
menced dipping her abdomen into the water. Ina moment she was 
seized by the male and they flew away. Ina half hour they were back 
and went flying about together, the male now and then suddenly letting 
go his hold and with equal rapidity catching the female again by the 
neck. Other male dragonflies flew after them and when the female 
stopped to lay eggs, they annoyed her considerably. The chief among 
the disturbers was a Libe/dula basalis. After a time the male Zramea 
left his mate and she was quickly seized by the aforesaid Lzbel/ula 
basalis, after which they flew about together for a considerable time. 
After letting go his hold once and flying down the pond, the Z. dasalis 
returned and seized the Zvamea a second time. 

Tramea lacerata Hagen. May, June, July, August, September. 


Often quite abundant on the salt meadows. 
Libellula basalis Say. June, July. 


Libellula auripennis Burmeister. May, June, July. 


198 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Libellula cyanea /aéricius. June, July, August. 

Libellula exillena Westwood,.form vibrans (Fabricius ?) Kirby. 
Not uncommon on the Island in August, 1894; much less common in 
July, 1895. 

Libellula exillena Westwood, form* imcesta Hagen. July, 
August. . 

Libellula quadrimaculata Z7nné. Arlington, May 11, 1889, 
and plentiful June 19, 1893. 

Libellula semifasciata Burmeister, April 25,1896. May, June, 
July, August, September. 

Libellula pulchella Drury. May, June, July, August, September. 

Plathemis trimaculata De Geer. May, June, July, August, 
September. 

Micrathyria berenice Drury. May, June, July, August. Often 
of a quiet summer evening countless numbers of this species will be seen 
settled on the grass stems in the salt meadows, in which position they 
spend the night. When they are particularly abundant the July crop 
of mosquitoes is speedily reduced in numbers, being devoured at head- 
quarters. i 

Nannothemis bella U//er. June and July, 1888, at the Four 
Corners iron mine ponds. 

Celithemis elisa Hagen. June, July, August. 

Celithemis eponina Drury. May, July. 

Leucorhinia intacta Hagex. May, June. 

Diplax rubicundula Szy. July, August, September. 

Diplax obtrusa Hagen. July. 

Diplax semicincta Say. July 15, 18y4. Four Corners iron 
mine ponds. 

Diplax vicina Hagen. September, October, November. While 
my companion and I were sitting in the sun on October 21, 1892, five 
of these dragonflies at one time lit upon us, wishing to sun themselves 
also. Some lit on my hands—one on the end of my thumb. The 
dragonflies are most attracted if you have on light colored garments, or 
a newspaper spread on the ground is a favorite resting place. 

Diplax corrupta Hagen. Shore at Eltingville, May 27, 1896. 
(See this JourNaL, Vol. V, p. 95.) 

Perithemis domitia Drury. June, July. 

Mesothemis simplicicollis Szy. June, July, August. 

Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister. June, July, August, Sep- 
tember. 


Sept. 188 ] BEUTENMULLER: ON THE NEST OF VESPA CRABRO. 199 


NOTE ON THE NEST OF VESPA CRABRO. 
PLATES IX AND X. 
By Wittiam BEUTENMULLER. 


The nest of this species, figured on Plate X, was found by Dr. E. 
G. Love, at Jamaica, Long Island. It was built in a hollow oak tree, 
and only had a small opening which was used as an entrance for the 
wasps. The figure is very much reduced; the nest is about two feet 
long and seven inches wide. The comb figured on Plate X is natural 
size and was taken from the middle part of the nest. In the American 
Museum of Natural History is a nest of Cradro from Germany, which 
is oblong oval, and constructed of a brittle, light brown wood pulp, 
from pine. It is an external nest, being covered with ‘‘paper’’ from 
which the resin exuded, giving it a variegated appearance. It evidently 
had been built between the rafters of a house. The top of nest is open, 
and shows traces of having been fastened at that end. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL SOCIETY. 


MEETING OF NOVEMBER 2,°1897. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Palm in the chair. Fifteen members present. 

Mr. C. F. Hartman was elected an active member. 

Mr. Davis exhibited a pupa, pinned soon after the pupation, that 
had continued to develop, and the butterfly had emerged with the pin 
stuck through it. He stated that he had experimented with several 
species with the same result. 

Mr. Doll exhibited several cases of rare North American Lepidop- 
tera, and after a general discussion the meeting adjourned. 


MEETING OF NOVEMBER 16, 1897. 


Held at the residence of Mr. Miller, 141 East goth Street. 
The entire evening was devoted to an auction sale of insects for the 
benefit of the JouRNAL, and the sum of $117.00 was realized. 


200 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


MEETING OF DECEMBER 7, 1897. . 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Palm in the chair. Fourteen members present. 

Mr. Daecke stated that it would be advisable to arrange for a series 
of classes for beginners to foster an interest in the study of entomology, 
and thought that the Society ought to undertake this task. 

Dr. Martin read a paper-entitled ‘‘ On Collecting in New York City 
Forty Years Ago.’’ He stated that he began collecting insects in Al- 
bany, and then came to this city and collected for about ten years. 
He collected principally in Washington Square, which in the fifties was 
a very different place from the Washington Square of to-day. The 
trees were mostly poplar, buttonwood, locust and weeping willow. He 
gave a graphic description of the features, and also mentioned the fol- 
lowing as some of the insects caught there: Two species of Caéoca/a, 
Vanessa antiopa, Grapta comma and interrogationis, Limenitis dt- 
sippus, a Sesia, much like apiformis, in the roots of poplar, Brontes 
adubius, Saperda calcarata, Parandra brunnea, Dorcus parallelus, Ptero- 
stichus lucublandus, Neoclytus erythrocephalus, Caloides nobilis, Ela- 
phrus ruscarius, Cotalpa lanigera, several species of Lachnosterna, 
Staphylinus, Chlenius, Harpalus and also many Hymenoptera and 
Diptera. We stated that the black species of Ophion and FPelecinus 
polycerator were very common. Several species of Agap~ostemon on Al- 
thea flowers were also abundant. The canker-worms at that time 
swarmed over everything, but after the introduction of the English 
Sparrow they gradually disappeared. Calosoma scrutator, C. calidium 
and C. externum were abundant and fed on the canker-worms. ha- 
gium lineatum was also to be found. He further stated that during that 
time Oxacis dorsalis was to be found at Sandy Hook under logs and 
pieces of wood. 

Mr. Beutenmuller said that this insect was yet to be found at Sandy 
Hook near the old steamboat landing, and he also exhibited larvee of 
Eudemonia argus and argiphontes. 

Mr. Southwick made a few remarks on his work in Central Park, 
and said that with a little more help at certain seasons of the year he 
could manage to get rid of the Orygia /eucostigma. 

Mr. Doll exhibited a fine series of Schznia brevis caught near Brook- 
lyn. Healsoshowed some striking varieties of Vanessa antiopa lacking 
the blue spots. 

After discussion, adjournment. 


Sept. 1898 ] BEUTENMULLER: ON THE NEsT OF VESPA CRABRO. 199 


NOTE ON THE NEST OF VESPA CRABRO. 
PLATES IX AND X. 
By WiLliaM BEUTENMULLER. 


The nest of this species, figured on Plate X, was found by Dr. E. 
G. Love, at Jamaica, Long Island. It was built in a hollow oak tree, 
and only had a small opening which was used as an entrance for the 
wasps. The figure is very much reduced; the nest is about two feet 
long and seven inches wide. The comb figured on Plate X is natural 
size and was taken from the middle part of the nest. In the American 
Museum of Natural History is a nest of Cradro from Germany, which 
is oblong oval, and constructed of a brittle, light brown wood pulp, 
from pine. It is an external nest, being covered with ‘‘ paper’’ from 
which the resin exuded, giving it a variegated appearance. It evidently 
had been built between the rafters of a house. The top of nest is open, 
and shows traces of having been fastened at that end. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL SOCIETY. 


MEETING OF NOVEMBER 2, 1897. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Palm in the chair. Fifteen members present. 

Mr. C. F. Hartman was elected an active member. 

Mr. Davis exhibited a pupa, pinned soon after the pupation, that 
had continued to develop, and the butterfly had emerged with the pin 
stuck through it. He stated that he had experimented with several 
species with the same result. 

Mr. Doll exhibited several cases of rare North American Lepidop- 
tera, and after a general discussion the meeting adjourned. 


MEETING OF NOVEMBER 16, 1897. 


Held at the residence of Mr. Miller, 141 East 4oth Street. 
The entire evening was devoted to an auction sale of insects for the 
benefit of the JOURNAL, and the sum of $117.00 was realized. 


200 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


MEETING OF DECEMBER 7, 1897. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. . 

President Palm in the chair. Fourteen members present. 

Mr. Daecke stated that it would be advisable to arrange for a series 
of classes for beginners to foster an interest in the study of entomology, 
and thought that the Society ought to undertake this task. 

Dr. Martin read a paper entitled ‘‘ On Collecting in New York City 
Forty Years Ago.’’ He stated that he began collecting insects in Al- 
bany, and then came to this city and collected for about ten years. 
He collected principally in Washington Square, which in the fifties was 
a very different place from the Washington Square of to-day. The 
trees were mostly poplar, buttonwood, locust and weeping willow. He 
gave a graphic description of the features, and also mentioned the fol- 
lowing as some of the insects caught there: Two species of Ca/ocada, 
Vanessa antiopa, Grapta comma and interrogationis, Limenitis di- 
sippus, a Sesta, much like apsformis, in the roots of poplar, Brontes 
dubius, Saperda calcarata, Parandra brunnea, Dorcus parallelus, Ptero- 
stichus lucublandus, Neoclytus erythrocephalus, Caloides nobilis, Ela- 
Phrus ruscarius, Cotalpa lanigera, several species of Lachnosterna, 
Staphylinus, Chlenius, Harpalus and also many Hymenoptera and 
Diptera. He stated that the black species of Ophion and Fe/lecinus 
polycerator were very common. Several species of Agapostemon on Al- 
thea flowers were also abundant. The canker-worms at that time 
swarmed over everything, but after the introduction of the English 
sparrow they gradually disappeared. Calosoma scrutator, C. catidium 
and C. ex¢ternum were abundant and fed on the canker-worms. /a- 
gium lineatum was also to be found. He further stated that during that 
time Oxacis dorsalis was to be found at Sandy Hook under logs and 
pieces of wood. 

Mr. Beutenmuller said that this insect was yet to be found at Sandy 
Hook near the old steamboat landing, and he also exhibited larve of 
Eudemonia argus and argiphontes. 

Mr. Southwick made a few remarks on his work in Central Park, 
and said that with a little more help at certain seasons of the year he 
could manage to get rid of the Orygia /eucostigma. 

Mr. Doll exhibited a fine series of Schznia brevis caught near Brook- 
lyn. Healso showed some striking varieties of Vanessa antiopa lacking 
the blue spots. 

After discussion, adjournment. 


WotR NAT 


New Bort Entomological Sarit 
Volk. V-1. : DECEMBER, 1898. No. 4. 


A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE FAUNA 
OF THE GRAVE. A STUDY OF ON’ HUN- 
DRED AND FIFTY DISINTERMENTS, 
WITH SOME ADDITIONAL EXPER- 
IMENTAL OBSERVATIONS. 


By Murray Gatt Mortter, B.S., M.A., M.D. 


Volunteer in the United States Bureau of Animal /ndustry. 


It were fitting, at the very outset of this report, to make acknowl- 
edgment of the kindly interest and assistance, through which alone 
the work was made possible: To Dr. Ch. Wardell Styles, Zodlogist 
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture, for the facilities of his laboratory ; to the Entomologist, Dr. L. 
O. Howard, and his assistants, Messrs. Schwarz, Coquillett, Pergande, 
Banks, and Chittenden, and to Messrs. Simpson and Benedict, of the 
Smithsonian Institution, who, by their specific determinations and 
valuéd suggestions, have brought order out of the chaos of an amateur 
collector. 

At the suggestion of Dr. Stiles, the work was undertaken to deter- 
mine, if possible, the bearings of Mégnin’s ‘‘ Application of Ento- 
mology to Legal Medicine,’’ in so far as they might be learned 
through a faunistic study of such disinterments as we should have ac- 
cess to, in and about the City of Washington. The collection and 
superficial differentiation of specimens were made by the writer, for the 
most part without assistance, it being found better to have all the ob- 
servations made by the same individual. While, by this plan, less 
was accomplished in the way of collecting, what was done was done 
more thoroughly and uniformly. It is to be regretted that, owing to 
these circumstances, it was impossible to take fuller, more detailed 
notes of the general conditions observed in each disinterment. 


202 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY [Vol. V1. 


This phase of the subject, the appearance and condition of the 
human cadaver, after varying periods of interment and under varying 
conditions, has received more or less scientific study for something 
over a hundred years at least. Beginning with the report, published 
in 1783, of the exhumations at Dunkerque, and continuing with 
Thouret’s report of those by Fourcroy in 1789; Marc’s article in the 
Dictionary of the Medical Sciences for 1815; the studies of Orfila 
and his associates, and the more recent studies of Bordas—throughout 
all, the difficulties and complications of the subject are seen to be such 
that, from the condition of the cadaver alone, no certain knowledge 
of the exact date of death is to be had. 

Some of the conditions which influence and determine the process 
and progress of the decomposition of buried human cadavers would 
seem to be as follows: The age, sex, and perhaps even the race of the 
subject ; the character and duration of the disease process to which 
he succumbed ; the mode of death, whether quiet and peaceful or vio- 
lent and painful; the season of the year at which this event occurs ;. 
the temperature and general conditions of the sick-room ; the length 
of time intervening between death and burial; the attention given 
the corpse in the matter of cleaning, embalming and clothing; the 
kind of coffin in which it is placed, its internal fittings and external 
casings ; the grave, its depth, the way it is prepared and filled, whether 
one or more interments be made in the same grave-site ; the soil, its 
character physical and chemic, soil-temperature and soil-moisture ; 
the general, physical, climatic and meteorologic conditions of the 
cemetery in which interment is made. 

These are but some of the many factors which must be taken into 
consideration in the study of exhumed human cadavers. Just what 
weight should be given to each we seem, at present, utterly unable to 
determine. As in the study of the living, but diseased, subject, each 
case would seem to be a law unto itself; and our previous knowledge 
of apparently similar cases can afford suggestions only, not hard and 
fast rules, To illustrate, Barrett quotes from Orfila an exhumation, at 
Valenciennes, after fifteen years’ interment, where ‘‘ preservation was 
so perfect the inspectors were enabled to determine that the individual 
had not died a violent death, but of a peripneumony, complicated with 
a gastro-enteritis.’’ In the following list will be found two cases 
(Nos. 7 and 8), in which, after but three years and six months, the 
skeletons were completely stripped and all soft tissues gone. Again, 


Dec. 1898] MotTrerR: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 203 


Orfila, Goedart and others have been led to the conclusion 
that, other things being equal, the deeper the grave the slower the 
progress of decomposition. In two cases following (Nos. 58 and 59), 
buried within sixteen days of each other, after an interment of seven 
years and nine months, the skeleton at the bottom of the grave was 
found almost wholly stripped, while the upper one had still a heavy 
case of adipocere. 

So variedand so numerous are the modifying conditions and cir- 
cumstances that it is impossible to say, definitely and absolutely, what 
is the exact order of disappearance of the several organs and tissues. 
Looking at the problem from the opposite standpoint, it seems that. 
the bones and the hair are the last to undergo disintegration. I have 
found the bones, after an interment of seventy-one years, still pre- 
serving their general form and appearance, though easily crushed be- 
tween thumb and fingers; the hair I have seen practically intact after 
thirty-six years. The brain I have found a still recognizable grayish 
mass, lying within the skull after all the other soft tissues had disap- 
peared and the skeleton had been completely disarticulated. Indeed, 
I have found it, after eighteen years and two months (No. 136), lying 
on the occipital bone after the skull itself had fallen apart. Strange 
to say, the spinal cord seems to disappear much earlier; I have failed 
to find any vestige of it—in one case (No. 6)—after three years and 
five months. The skin and the more superficial connective tissues of 
the trunk and extremities are converted into a sort of case of adipocere, 
which preserves the general outline of the cadaver long after the in- 
ternal organs, and the muscles and tendons even have been completely 
destroyed and the skeleton within stripped and disarticulated. Under 
ordinary conditions of interment, some, at least, of this adipocere may 
persist for ten or twelve years, remaining longest about the pelvis and 
lower part of the abdomen. I have been able to recognize the skin, 
fascize, muscles, tendons, vessels and nerves of the thigh in one cada- 
ver (No. 44) after six years and five months; while, on the other 
hand, in another case (No. 40) the muscles had entirely disappeared 
after six years and three months. In most of the cases observed, the 
thoracic and abdominal organs seem to have disappeared before the 
muscles. The face, handsand feet seem to be the first parts attacked ; 
I recall at least one instance where the skull was entirely stripped 
while as yet there seemed to be but little change elsewhere. 

In the following pages I have brought together, for the purpose of 


204 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


a closer study and comparison, the notes of one hundred and fifty 
disinterments, made within the city limits of Washington, D. C., 
during the summers of 1896-97. ‘The cases are arranged chronolog- 
ically according to the period of interment of each, and the fauna is 
grouped systematically. The specimens will be deposited in the U. 
S. National Museum, at Washington, as the Stiles-Motter Collection 
of cadaveric fauna. 

I.—I yr. II mos. Grave 6ft., moist;sandy. Erysipelas. Interred May 3, 1894. 

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks., 14 specimens. 


Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinid, Azhefa, sp. (Momalota ?), I specimen. 


GG sie Lleusis palliua Lec., 2 specimens. 
a Nitidulide, RA2zophagus scalpturatus Mann., 2 specimens. 
2,.—2 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred July 
14, 1894. 


Thysanura, undetermined. 
Diptera, Muscidze, Lzcilia cesar Linn., puparia. 
<¢  Anthomyidz, omalomya, sp. 
3.—3 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Hepatic abscess. Interred ~ 
March 12, 1893. ; 
Crustacea, Armadillidium vulgare Latr., 1 specimen. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Homoptera, Coccidee, Rzfersza, sp., in Phorid puparia. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
4.—3 yrs. 2mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Feb- 
ruary 15, 1894. 
Vermes, Lumbricid, undetermined. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Zyroglyphus, sp. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobius pederoides Lec., fragment. 


of s¢ Pederus littorarius Grav., 3 specimens, two covered 
with undetermined fungus. 

UG ie Eleusis paliida Lec., 160 specimens. 

ob Elateridee, AZonocrepidius bellus Say, 1 specimen. 


Diptera, Stratiomyidz, larva. 
«¢  Phoridze, puparia. 
“¢  Sepsidee, Prophila casec Linn., puparia. 
«¢ — Borboridz, wings ( Zzzosznza ?). 
5.—3 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Congestion of lungs. In- 
terred February 21, 1893. 
Diptera, Phoride, puparia. 
6.—3 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Jan- 
uary 18, 1894. 
Diptera, Muscidee, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr., puparia. 
Only afew of these puparia found. Thoracic and abdominal organs, neck and 
soft tissues of face and hands destroyed. Abdominal and chest walls almost 
intact. Ribs not yet disarticulated. Spinal cord gone. 


Dec. 1898.] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 205 


7.—3 yrs. 6mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sandandclay. Pneumonia. Interred De- 
cember 29, 1893. 
Acarina, Gamasid, Urofoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, //ezsis pallida Lec., numerous. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
Mites, thysanura and beetles working together in slimy debris about thighs and 
pelvis. All soft tissues gone ; some clothing still remaining. 
8.— 3 yrs. 6 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Bronchitis. Interred De- 
cember 17, 1893. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda deprissa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zvezs?s pallida Lec., fragments. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
All soft tissues gone; some clothing still left. 
9.—3 yrs. 6mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred De- 
cember 10, 1893. 
Araneida, Zheridion subterranea Bks., sp. n. 
Acarina, Gamasidee, Uvopoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actodces umbripennis Lec., 2 specimens. 
ee ss Eleusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
Diptera, Sepsidze, Prophzla caset Linn., puparia. 
Thysanura, beetles and larvee working in layers of adipocere, lower abdominal 
wall and pelvis. 
10.—3 yrs. 6mo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred No- 
vember 20, 1893. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ewsis pallida Lec., numerous, adults and larve. 
‘ Beetles and larvee especially about pelvis. 
II.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred June 
13, 1893. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actodius umbripennis Lec., larva. 
ae ze Eleusis pallida Lec., 6 specimens. 
Diptera, Muscide, Zuct/ia cesar Linn., puparia in great numbers. 
“  Sepsidee, Prophila casei Linn. 
Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated. Mites on bones. Beetles 
and larvze from slime in bottom of coffin. 
12.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Uremia. Interred June 
6, 1893. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. 0. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Z/eusts pallida Lec., adult and fragments. 
I3.—4 yrs. I mo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Dropsy (!). Interred 
May 25, 1893. 
Araneida, Lrigone albescens Bks., sp. n. 


206 JouRNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Acarina, Gamasidee, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 

Hymenoptera, Myrmicide, A/onomorium minutum Mayer. 

14.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 3 ft., dry, sandy. Phthisis. Interred May 24, 1893. 

Acarina, Gamaside, Uvofoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 

Thysanura, undetermined. 

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 

oC Muscide, Lzctha cesar Linn., puparia. 
«¢  Sepsidee, Prophila caset Linn., wing. 

No coffin, only burial case used. Myriads of mites, thysanura and puparia. 
No beetles nor larvee. Skeleton stripped. 

15.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Bronchitis. Interred May 
18, 1893. 

Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. 0. 

Thysanura, undetermined. 

Pseudoneuroptera, Zermes flavipes Kollar. 

Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, /eusts pallida l.ec., fragments . 

Ot Larvee, undetermined. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
One live staphylinid escaped (Acfobzus ?). Skeleton stripped and dry. 
16.—4 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Senility. Interred May 7, 
1893. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uvropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobcus wmbripennis Lec., 1 and larva. 
ee se Lathrobium simile Lec., 1 specimen. 

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 

Few insects found. Skeleton completely stripped. Some clothing still re- 
maining. 

17.—4 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Nephritis. Interred May 
8, 1893. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uvofoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actodzus umbripennis Lec., 1 and larve. 
ss se Lleusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
uc Larvee, undetermined. 
Beetles and larvee especially about pelvis; elsewhere all soft tissues gone. 
18.—4 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Valvular disease of heart. 
Interred May 14, 1893. 

Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 

Thysanura, undetermined. 

Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Actobius umbripennis Lec., 1 specimen. 

ae Ge Eleusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
Ot Larve, undetermined. 

Fairly alive with mites, thysanura, beetles and larvz, working on surface of 
cadaver, under clothing. Cadaver large and heavy; general outlines still 
well preserved by case of adipocere. 

19.—4 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Interred March 28, 1893. 

Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 


Dec. 1898.) MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 207 


Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ezs?s palida Lec., numerous. 
a6 Larvee, undetermined. 
20.—4 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 4 ft., moist; sandandclay. Interred January 24, 1893. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Acfobius umbripennis Lec., I specimen. 
oC fe - Lathrobium, sp., head of larva. 
oC Larvee, undetermined. 
Diptera, Sepside, Piophila casei Linn., puparia. 
A number of very minute, silvery thysanura, so active that it was almost im- 
possible to take them. ~ 
21.—4 yrs. 1omos. Grave 4 ft., moist; sandand clay. (Infant.) Diarrhoea. In- 
terred September 6, 1892. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Actobius umbripennis Lec., I specimen. 
ct 36 Lleusts pallida Lec., 7 specimens. 
G6 Larvze, undetermined. 
Coffin filled with mud and slime. 
22.—4 yrs. II mos. Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. Cholera infantum. In- 
terred August 9, 1892. 
Coleoptera, larvae, undetermined. 
Bones almost disintegrated. Specimens from wood of bottom of coffin. 
23.—5 yrs. Grave 6 ft., wet loose clay. Rheumatism. Interred April 17, 1891. 
Thysanura, /sofoma, sp. 
Coleoptera, Curculionide, larva ( Sphenophorus ?). 
24.— 5 yrs. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred 
May 13, 1891. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Z/eusis pallida Lec. 
25.—5 yrs. Grave 6 ft., wet, sandy. Phthisis. Interred April 23, 1891. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
26.—5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand andclay. Interred April 5, 1892. 
,  ‘Vhysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Zveus?s pallida Lec., 8 specimens. 
27.—5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Congestion of brain. In- 
terred March 22, 1892. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Actobius umbripennis Lec., 1 specimen. 
a es Eleusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
er Larvee, undetermined. 
Considerable adipocere on legs and pelvis. 
28.—5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred March 
Io, 1892. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, L/eus¢s pallida Lec., numerous. 
29.—5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred March 
9, 1892. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropfoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, /oma/ota, sp., 5 specimens. 
e¢ * Actobius umbripennis Lec., fragments. 


208 JourNAL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/euszs pallida Lec., numerous and fragments. 
06 Larvee, undetermined. 
Beetles found working in layers of adipocere and within the bones. 
30.—5 yrs. 4mos. Grave 5 ft., coffinsubmerged; sand andclay. Cardiac'dropsy. 
Interred February 2, 1892. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Nothing left but the bones and some of them softened. : 
31.—5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Interred February 4, 1892. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zews?s pallida Lec., numerous. 
Hymenoptera, Myrmicide, Cremastogaster lineolata Say. 
32.—5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Interred February 29, 
1892. 
Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Carabide, Harpalus faunus Say, 1 specimen. 
oe Staphylinids, fragments (Z/ezs?s ?). 
The carabid beetle was probably accidental. 
33-—5 yrs., 4mos. Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. (Infant.) Phthisis. In- 
terred February 22, 1892. 
Myriapod, larva. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, larva (Phzlonthus ?). 
ss Nitidulidee, Aizzophagus scalpturatus Mann., 7 specimens. 
Skeleton completely stripped and dry ; some clothing still remaining. 
34-—5 yrs., 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred Jan- 
uary 18, 1892. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Actobiéus umbripennis Lec., 1 specimen. 


es a Lleusis palhida Lec., 2 and fragments. 
35-—5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Peritonitis. Interred Jan- 
uary 18, 1892. 


Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, “euws?s pallida Lec., numerous. 
a Larvee undetermined. 
Beetles and larve burrowing in adipocere and soft bones. 
36.—5 yrs.5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Cerebral congestion. Inter- 
red January 18, 1892. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Z/ews?s pallida Lec., fragments. 
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 
Probably embalmed. Soft tissues almost disappeared. 
37-—5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Consumption. Interred 
January 24, 1892. 
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, ZZeusis pallida Lec., 2 and fragments. 


Dec. 1898.] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 209 


Coleoptera, Nitidulide, AAzzophagus scalpturatus Mann., 1 specimen. 
ac Larvee, undetermined. 
38.—6 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sandy. (Infant.) Tuberculosis. Interred June 31, 
I8oI. 

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bs. 

Myriapoda, undetermined. 

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia, in great numbers. 

39.—6 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred 
April 22, 1891. 

Acarina, Gamaside, Uvopoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 

Thysanura, undetermined. 

Coleoptera, Staphylinide, HYomalota, sp., I specimen and larva. 

es c Lleusts pallida Lec., numerous. 
£6 Nitidulidze, Rhzzophagus scalpturatus Mann. 

Soft tissues almost disappeared. Beetles in great numbers about patella and 
sternum. 

40.—6 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia. 
Interred April 2, 1891. 

Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined. 

No other insects seen. While grave was wet, cadaver had evidently been 
mummified. Skeleton stripped and disarticulated; muscles almost disap- 
peared, only an outer shell of adipocere which preserved general outline of 
cadaver. 

41.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred De- 
cember 26, 1890. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Diptera, Sepsidze, Prophila cased Linn., puparia. 
42.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Phthisis. In- 
terred January 23, 1891. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
- Coleoptera, fragments, undetermined. 
Diptera, Phoridze (?), puparium. 
Nothing but hard bones left. 
43.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Senile debility. Interred 
February I, 1891. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Actobius umbripennis Lec., I specimen. 
aM ot Lleusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
ot Larvee, undetermined. 

All soft tissues gone. Thysanura, beetles and larvee working inside the bones, 
entering through nutrient canals, etc. 

44.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Senile debility. 
Interred February 2, 1891. 

Thysanura, undetermined. 

Thoracic and abdominal cavities emptied; lower ends of limbs (upper and 
lower) stripped. Tissues (skin, fasciee, muscles, tendons, vessels and nerves) 
still distinguishable about thighs. 


210 JourNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VIL. 


45.—6 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Cerebral em- 
bolism. Interred August $, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
46.—6 yrs. I1 mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred May 
18, 1890. 
Myriapoda, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, A/ezuszs pallida Lec., 2 specimens. 
Diptera, Sepsidee, Pzophzla caset Linn., puparia. 
47.—7 yrs. Grave 4 ft., moist; sandand clay. Still-born. Interred July 28, 1890. 
Gastropoda, elicodiscus lineatus Say. 
Crustacea, undetermined. 
Araneida, Theridion subterranea Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 
Smaller bones, skull, etc., almost disintegrated and pulverizable. Snails from 
coffin lid ; spider and a few thysanura inside. 
.48.—7 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. . Interred 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Actobius umbripennis ee , 3 and larvee. 


——. 1889. 


Ss $s Lleusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
“ fg Undetermined, covered with fungus. 
cc Larvee, undetermined. 


Skeleton stripped and disarticulated lying within shell of adipocere. Clothing 
fairly preserved. 
49.—7 yrs. 4mos. Grave § ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred De- 
cember 16, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Aleuszs pallida Lec., 2 specimens. 
50.—7 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred May 
5, 1890. 
Araneida, 7heridion subterranea Bks., sp. n. 
Acarina, Gamasidz, Uvopoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, A7Zewszs paliida Lec. 
ce Larve, undetermined. 
Diptera, Sepsidee, Prophzla casec Linn., puparia. 
“g Borboridze, Zzmosiza ? wings. 
Hymenoptera, Myrmicidz, Aphenogaster, sp. 
Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated. Black, wet, powdery debris 
in bottom of coffin, alive with mites, thysanura and a few larvee. 
51.—7 yrs. 4mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Valvular disease of heart. 
Interred March 4, 1890. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinids, Zezs?s pallida Lec. 
oe Larvee, undetermined. 
Thorax not yet evacuated. Heavy case of adipocere; within, skeleton pretty 
well cleaned. 


Dec. 1898.1 MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 211 


52.—7 yrs. 7mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Exposure tocold(!). In- 
terred December 7, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Zeusis pallida Lec., fragments. 
Skeleton completely stripped. 
53-—7 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Inanition. Interred De- 
cember 13, 1889. 
Acarina, Gamasidz, Uyopoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ezszs pallida Lec., fragments. 
Gib Larvee, undetermined. 
Diptera, Phoride, puparia. 
Skeleton stripped. 
54.-—7 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Intermittent fever. In- 
* terred November 15, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zezs?'s pallida Vec., fragments. 
Skeleton stripped. Coffin dry inside, completely overgrown with roots. 
55-—7 yrs. 8mos. Grave 5 ft., wet, sand and clay. Obstruction of bowels. In- 
terred November 10, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Zveus?s pallida Lec., 2 specimens. 
26 Larve, undetermined. 
Skeleton stripped. 
56.—7 yrs. 8mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Accident. Interred Octo- 


ber 7, 1889. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinida, Actobius umbripennis Lec. 
e e Lleusis pallida Lec. 


Skeleton stripped and disarticulated ; adipocere almost consumed, 
57-—7 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. Diphtheria. Interred 
y October 17, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zvecsts pallida Lec., 6 specimens. 
ee Larvz, undetermined. 
Skeleton stripped and disarticulated, lying within heavy case of adipocere 
which was very black on surface. Many A/ewsis dead on outside of coffin. 
This cadaver in same grave with 58. 
58.—7 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Diphtheria. Interred Oc- 
tober I, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Actodius umbripennts Lec., I specimen. 
20 OG Eleusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
Be Larve, undetermined. 
Very little adipocere left. This buried in same grave underneath No. 57. 
59.-—7 yrs. Io mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Dysentery. Interred 
September 24, 1889. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zeests pallida Lec., 2 specimens. 
Coffin too full of earth to examine thoroughly. Specimens from skull. 


212 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


60.—7 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred 
September 16, 18809. 
Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ewsts pallida Lec., 2 specimens. 
Cadaver large and heavy; outlines preserved by heavy case of adipocere, skele- 
ton within stripped. 
61.—7 yrs. Io mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Heart disease (!). In- 
terred September 14, 1889. 
Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, ezs7s pallida Lec., 8 specimens. 
Many Z/ews?s on coffin lid, outside and in. Skull entirely stripped; heavy 
case of adipocere below this; within, skeleton stripped. 
62.—8 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sandand clay. Convulsions(!). Interred 
May 5, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobius umbripennis Lec., 3 specimens. 


ec G6 Eveusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
6c 06 Larve (Zéeusis ?). 
ee Nitidulidee, Rhzzophagus scalpturatus Mann., numerous. 


Upper half of cadaver completely stripped. Myriads of thysanura, beetles 
and larvee on lower half, on and under clothing and in adipocere. 
63.—8 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred April 
27, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, “J/ezszs palhda Lec. 
Bones completely stripped; but one beetle and few thysanura seen. 
64.—8 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Debility (!). Interred May 
3, 1889. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobius umbripennis Lec., I specimen. 


a eg Lleusis pallida Lec., numerous. 
ge Nitidulids, AAzzophagus scalpturatus Mann., 4 specimens. 
Gc Larvee, undetermined. 


Thysanura, beetles and larvee in layers of adipocere, about pelvis, and on 
skull under hair. 
65.—8 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sandy. (Infant.) Malnutrition. Interred 
February 2, 1888. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
66.—9 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Jan- 
uary 27, 1888. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Diptera, Sepsidee, Prophzla casei Linn., puparia. 
67.—9 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Septem- 
ber 18, 1887. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Lathrobéum simile Lec., 3 specimens. 
ee s6 Eleusis pallida Lec., 6 specimens. 
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 


Dec. 1898.] Morrer: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 213 


68.—10 yrs. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred July 7, 1887. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Aveus’s pallida Lec., 3 and fragments. 
ee ‘Fragments, undetermined. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
69.—I0 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Diarrhcea. Interred July 14, 
1887. 
Crustacea, undetermined. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Homalota, sp. 
ce OC Eleusis pallida Lec. 
CL Larvee, undetermined. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
Thysanura, beetles and larva burrowing in wood of coffin, in layers of 
adipocere, and in cancellated bone tissue, sternum, patella, etc. 
7O.—Io yrs. 2 mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. (Infant. ) 
Marasmus. Interred April 25, 1887. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Z/eusis pallida Lec., 10 specimens. 
71.—I0 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Phthisis. In- 
terred March 6, 1887. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
72.—10yrs. 3 mos. Grave Oft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred March 
Q, 1887. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/eusts pallida Lec. 
Diptera, Sepsidze, Prophila casei Linn., puparia. 
Pupze apparently viable when taken but failed to breed in the laboratory. 
73-—10 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Cholera. In- 
terred February 15, 1887. 
Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say. 
Vermes, undetermined. 
Crustacea, Armadillidium 2 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Avewsis pallida Lec., 3 specimens. 
74.—I10 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 9ft.,damp; loose sand. Tetanus. Interred September 
21, 1885. 


Crustacea, Armadilhdium vulgare Ltr., 3 specimens. 


t 


Thysanura, /sofoma, sp. 
75.—I0 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Consumption. 
Interred September 23, 1886. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera ; Nitidulidee, RAizophagus scalpturatus Mann., 7 specimens. 
76.—10 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Consumption. 
Interred October 3, 1886. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 


214 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


77.—II yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Hepatic colic. 
Interred April 8, 1886. 
Thysanura, undetermined 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Less pallida Lec. 
78.—12 yrs. 11 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Phthisis. Interred July 27, 1883. 
Crustacea, undetermined. 
Araneida, Bathyphantes, sp. n.; Cicurina arcuata Keys. 
Myriapoda, Jsobates (L. minutus Brandt ?).; Zelus, sp. 
Pseudoneuroptera, Zermes flavipes Kollar, 7 specimens. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, larva undetermined. 
aes Nitidulide, Rhizzophagus scalpturatus Mann.., fragments. 
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 
79.—I5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 7 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Diphtheria. Interred De- 
cember 17, 1880. 
Araneida, Cicurina creber Bks. 
Myriapoda, /z/zts, sp., numerous. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Staphylinus cinnamopterus Grav., 2 specimens, 
probably accidental, found outside coffin in grave. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
80.—15 yrs. Io mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Sep- 
tember 29, 1881. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Carabidee, Schizogenius amphibius Hald., fragments, probably 
accidental. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
81.—16 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 9 ft., moist; sand. Apoplexy. Interred January 18, 
1881. 
Gastropoda, Zonztoides minuscudus Binn. 
Vermes, undetermined. 
Crustacea, undetermined. 
Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks. 
Araneida, Circurina creber Bks.; Theridion subterranea Bks., sp.n.; Erigone 
albescens Bks., sp. n. 
Myriapoda, undetermined. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Pselaphide, Gatrisus (ferox ?). 
es Nitidulidee, Rhzzophagus scalpturatus Mann., fragments. 
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 
Hymenoptera, Formicide, Lastws flavus De Geer. 
Dry disarticulated bones and portion of coat lying in brown, powdery debris, 
fairly swarming with the above animals. 
82.—18 yrs. 11 mos. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Aphtha. Interred 
January 18, 1879. 
Crustacea, undetermined. 
Araneida, Lathyphantes, sp. n. 
Myriapoda, Zsobates (£. minutus Brandt?) numerous; L:/us, sp. 


Dec. 1898] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 215 


83.—20 yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Gastritis. Interred June 26, 
1876. 
Vermes, undetermined. 
Crustacea, undetermined. 
Myriapoda, /sodates (Z. minutus Brandt?) ; Lulus, sp. 
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 
84.—20 yrs. Grave 9 ft., dry; sandy. Enteritis. Interred May 9, 1876. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
85.—20 yrs. 3 mos.. Grave 5 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Meningitis. Interred 
February 14, 1876. . 
Myriapoda, Jsobates (L. minztus Brandt?) ; Lzlus, sp. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
86.—20 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 4 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Pertussis. Interred 
August 8, 1875. 
Gastropoda, Vitrea electrina Gould. 
Thysanura, /apyx (_/. subterraneus Pack.?). 
Diptera, Phoride, puparia. 
87.—20 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.) Diarrhoea. Interred 
August 26, 1875. 
Myriapoda, /z/us, sp. 
Coleoptera, Carabide, Dice/us ovalis Lec., I specimen. Probably accidental, 
from bottom of grave. 
ot Elateridze, larvee, undetermined, fragment. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
88.—21 yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) 
Gastropoda, Zonitoides minusculus Binn. 
Vermes, undetermined. 
Myriapoda, /sobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; Lulus, sp. 
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 
89.—21 yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry, sandy. 
‘ Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say. 
Araneida, Theridium, sp. (7. subterranea Bks.?). 
Myriapoda, /sobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; ulus, sp.; Striaria, sp.; 
Scolopocryptops sexspinosa Say. 
Coleoptera, Trogositida, Zenebrioides laticolus Horn. Fragments. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
go.—2I yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. ) 
Myriapoda, Zz/us, sp. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
.—21 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. ) 
Gastropoda, felicodiscus lineatus Say. 
Myriapoda, /sobates (L. minutus Brandt ?). 
Coleoptera, Pselaphide, Batrisus ferox Lec. 


I 


9 


Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 

g2.—21 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.) 
Myriapoda, /sobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; Lulus, sp. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 


216 JourNAL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI 


93.—2I1 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. ) 

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say. 

Araneida, Czcurina creber Bks. 

Myriapoda, /sobates (f. minutus Brandt?) ; L2lus, sp. 

Coleoptera, Scarabzeidze, Lachnosterna, sp. Probably aguidonie 

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 

Hymenoptera, Formicide, Grachymyrmex heert Forel. 

BG Poneridz, Ponera contracta Latr. 
es Myrmicidze, Myrmicina latreih André. 
94.—21 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. ) 

Myriapoda, /z/us, sp. 

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 

95.—21 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. ) 

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say. 

os Zonitoides minusculus Binn. 

Araneida, Lophocarenum, sp. 

Myriapoda, /sobates (1. minutus Brandt?) ; Lzdus, sp. 

Thysanura, Lepedocyrtus, sp. 

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 

96.—2I1 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. ) 

Araneida, Agalenidee (Cicurina ?). 

Myriapoda, Jsobates (L. minutus Brandt?) ; Ludlus, sp. 

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. 

97-—27 yrs. Grave 8 ft.. dry, sandy. (Infant.) Interred November 2, 1869. 

Myriapoda, undetermined. 

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. ( Covzcera ?) 

98.—29 yrs. Imo. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.) Interred May 25, 1867. 

Araneida, Avgzope, sp. 

Hymenoptera, Formicide, Zastws americanus Emery. 

99.—38 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Interred June 29, 1861. 

Araneida, Czcurina creber Bks. 

Acarina, Gamasidz, Gamasus, sp. 

Myriapod, undetermined. 

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia ( Conzcera ?). 

100.—7I yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. 

Gastropoda, Heliocodiscus lineatus Say. 

Acarina, LZypopus, sp. 

Bones dry and crumbling; rib picked up by its sternal end broke and crushed in 
falling by its own weight. Oscalcis, astragalus, head of femur, etc., crushed 
with little orno pressure. Wood of coffin dry and crumbling ; medullary rays 
beautifully and clearly outlined; penetrated, more especially through long 
diameter, by numerous dead, dry, filamentous roots. Knots curiously de- 
marcated and encapsulated. All dry, brown and pulverulent. 


Note 1. Numbers 88-96 inclusive were interred prior to 1875, 
before the cemetery records were fully kept. 


Dec. 698.1 MOoOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 217 


2. Numbers 5, 38, 74, 78; 79, 81-99 inclusive, are especially 
noteworthy on account of the unusual method of interment followed 
in the cemetery from which all were taken. Here, in every instance, 
each separate burial case is inclosed in a four-inch brick wall, laid in 
cement, and covered with stone or slate slabs, likewise sealed with 
cement, thus making what is practically a vault for each interment. 
This, it would seem, would prove an almost impenetrable barrier to 
the necrophagous fauna. It must be remembered, however, that, no 
matter how carefully prepared and laid, this cement, sooner or later, 
disintegrates ; and that, save where two or more interments are made 
in the same grave-site—as is here not infrequently the case—the bot- 
tom of these vault-chambers is of earth, not of brick or stone. But, 
even where one vault is built on top of another, the crumbling cement 
leaves interstices between the bricks, through which, as we have seen, 
come diverse sorts of animals. 

The following list of fifty cases includes those in which the exam- 
ination was, for one reason or another, incomplete, the records frag- 
mentary or unreliable, or the specimens lost. 


IOI.—5 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Pneumonia. Interred January 22, 1896. 
No insects found. Body embalmed and in good state of preservation. 
Slight whitish fungus over lower part of face and hands. 
102.—I yr. 2mos. Grave 4 ft., moist; sand. Gastro-enteritis. Interred April 29, 
1896. 
On outside of coffin, chelifer, spider and thysanura; inside no insects found. 
Cadavar embalmed, tissue leathery, covered with thick, white, felt-like fungus. 
103.—3 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Consumption. Interred May 11, 1894. 

‘ Chelanops tristis Bks. and thysanura on outside of coffin. No insects inside. 
Body embalmed. Bones of skull clean, covered with thick, white fungus. 
Examination interrupted. 

104.—3 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 7 ft., day; sandy. Asphyxia. Interred July 20, 1893. 
Body embalmed and well preserved. Face and hands covered with thick, 
white fungus. No insects found. 
105.—4 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Interred July 14, 1893. 
Had not sufficient time to examine thoroughly. Fragments of numerous 
staphylinids ( Z/eus?s paliida Lec.?) no specimens taken. 
106.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand andclay. Valvular disease 
heart. Interred May 1, 1893. 
Too wet to handle. Coffin contained embalming fluid. Skull stripped, some 
adipocere still remaining on lower limbs. 
107.—4 yrs. 2mos, Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. Still-born. Interred April 
24, 1893. 
Gastropoda, //elicodiscus lineatus Say. 
Diptera, Sepsidze, Pzophila casei Linn., puparia. 


218 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


108.—4 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 3 ft., moist ; sand and clay. (Infant.) Interred March 
II, 1893. 
A few thysanura only. Everything but the disarticulated bones gone. 
Coffin dry inside ; roots and grasses growing up through bones and remnants 
of clothing. 
109.—4 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia. 
Interred December 12, 1892. 
Thysanura only. Considerable adipocere left. Intestines not yet destroyed. 
In vault 1 month. 
110.—5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Feb- 
ruary 29, 1892. 
Thysanura only. In vault 2 months. 
I1I.—5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Cholera. In- 
terred February 26, 1892. 
Thysanura and staphylinid fragments, specimens lost. Heavy case of adi- 
pocere, swarming with Thysanura. 
II12.—5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia. 
Interred January 2, 1892. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Actobius umbripennis Lec. 
II13.—6 yrs. 2mos. Grave § ft., moist; sand and clay. Paralysis. Interred April 
28, 18901. 
Coffin too much broken in removal to be accurate about contents. 
114,—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Inflammation 
bowels. Interred February 9, 1891. 
No insects, ot even Thysanura ! 
115.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia. 
Interred February 2, 1891. 
Skeleton completely disarticulated, even skull, which contained pultaceous 
brain mass. Little adipocere left. 
116.—6 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred De- 
cember 18, 1890. 
No insects found. Clothing almost intact. Skeleton stripped and disarticu- 
lated. ; 
117.—6 yrs. gmos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Typhoid. In- 
terred September 7, 1890. 
Thysanura only. 
118.—7 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 9 ft., dry; sandy. Hemorrhage from lungs. Interred 
July 27. 1889. 
Thysanura and acarids. Specimens lost. 
I19.—7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Membraneous 
croup. Interred January 20, 1890. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Actobius umbripennis Lec., fragment, covered with 
undetermined fungus. 
iy og Lleusis pallida Lec. 
120.—7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Feb- 
ruary 27, 1890. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 


Dec. 1898.] MorTrer: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 219 


Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Acfobins umbripennis Lec., one dead covered with 


Ot UC white fungus. 
SC as Lleusis pallida Lec. 
ot & Undetermined. 


Diptera, Sepsidee, Prophz/a caset Linn., puparia. 
‘¢ Borboridz, Zzmostnta, sp., wings. 
Skeleton completely stripped, no adipocere left. 
121.—7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Chronic diarrhoea. Inter- 
red February 24, 1890. 
Gastropoda, Helicodiscus tineatus Say. 
es Zonitoides arboreus Say. 
Araneida, Theridion subterranea Bks., sp. n. 
Coleoptera, larvee, undetermined. 
Diptera, Sepsidee, Pophzla casei Linn., puparia. 
Skeleton completely stripped. 
122.—7 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Sep- 
tember 15, 1889. 
Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated ; bones solid and black as 
ebony, some small detached masses of adipocere still remaining in coffin. 
Not a sign of an insect to be found. 
123.—7 yrs. Iomos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. 
Coffin crushed in and full of earth, no specimens taken. 
124.—7 yrs. lo mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. 
Coffin crushed in and full of earth, no specimens taken. 
125.—8 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Congestion 
brain. Interred March 9, 1889. 
In vault 1 month. Skeleton completely stripped; a few masses of adipocere 
left from lower abdominal walls. No specimens taken. 
126.—I0 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Dropsy ('). 
Examined by assistant, no specimens. ~ 
127/—Io yrs. I mo. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobius wmbripennis Lec., fragments. 
128.—1o yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred April 
3, 1887. 
A few Thysanura only. No specimens taken. 
129.—I1 yrs. Grave 5 ft., dry; sandy. Still-born. Interred October 24, 1885. 
Diptera, Phoridee, puparia (Conzcera ?), specimens lost. 
130.—11 yrs. Grave 5 ft., wet; sandy. 
Thysanura, undetermined. 
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, A7/euss pallida Lec. 
13I1.—II yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sandy. Tetanus. Interred November 
1884. 
Araneida, Lepthyphantes, sp. 
Pseudoneuroptera, Zermes flavipes Kollar. 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 
In vault three months. Ob. 30, VIII, 84. 
132.—12 yrs. 3mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Phthisis. In- 
terred February 29, 1884. 


bo 
wo 
oS 


JOURNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


‘Thysanura only, In vault I month. 
133.—I4 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry “‘rottemrock.’’ Peritonitis. Ob. 5, IX, 81, 
Mass. Interred November 22, 1881, D. C. ES 

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia. 

Cadaver mummified, surface moist, skin and appendages practically intact. 
Coffin in tin-lined case, top tacked on. 

134.—14 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft., dry, sandy. Hydrocephalus. Interred March 3, 
1882. ; 
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia ( Cozzcera ?), specimens lost. 
135.—I6yrs. Grave 9 ft., dry, sandy. Ctdemaoflungs. Interred October 9, 1880. 

Thysanura only. In vault 9 days. 

136.—18 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred May 
13, 1879. 

No insects save a few Thysanura on inner side of coffin. Skeleton completely 
stripped and disarticulated. Some grayish brain matter still left within dis- 
articulated skull. 

137.—18 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Membraneous 
Croup. Interred February 2, 1878. 
No insects found. 
138.—I9 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. Bright’s disease. Ob. 9, I, 77. 
Interred April 17, 1877. 

Gastropoda, /Velicodiscus lineatus Say. 

Araneida, Lophocarenum, sp.; Lycosa, sp. 

Hymenoptera, Formicidz, Camponotus melleus Say. 

139.—20 yrs. 3mos. Grave 5 ft., wet, sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Apr. 
& nei, 

No insects found. 

140.—24 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., dry, sandy. Dysentery. Ob. 13, III, 72. In- 
terred May 25, 1872. 

Gastropoda, elicodiscus lineatus Say. 

Araneida, Cizcurina creber Bks. 

Acarina, ypopus, sp. 

Myriapoda, J/sobwtes (L. minutus Brandt?); Lelus, sp. 

Thysanura, undetermined. 

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia ( Cozzcera ?). 

In vault two months. 

141.—28 yrs. Grave 9 ft., dry, sandy. Pneumonia. Ob. 25, IX, 68, N. J. In- 
terred April 25, 1884, D. C. 

Crustacea, undetermined. 

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks. 

Araneida, 7heridium tepidartorum Koch. 

Acarina, Gamaside, Hypoaspis, sp. 

Myriapoda, /sobates (Lf. minutus Brandt?); Lzlus, sp. 

Thysanura, “tomobrya, sp. 

Coleoptera, Pselaphide, Batrisus globosus Lec. 

cs Nitidulide, RAzzophagus scalpturatus Mann. 
Diptera, Drosophilide, Drosophila ampelophila Loew, probably accidental. 


Dec. 1898.] Morrer: Sruby OF THE FAUNA. OF THE GRAVE. 221 


142.—36 yrs. No insects found. 

143.—36 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found. 

144.—36 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found. 

145.—56 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found. 

146.—Coffin so decayed’and grave so wet, no definite results obtainable. 

147.—Coffin so decayed and grave so wet, no definite results obtainable. 

148.—Murder case, coffin filled with all sorts of rubbish ; not examined. 

149.—Negro, aet. 18 yrs. (?) drowned, 7th St. wharf, August 29th. Body recovered 
August 30th, inclosed in tin-lined case August 31st. Examined at Morgue 
September 2d. Larvee taken from hair, face and clothing, September 16th 


bred : 
Diptera, Muscidze, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr. 
se oe Lucilia cesar Linn. 


150.—7 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 4 ft., moist, sand and clay. Premature birth. 

No cadaver found in coffin, nothing to indicate that it had ever been placed 
therein. Clothes nicely folded in bottom of coffin. A most thorough search 
revealed but the following : 

Thysanura, undetermined. 

Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ezsts pallida Lec., 1 specimen. 

a Larve, undetermined. 

Diptera, Phoridze, puparium. 

Note 3. Numbers ro1—104, 118, 129, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140, 
I4I graves prepared as explained in note 2, page 217. 

Note 4. The undetermined Coleopterous larvee mentioned in the 
above lists belong, according to Mr. Schwarz, to but three species : 
Actobius umbripennis Lec., Eleusis pallida Lec. and Rhizophagus 
scalpturatus Mann. Owing to the illness of Mr. Schwarz, the deter- 
minations could not be specified in each case. 

, Grouped and arranged in systematic order, the fauna of-the one 
hundred and fifty disinterments studied, as thus far determined, stands 
as follows : 


GASTROPODA. 
FLelicodiscus lineatus Say. Zonitoides minusculus Binn. 
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Vitrea electrina Gould. 
Vermes, undetermined. 
CRUSTACEA. 
Armadillidium vulgare Ltr., many undetermined. 
ARACHNIDA. 
Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks. 
ARANEIDA. 
Agalena, sp. Lepthyphantes, sp. 


A. nevia Atz. Lophocarenum, sp. 


JourNnaL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI 


Argiope, sp. Lycosa, sp. 
Bathyphantes, sp. 0. Theridium tepidariorum Koch. 
Cicurina arcuata Keys. Theridion subterranea Bks., sp.n. 
Cicurina creber Bks. Erigone albescens Bks., sp. 0. 
ACARINA. 

Gamaside, Gamasus, sp. Lphis, sp. 

LTolostaspis, sp. Uropoda, sp. 

L[Typoaspis, sp. Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n. 


Tyroglyphide, Zyroglyphus, sp. LHypopus, sp. 
Oribatidee, Hoplophora, sp. ( Tritia). 


MYRIAPODA. 
Lsobates (L. minutus Brandt?). Striaria, sp. 
Lulus, sp. Scolopocryptops sexspinosa Say. 
Lithobius, sp. 

THYSANURA. 
JSapyx, sp. (J. subterranea Packard?). Entomobrya, sp. 
Lepidocyrtus, sp. Podura, sp. 
Many undetermined. 

PSEUDONEUROPTERA. 

Psocide, undetermined. Termes flavipes Kollar. 

HOMOPTERA. 
Coccide, Azipersza, sp. 

COLEOPTERA. 


Carabidee, Schizogenius amphibius Hald. Daicelus ovals Lec. 
co flarpalus faunus Say. 
Pselaphide, Batrisus ferox Lec. Batrisus globosus Lec. 


Staphylinide, A¢hefa, sp. Actobius pederoides Lec. 
Homalota, sp. Lathrobium simile Lec. 
Staphylinus cinnamopterus Grav. Pederus httorarius Grav. 
Philonthus, sp. Lileusis pallida Lec. 


Actobius umbripennis Lec. 
Trichopterygide, Z7cchopteryx haldemanni Lec. 
Nitidulide, Rhzzophagus scalpturatus Mann. 
Trogositide, Zenebrioides laticollis Horn. 
Elateridee, Monocrepidius bellus Say. 
Scarabeeidze, Lachnosterna, sp. 
Curculionidee, Sphenophorus, sp. 


bo 


Dec. 1893] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 223 


DIPTERA. 


Mycetophilidz, Sczara, sp. 

Stratiomyide (larva). 

Phoride (puparia), Phora clavata Loew ; Conicera, sp. 
Muscidee, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr.; Lucila cesar Linn. 
Anthomyide, Homalomyia, sp.; Ophyra leucostoma Wied. 
Sepsidz, Prophila caset Linn. 

Drosophilide, Drosophila ampelophila Loew. 

Borboridz, Zzmosina, sp. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


Formicide, Brachymyrmex heert Forel.; Camponotus melleus Say. 
ee Lasius americanus Emery ; Lastus flavus DeGeer. 
Poneride, .Ponera contracta Latr. 
Myrmicide, Myrmicina latreilii André. 
Monomorium minutum Mayer. 
Cremastogaster lineolata Say. 
Aphenogaster, sp. 


This list includes the names of a few species found, not in the one 
hundred and fifty human disinterments studied, but in the experi- 
mental observations, viz.: The undetermined Psocid, the Dipteron 
Sciara sp., and the Coleopteron Zrichopteryx haldemanni Lec. were 
found in the empty boxes, buried for experimental purposes; while 
the Myriapod Zithodius sp., and the Diptera Conicera sp., Phora 
clavata Loew, and Ophyra leucostoma Wied., were found on dog 
cadavers, as noted elsewhere. 

During the summer of 1896 the cadavers of a number of dogs, 
which had been examined in the laboratory for parasites, were tightly 
nailed up. each in a wooden box, and buried in a neighboring plot at 
a depth of two feet. Two of these, examined after two months, 
showed only the following Diptera: Phoridz, Phora clavata Loew. 
Muscide, Lucila cesar Linn. Anthomyidze, Ophyra Jleucostoma 
Wied. Of these, I have found only the Muscid on human cadavers, 
in four instances: (a) The living larve were found on the cadaver 
of a drowned negro after an exposure of three days and bred to the 
adult stage (No. 149). (&) The puparia were found on a cadaver 
(No. 2) which had been buried for two years and eleven months ; 
and (¢) puparia were likewise found on two cadavers (Nos. rz and 


224 JouRNAL NEw YorRK ENYOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1. 


14) which had been buried four years and one month. On the dog 
cadaver, buried two months, was found a fragment of one adult fly. 
This fly Mégnin puts in his second ‘‘squad,’’ which arrives on 
cadavers a few hours after death. The Phorid was found in great 
numbers in the adult stage, busily feeding upon the contents of the 
box, which emitted a very pungent ammoniacal.odor. 

The Anthomyid was taken in the larval stage and bred in great 
quantities, in the laboratory, even unto the third and fourth genera- 
tions. Notes of these breeding experiments were presented to the 
Entomological Society of Washington and will appear in the forth- 
coming issue of its Proceedings. - Suffice it to say that, contrary to 
what has generally been known of the Ophyra J/eucostoma Wied., it 
seemed to thrive better upon decaying animal than upon vegetable 
matter. Mégnin places this fly in his fifth ‘‘squad,’’ which he has 
found on human cadavers buried about two years. It is interesting to 
note just here that Schdyen found another species of this same genus, 
Ophyra anthrax Meig., in one of the cemeteries o Kristiania, in 
graves which had been dug but two months before, just the period of in- 
terment of the dogs in question. Schiner mentions O. anthrax as more 
rare than O. /ewcostoma still, in certain places very common ; he found 
it in great numbers on the body of a dead horse in Kloster-neuberg. 

On dogs buried for three months, this same Anthomyid, O. Zeu- 
costoma, was found together with an undetermined Thysanuron and 
three Acarids of the Gamasid family: Uvopoda sp., Gamasus sp. 
and Hypoaspis sp. ‘The mites belong to Mégnin’s sixth ‘‘squad,’’ 
found on exposed human cadavers after two or three years. Uvopoda 
I have found on twenty-one human cadavers, interred for periods 
varying from three years and six months to eleven years and seven 
months ; ypoaspis, on a human cadaver buried twenty-eight years ; 
Gamasus on another, buried thirty-eight years and four months. 
While belonging to the same genus, it must be noted that the species 
of Gamaside found on dog cadavers are not identical with those 
found upon human cadavers. 

On dogs buried for four months the principal find was the Phorid, 
Conicera sp., which was likewise bred in the laboratory through sev- 
eral generations. ‘This fly is of special interest, because it was prob- 
ably the first in America recorded by an accurate observer as having 
been found on a disinterred human cadaver; it will again be referred 
to later on. 


Dec. 1£98.] MOoOTTER: STUDY OF HE FAUNA OF THE GRavVE. 225 


On dogs buried for five months were found Conicera sp., adult 
flies and larve, together with Uvopoda sp., identical with that found 
on dogs after three months’ interment, but differing from that found 
on human cadavers ; and, finally, an Elaterid beetle, Monocrepidius 
bellus Say, identical with that found on human cadavers after three 
years and two months’ interment. 

At this point the experimental work with dog cadavers ceased ; 
first because there was such abundant material from the cemetery, and, 
secondly, because, according to Dr. Wyatt Johnston’s experience, the 
results would be apt to be more confusing than helpful. Writing of 
his own observation in this line, Dr. Johnston said: ‘‘ We were 
especially struck with the circumstance that Coleoptera which attack 
the bodies of animals early, z. e., in a few days, will not attack human 
bodies unless these have been exposed some months. For this reason 
we avoided control experiments with dead animals and dead meat, as 
unreliable and misleading.’’ 

One other line of experimental investigation proved interesting 
and suggestive, though it was pursued in but two cases. At the sug- 
gestion of Mr. E. A. Schwarz, we buried in a cemetery, at a depth of 
three feet, two empty boxes which had been thoroughly cleaned and 
then closed with a well fitting cover securely nailed on. As it hap- 
pened, we were enabled to place each of these boxes in a lot adjoining 
one in which an interment had recently been made, thus approximat- 
ing, as nearly as might be, the conditions of anactual interment. After 
two months one of the boxes was taken up and found to contain a 
young Araneid, Agalena nevia Htz., several young Acarids of the 
Gamasid family, many Podurids (Thysanura), an undetermined 
Psocid, one small beetle, Z7ichopteryx haldemani Lec., and three 
Mycetophilid flies, Sczara sp. ‘The second box, which was buried 
for a little over three months, was not quite so prolific, containing 
only one Araneid, Zheridium tepidariorum Koch, and a few Podurids 
and Lefpidocyrtus sp. (Thysanura). These small insects were no 
doubt feeding upon the delicate black fungus with which the boxes 
had become lined. 

It is highly probable that further experiments in this line might be 
productive of interesting results. In the last case noted in the above 
list (No. 150) an empty (?) coffin, exhumed after seven years and 
three months, contained, among other things, the same beetle, A/euszs 
pallida Lec., which was found insuch great numbers and under such 


226 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


varying conditions in fifty-six of the one hundred and fifty observa- 
tions and after periods of interment ranging from one year and eleven 
months to eleven years and two months. ‘The cemetery records show 
that this particular coffin was supposed to contain the product of a 
‘« Premature Birth,’’ but it seems highly propable that the coffin was 
sent to the cemetery, minus the cadaver, and that the latter now 
adorns some one’s embryologic collection. 

In 1890 Mr. Webster published an interesting find of Concera sp., 
on a two-year cadaver, in the stomach of which chemic analysis showed 
one and one-half grains of arsenic. Commenting on this case, Mr. 
Webster writes: ‘‘ That the larve of these flies might subsist upon the 
flesh of bodies killed by arsenic is by no means surprising, as they are, 
doubtless, very tenacious of life. * * * That adults or larve could 
have made their way to the body through box and coffin, after burial, 
seems incredible ; while that with the temperature but little above the 
freezing point flies should have been attracted to the corpse, while the 
latter was awaiting burial, and either deposited their eggs upon it be- 
fore burial or have been conveyed within the coffin to the grave and 
there begun reproduction appears at first thought almost equally im- 
possible. ’’ 

Here, then, are raised the questions upon the answers to which 
rest the importance and practical value of all these observations. 
How, when and during what periods do these insects attack the human 
cadaver? Mégnin’s answers seem to have been accepted by the French 
courts, and decisions rendered, sentences imposed in accordance there- 
with. His work has been abstracted in a large number of journals, 
and in several different languages ; everywhere it is labelled ‘‘ Impor- 
tant—if true.’’ Dominique writes a conservative review, compliment- 
ing Mégnin upon his work, at the same time suggesting that the science 
of an entomologic chronology of cadaveric history must, of necessity, 
be a slow growth. Here and there, however, there have been more or 
less vigorous protests. It is significant that these protests and warn- 
ings have come largely from the entomologists, men whose sole spe- 
cialty is the study of the characters and life habits of these insects. 
True, when we attempt to look up the life-history of any given insect, 
especially one not important from an economic standpoint, we are 
amazed at the paucity of data, even with regard to our most common 
species. Among those who have made the life habits of beetles a 
special study, is Major L. von Heyden, who denies Mégnin’s assertion 


Dec. 1898.] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 227 


that the Nitidulid beetle, RAzzophagus, is attracted by the odor of the 
corpse, and declares that this beetle never feeds upon cadavers, but 
that it enters the grave as a parasite of the larva of another beetle 
(Scolytid) which infests the wood of which coffins are made. In spite 
of this high authority, I have found, in a number of cases the Ameri- 
can cousins of this beetle feeding, beyond the peradventure of a doubt, 
upon the decomposing soft tissues and in the cancellated bone of the 
human cadaver. 

Another item, about which we have yet much to learn, is with re- 
gard to the seasonal activity of a number of flies. _Mégnin states, and 
he is confirmed by Webster’s and by own experience, that the Phori- 
dz have been found on bodies interred in winter as well as in summer. 
But his conclusion, that the presence of Muscidze indicates that the 
body in question was interred in summer and not in winter; and 
Johnston’s and Villeneuve’s conclusion, that the absence of Dipterous 
remains points to interment in winter and not in summer, have been 
too hastily drawn, if the study of but one hundred and fifty disinter- 
ments in Washington afford any criterion by which to judge. For, in 
ten of the one hundred and fifty cases, | have found the remains of a 
number of flies (Stratiomyid, Muscid, Sepsid and Borborid) on cadav- 
ers interred in December, January and February. 

Two important facts must be noted just here: On the one hand, 
I have found, on looking up the recorded temperatures for several days 
preceding death and following burial, a degree of cold wholly incom- 
patible with insect activity above ground ; on the other hand, we not 
infrequently have in Washington, even in mid-winter, several succes- 
sive days of sufficient warmth to start up the incubators of the omni- 
present fly. That the presence of certain insects on a cadaver may 
indicate the exposure of that cadaver to a temperature favorable to the 
functional activity of these insects, is a conclusion wholly legitimate, 
and not without entomologic interest. Can it have any Medico-legal 
weight? ‘To go before a Court of Law and to swear that because a 
Muscid was found upon a disinterred human cadaver, that cadaver 
might have been interred in June, but cowd? not have been interred in 
January, would be to fly in the face of facts and to assert a proposi- 
tion controverted by practical experience. Be it remembered that 
these remarks apply only to interred human cadavers, only to those 
interred in the vicinity of Washington, and only from the limited 
view of this field obtained from one hundred and fifty observations. 


228 JourNnaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


I am thoroughly convinced that we can not, as yet, make any broad, 
universally applicable generalizations on this subject. ‘The field is far 
too broad, the important and modifying factors are far too numerous 
and conflicting, the conditions vary far too widely to be thus compre- 
hended in any concise, unqualified formula. The only conclusion I 
can reach, as the result of my studies thus far, is that it is not safe to 
draw any conclusion at all. The vital point upon which the whole of 
Mégnin’s theory of the fauna of exposed cadavers turns, is that the 
various insects appear in distinct ‘‘squads,’’ at definite and specified 
periods of cadaveric decomposition, and: that they succeed each other 
in regular order. That this proposition does not in any particular ap- 
ply to the observations here noted is most evident from the following 
brief resumé of the work, taking only the more important mites, bee- 
tles and flies : 

Acarina, 8 species found in 30 cases, interred from 3 years and 
2 months to 71 years. Coleoptera, Pselaphidee, 2 species found in 3 
cases, interred from 16 years and 5 months to 28 years. Staphylini- 
dee, Homalota, found in 4 cases, interred from 1 year and 11 months 
to 10 years; Staphyiimus found in 1 case, interred 15 years and 5 
months ; P/z/onthus found in one case, interred 5 years and 4 months ; 
Actobius found in 22 cases, interred from 3 years'and 2 months to 10 
years; Lathrobium found in 3 cases, interred from 4 years and 4 
months to g years and g months; /ederuws found in I case, interred 
3 yearsand 2 months ; #/ewszs found in 56 cases, interred from 1 year 
and rz months to 11 years and 2 months. © Nitidulide, AAzzophagus 
found in ro cases, interred from-1 year and 11 months to 28 years. 
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia found in 43 cases, interred from 3 years and 
2 months to 38 years; Muscidze, 2 species found in 5 cases, interred from 
3 days to 4 years and 1 month ; Anthomyidz, oma/omyza found in one 
case, interred 2 years and 11 months; Sepside, Prophz/a found in 13 
cases, interred from 3 years and 2 months to 10 years and 3 months. 

Since the completion of this paper, the writer has received a re- 
print of Johnston & Villeneuve’s paper, ‘‘ On the Medico-Legal Ap- 
plication of Entomology,’’ which was ‘‘ read: before the Canadian 
Medical Association, Montreal, August, 1896,’’ and published in the 
Montreal Medical Journal, August, 1897. These authors assert that 
‘one may now judge from the animal fauna. met with in a dead body 
how long it has been exposed.’’ But they add: ‘‘ The chief danger 
to be feared from Mégnin’s imitators is that they might tend to indulge 


lw 
Lo 


Wiss) 


Dec, 1898.] MoTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 


in guesses having no.very solid basis and to apply rules to countries 
and climates where they were inapplicable.’’ They conclude that, 
aor. appears certain that observations and experiments. upon exposed 
human bodies should be made in the particular locality before the 
present entomological data can be directly applied to legal medicine. 
pats The time limits apparently require modification for the 
particular locality.’’ 

It should be remembered that the experience of Johnston & Ville- 
neuve has been almost entirely with exposed cadavers—as distinguished 
from the present observations on interred cadavers. They print an 
interesting table, which is hereto appended. 


ab 


kK 


FAUNA OF DEAD BODIES EXPOSED TO THE AIR.* 
(COMPILED FROM MEGNIN. ) 


_ Physical Conditions. ECs Forms met with. 
time. 
BicsbeReriod...--.4|bOdles freshtes..eeece cence First (D) MMusca.* 
Cyrtoneura.* 
ice Calliphora.* 
Second Period.,...; Decomposition co m- (D) Lucilia.* 
MENCEMMeansascmeeeee cere | months. Sarcophaga.* 
Third Period...... BAEL YAGI... 2. wcsoss one ee | 3 months |(C) Dermestes.* 
- F (L) Agdlossa. 
4 to ( D ) Piophila.* 
Fourth Period .....|Caseous products........... Anthomyia. 
| 6 months. |(C) Mecrobia ( Corynétes). 
Fifth Period........ Ammoniacal fermenta-| { 4 months |(D) 7Zhyreophora. 
tion, black liquefac- Ophyra.* 
HOME ae ehonimocseonece Lonchea, Phora. 
Aas ato (C) Necrophorus. 
Silpha.* 
Lfister.* 
| 8 months. Saprinus.* 
Sixth Period ...... I ESTGCAMOM 5.24) sacs see ( 6months |(A) Uvofoda. 
Trachynotus. 
to Tyrogliphus.* 
Glyciphagus. 
| 12 months. _ Serrator. 
Seventh Period... ee extreme...... Tyear |(L) Agéossa. 
| ne Tineola. 
} (C) Attagenus. 
L. .3 years. Anthrenus. 
Pamato Period... Debris’. !.1).200. 600 denceests f - Over 3 |(C) Tenedrio. 
\ years. Ptinus. 


230 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VIL. 


FAUNA OF BURIED BODIES. 


Before? untall morece cons cence steccessceeseneconiceneesere D) Calliphora,* Cyrtoneura. 
Aiter/Burniall ai0s sie. ete se peso ones cae seeetecene D) Ophyra,* Phora. 

(The genera marked * in the table are those | (C) Phzlonthus,* Rhizophagus. 
met with by ourselves. ) tr} Achorutes, Templetonia. 


REFERENCES TO SOME OF THE LITERATURE ON THIS SUBJECT. 


1783.—Recueil de pieces concernant les exhumations faites dans l’anciente de 
l’Eglise de St. Eloi de la ville Dunkerque. 

1789.—Thouret, Rapport sur les exhumations du cimitiere des Innocens Fourcroy, 
a la Societe royale de médecine de Paris. 

1815.—Marc, Dict. d. Sc. Méd. Paris, XIV, 186-206. 

1823.—Orfila, Rev. Méd. Franc. et Etranger, Paris, XII, 143-150. 

1825.—Orfila, Arch. gen. de. Méd. Paris, VII, 281-286. 

1830.—Orfila, Ann. d’ Hyg. Paris, 1V, 80-165. 

1831.—Orfila and Lesueur, Traite des exhumations juridiques, Paris, 2v. 

1845.—Barrett (Thos.), Lancet, Lond. II, 425-428. 

1881.—Reinhard (H.), Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 31, p. 207-210. 

1886.—Hofman (O.), Bull. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XXX, p. CXXXI. 

1887.—Karsch, Entomolog. Nachricht. Berlin, December, 1887.—P. 382. 

1890.—Webster (F. M.), Insect Life, V, 11 pp., 356-358, 370-372. 

1892.—Bordas (F.), Etude sur la putrefaction. Paris, Rueff et Cie. 

1894.—Mégnin (P.), La Fauna des Cadavres. Paris, G. Masson, Gauthier, etc. 

1895.—Schéyen (W. M.), Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, p. 121-124. 

1895.—Dominique (J.), Bul. de la Soc. des Sc. de l’ouest de la Fr. Tome V, p. 

217-226. 

1895.—Miiller (C.), Zoolog. Garten, V, 36, pp. 271-275. 

1895.—von Heyden (L.), Zoolog. Garten, V, 36, pp. 380-381. 

1895.—Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, Die Fliegen, I, 620. 

1896.—Meégnin (P.), Bul. du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. Paris, pp. 187-190. 

1897.—Johnston (Wyatt), and Villeneuve (Geo.). Montreal Medical Journal, 

August. 


EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 


TABLE I. Showing entire ‘‘find’’ on human cadavers buried for varying periods. 

In the first column are given the serial numbers, with numbers referring to notes on 
individual observations. Next is indicated the duration of interment,expressed in years 
and months; then the monthin which interment was made and that in which the body 
was disinterred. Then follow the depth of the grave and character of soil—*‘s ’? = 
sandy, ‘‘c’’ clay, and ‘‘sc’’ sand and clay mixed. The degree of moisture, 
noted in the grave at the time of disinterment, is indicated as follows: I= dry, 2 
—=moist, 3—= wet, 4—coffin submerged. The figures in the body of the table indi- 
cate the number of the specimen or specimens, in the Stiles-Motter collection of 
grave-fauna, to be deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Some of these speci- 
mens, more particularly of the lower forms, have not as yet been fully determined. 


*(D) Diptera, (C) Coleoptera, (L) Lepidoptera, (A) Acari, (T) Thysanura, 


TABLE II.—Showing the miiburied for periods varying from 2 to 5 


ACARINA. 
Gamasidz, Gamasus,.............. aera = Hlesece eset Saree eer corccl ones Boo tienen ences ackt| teal esas eee 
26 Holostaspis, ......... ee eeslUeceal| eee Inccodlooose S33hes oieed laaecel anos sea velewesslentend erere||ocace|oosa: 

Ge Ely poaspisaeeceecsetee Beco |= ell llSaoeaidoece Gos Iseees Becre eccn mereel eae +)... Buccal leccbal Secs 

ee INDIANS). egocadeobocooddbolloodte Joc064|)}[Sccec fose69| aco. 20059 |5q7=c jasocq |G000g oboe" ko5ecq pond Jooaad laoond| ede: 

Gy Wropodaspes.s eres. Souc| See leacee asealleciees Sectal seiexs stusaldsecelinens siotes| seas stnceel acess eee 

ue Wedepressaspeecescces scocd||ooaed| | enalloonce||opecel| ac00l|n5009)|aco0c)|oanc0 Ga0nd|oo054 loadol|accee Sonne} fooce 
Tyneslypaidex, Ago fea 70) bs paca ecoed lseoda | lances eouce|joccea laces BSCE jbooca loneed jagoce| Idee ececn Space| lsooos loose 


Hypopus,......... paacal lec Ml ieeice eo eee gical neste tsico eee Silla doedaleeesleteleeeee 
Orbatidze, Hoplophora, ...........|..... wee. 


we eee| ce cee|eeree| cose! co ces| oeces| setae setae) cones! Setes| seres| soses| sone 


COLEOPTERA. 


Pselaphidee, Batrisus. ............ goood |ooboe 
ptapiylinid=:, Evomal otaspewere ner acess ste s0604|[ocenc Babe apne ooote 
SE aed sete. Specalseselpleace:|'seoselsncss Dacallseavall toull eaters lewess lseiees Jeet ew see lemees eens 
ce ebilontlus see eeees asees lees Bee tosee|aes 
CG UNCLODWUS seeks eee eeevel(aoexe 
“e Lathrobium, ...... Beer ioc 
“< [PBSOKSTATIS. cootoonnace opese eee dle 
CG BETISISS see aee nese Bree eee Ssecee Seeeelaiose bate we trees istics lerctecaltotetetss [lanlwae pats eracal eten eee 
Nitidulide, Rhizophagus, ........ seeteleieees Fl)" | nenen dooce |pooce gene ate Raced ese + |..... BOLE bese 5d0%: 
Blateridze, Monocrepidius, ... «|.....|.....|:|-0-+.|-e---| «ose noses |Seaed|aeesleness Wdiseecs (ance: sdaceloscealiares 


we] esos! cc ces| so cee| cosee| eoces| Se eee| ecees| seeee| eeses| cece 


eee] ccoee| ce ccs|coeee| seeee|eeces| esses) coees|setes| soeee| sone 


Oren] cocee| se eee) ce eee| ae ees| cesses soces| OOhrs cosas) seses| seeen| seses 


Bee] eeeee| coces| se eee| coces| ceses| scons! cores| cores esees| eeeas 


‘ 


DIPTERA. 


SEAL LOM VAC Ges sonic seers aceesteinn sl seaisieel|/aces Sanee | leaded oced| saseq kenoca lonees ogee cesslodiacce| le cceellesecellepavellaweee seen 
IPHORA2e)  PUPATIA)..s...<scseeceson0 PeSeretoeeeel| Pe Sa Seccellsccsd| = tltSecee ail tilts peilloseen ogcselcneeelesees ame 
ge NC lavata, cc. scescaesere =foiles ctl fsllscese| pease Babee pace jcbeet Booed |oodd Micrer aeeceleeers sisesellamestlteee 

“ (Conicerateenseeesecetessee leeeoe| Saeed | fechas eeoed loeasc|ioecce + |.....|.....| | +]... Ses oy 
Muscidze, Compsomyia,...........|..... aoce4 | |loocee Neace Seeedl |lncded lanecd laocce =inced|}oncon |oooee Socby| bods. Apced jbsed 
gs Mercia iesemcesceessse see ey ene |e ee Sepeo }S8ced doce jancod eoodd lobesd|occsc Beond|cinAed |so0s 
Ney Homalomyia, Bacbalfodded Baers ‘leooss Bicod Ihooee p90e9 [so06d| Gobel loocc ogee faced |aeia8 Soca |noncd essa 
O. leucostoma, ...) + | + |).|.....)..... envelleearellaeece|(eecel scene Seren acest Kose oace dupes l eke 

Ke *Ophyra anthrax, ..|..... Sc0ed| «llocecd |booa: usesel Secee|evers ancec||aoobeljaooa: sanveloeaa|(stcece|seree laws 

DEpsidcemkdOp ila asscsacrecesscecrl ease Sacex|| dloapodlosee. distad laodad |oodoc}ooscd |a08e0 50 ]oncos : 
Borboridz, Sanco bectoandsoqavontedssallaciced) loAaes dl laooed booed occas ab ose lageTd |obace baned Issar a! duod Ieccd locasdodaed laced 


"9 Reported by other observers. 


TABLE II.—Showing the mites, beetles and flies found on INTERRED canine and human cadavers. Dog cadavers buried for periods varying from 2 to 5 
months. Human cadavers buried for periods varying from 1 to 71 years. 


= St 


Doc. D|M INTERRED HUMAN CADAVERS. 


ACARINA. ae 
Gamaside, Gamasus,.............- Sea ie el ered hee 
a6 Holostaspis, ......... neced|ooce. 29964] 00000 


G8 Hypoasplis, ...........[..... el = |loaocelogand 
ce IDG, casooanendde00600 Sosed odes lososd lsocee 


“s Who, TLE, 350000006001 o0000 +h...) + 
(Wendepressayee-cescs: s00da}000 
Tyroglyphide, AS oye) by}9} BND} 5506)|o000d 000d] an00d|loneen 


11599010) SIS}, scononcd||oeced||ona0e 5066q|/ 5060 
Orbatide, Hoplophora, ........... 


2] cece) cc cwe| coeee| erence) eeene| eeeen| cence! ccrce| cocee| sesce|ccena| senna) ccens| setee| eevee! cccac|cetes|eecce| cores! scene! sect evens! oeees| creas! ecene| sees 


wren ce ceel eee ee| ee nee| cecee| eeene| ecece| cess! ccsee|corce| cetael evens! sescelsccce|seces| cores cesses! sesee|setes|ecces| ceces| acces! cases saeen coer! Seees|sesne|peees| coves) sesee ceees|ceses|sssee|sotee| cues aesen 


we] ee ees| ce cee we ene| we teel creas lonene| ences) ceeee|ceeee| cess! setes| sete! osesn| ooene 


a] ee eee| ee eee| ecene| cr cce| coeee|ccoen| cores! setae cesses wosee| secre! scees| coces| eooee|cccee| oven! seco! esses! seses| coors cores sae 


COLEOPTERA. 
Pselaphidz, Batrisus. ............ 
Staphylinidz, TaI@TaTENKOYE, .csqo6000lla5cee leon lonced oo5a0 

Staphylinus, ...... 
66 Philonthus, ........ 


Joye poltoyUuIsIp AsAeped ueuln yy 
Ta 
+ . 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


eeceeleeees|cocselecese| BD | TT | cancel weeee| secee| cecee|cceec| cores! secee|eccce|cecce| sores 


+ 
+ 
ot 


seeeeleecce eeceal eves! | Fy | eeeecl a ceae| ccces| ceene| cenee| ccces| escse| wceee| covee|sotea| esses! socee 


S| cee ccl cee ee| co eee| cence] ee ccn| cecss|ceces|eccee| § |ecees|eeces|cecee| ances) eccee|ccccsleccce|secce|ecces|occce|cccee| coves! cvcre|scces|sveee|euccelecsce| eevee! coccelecces| scsee|ssces| susae|scesslsceee|sesesl ove 
6 JN@I@) SUS) sno0consanal esos seace aacee cbece Pe | ae A ee Ste eee +)... ee ey ..| oces|eesee SS |e ooce ss5ed| loosed lone |lo000q lon001 ]eoecel lecoed |oncod||oo0s [ococd|2000qlcoo0d][socad] a0c0d|fooced occ 
GG Lathrobium, ...... Paice Sted OE ECe Pan eeett cece ae |e en roe a ral fsmeae ll eee ={oill Be wealleetees oesa| trees a fo Joc ecefeccee|oecee|eeees|enenh|erree[aesceloccce|arcee|orcee|eneee/ernre|erere|ionese|eocra|aeses|ienseal acces 
oe NeeeclenuSepeneeeeree S6s00laened Wedon lobecc|| ss? "lg ae sll aeieel eceel aces eer He... Hace lbobecl 0560 loas0dlcoadd locosdl acond| lodand Isoscd locece| Isaac aoded Gaced bonds lococd leec0d||60¢1]6o004 |bo0a0|loodad laonad loonco| ondad cowed |oocadljodeca||oD90q 000d] cand|foouce 
6G ISNEWSHS, scaceoeccecn||ooo0d bound |ececd lee A os 


Nitidulidze, IRI OUCZOYD) DEXEUS)) 3500000|lo0ecc||ec¢ed[adc0d|ooded 
Elateridze, Monocrepidius, See loceee aseee sere + 


zydag pautuiexa ‘of “‘Sny pereaooe1 Apoq ‘6% “Sny petMo1p 0139 N 


DIPTERA. ; 1 r 
Siratlomyl dee ecessercesee ence teres eoerelmeccleoeecleea|, ule Saeselsecalleee G1 \l55encl once 60000 |eoc0o||a00<cl|o0000 se]eccec|ecseelecceslecccelecese|acese/eacce|erces 
TPE TAEED) [OLEPF NTE, oncnoa26c0000000 aad eee ones socal = Anse ese Bee haem + |... + |e. Sp |lacs00 AP ||eoc0 AE | SE |looond[acasc||oon0s ar lar oF 
GG 185 @ENIEKIEN Gancunnaccosboe 5 [occas Aerad Goo 66002 |boee a loduce| ener loner ered loceda Godee oncod Iboco0! océadincacd anced Geacd aeey astalcimers Sen6d [onces||6000q\6000d sessa|eetes|eoees 
6 Come, osansseeognaeo09|fanere vee BI). eeu esata | *4 Webster, F. M., Insect Life, 'Y. eae pee 1890-5) ailesites vests] [esas eal | 
Muscidee, Compsomyia,...........|..... nomBeoooe pase ||=fo) | Becscl sense Goand| raced oAeed| | i=) labeo Fonvsl doeealleweee poms 5061 boned eaeeey meeee leeaee nonce lonaecllenaed lode ladecc||ooand oo0c - 
“e Lucilia, ee ecm oe -- ee onl iec ee ARE + Soca Soteal ase Mente 4. Soeel Boro a paacal|oace ealeee| acces eeces evvee|cccse|ecres|ecces|cecee|cocce|secre|cncce|eccee|oscee|ecads 
Anthomyidze, Homalomyia, .....|.....|.....|....-|.. have 4a005 aseed nore 5o86H) "=" | sacsd| jodond odead leno 90000||680Rc1]oG0c¢| laceod ono anepel louse loonod alps soeer lacoed lacced lecond|loeer s}o0c6d Sc006 seeeelereee| seers poietic fahacad farcanny FO wemalinee 
SG O. leucostoma, ...| + | + }.....). coe fadcadjodcos| faced |Goacd|aoaod Gaoed Ber eslame es Spded lao80d {ened 19°07! |anocc)boced Inoned leeceollacoed bpd !aeocd nonce} |caced spend |ogbed /<iocce coe alate Socee|loocnafoecce setts] eesee| ee ee| cores] eeeee pated net 200° 
“ “OY ITES ENOMINVIEDS, 2] ecod| asco | soonelf once focore SE i 


. 9 2 Schéyen, W. M., Entomologisk Tidskrift Stockholm ' 121-124, 1895. Gat (llo6ded |poecd pect jscerd lode: Cober looted ocnce|}ooced Booed ondcc latiece|(aoces 
Sepside, Piophila, .....cssssse 0, noc ose cost bos [vee erect eae a ea EN ET ona Ss melts pps Sit 1 abe Soe ore nel eel fees I 


ccc] ee cen|ccces| cocee| cccce|ecses|serce|sereciere 


* Reported by other observers. 


Dec. 1898. ] Dyar: On SoutH AMERICAN MOTHS. 231 


TABLE 2, groups the mites, beetles and flies, which have been held to be especially 
significant as time-indicators, and shows that the same species have been found after 
widely varying periods of interment. ‘This is in direct contrast with the ‘‘ principle ’’ 
hitherto deduced, from observations on exposed cadavers, ‘‘ that the products formed 
at different epochs in the progress of decomposition attract certain forms and repel 
others.’’ A principle which Mégnin reiterates in a recent ‘* Note sur une collection 
d’Insectes des cadavres interessants a connaitre au point de vue Medico-legal, offerte 
au Museum.”’ 


NOTES ON CERTAIN SOUTH AMERICAN 
COCHLIDIIDA AND ALLIED FAMILIES. 


By Harrison G. Dvyar. 


At my request Mr. W. Schaus kindly brought me a number of 
moths from his collection for examination. Many of them are his 
types of species recently described and the rest have been carefully 
determined by him. ‘The following notes are based on this material. 
It includes the groups closely allied to the Cochlidiidz as well as that 
family itself, and one species of Ptilodontidz, which was improperly 
described as a Cochlidian. 


Family DALCERID/. 
Synopsis of Genera. 


Fore wings without accessory cell; antennz with prominent scale tuft at tip. 
Vein 6 arising above discal vein; vein 11 from cell.................. Dalcera 
Vein 6 arising below discal vein; vein 11 stalked with 9 and 10....Dalcerina 
Fore wings with accessory cell; antennze without scale tuft. 


’ Veins Grandseromoneistallced ybutydistinclmeme miter airciniete .Acraga 
Veins 9 and Io coincident, 9 absent or invisible. 

Fdindiwinesiovatess rounded .). anti acee. isco cis ieieisieialel© ae ere Dalcerides 

Hind wings trigonate, inner margins long................. Epipinconia 


Genus Dalcera 7. -S. 

1855 —Dalcera HERRICH-SCHAFFER, Ausser. Schmett. I. 7. 

Type, aérasa H.-S.: also fumata Schaus, both before me. Mésch- 
ler has given the generic characters. Others species listed are obscura 
Schs., a/6a Druce, daxata Druce, ampla Druce and /eberna Druce, but 
I have not examined them. 


232 JournaL NEw York ENTuMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI 


Genus Dalcerina, nov. 


Antenne short, bipectinate, a tuft of scales at tip above; head prominent, eyes 
large; palpi porrect, slender, exceeding the front by half their length, not reaching 
vertex; third joint minute. Legs slender, hind tibia with end spurs only. Wings 
full, rounded; fore wing costa straight, rounded at apex; vein I, furcate at base, 
without branch; Ic present; 2 at middle of cell; 4 and 5 short stalked; cell closed 
by the short, wide angled furcation’ of discal vein; 6 midway between 5 and discal 
vein; 7 and 8 long stalked below apex of cell; 9 and 10 very long stalked as in Da/- 
cera, but 11 also stalked with 9 and Io for some distance; 12 from base; retinaculum 
a long fold. Hind wings with three internal veins; vein 2 from the middle of cell; 
3 and 4 arising close together ; 5 from the lower part of cross vein; discal vein as on 
fore wing; 6 and 7 very remote, running parallel; 8 very close to 7 to end of cell, 
but free or with a trace only of a cross bar toward base where the vein is rounded 
toward costa. Frenulum long. 


Type “jwcana Schaus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 322). Mr. 
Schaus’ type is before me, and looks, superficially, like a variety of 
Dalcera fumata. 


Genus Acraga Walp. 

185s—Acraga WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. Lep. Het. IV, 807. 

1882—Pinconia Moore, Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverp. XXXVI, 364. 

Venatation asin Dafcera (vide Méschler, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XXVII, 
673), but accessory cell present ; veins 7-8 and 9-10 on stalks from accessory cell ; 
II from the top of accessory cell. 

Type celzata Walker; also moorez Dyar (|| ochracea Moore), 
ochracea Walk. and coa Schaus. Also mefnda Druce, unknown to 
me. I am indebted to Sir G. F. Hampson for information about 
Walker’s type in the British Museum. 


Genus Dalcerides V. & D. 
1893—Dalcerides NEUMCEGEN and Dyar, Can. Ent. XXV, 121. 


Close to Acraga, but the stalk of veins 9 and ro reaches tip of wing. 
Type zugenita Hy. Edw.; also mesoa Druce, the latter from Mr. 
Schaus’ collection. . 


Genus Epipinconia, nov. 


Antenne short, bipectinate; eyes large; palpi slender, porrect, reaching half 
their length beyond the front; legs slender, hind tibize without spurs. Fore wing 
triangular, costa straight; vein 10 shortly stalked on the stalk of 7 and 8, 9 coinci- 
dent (absent), 11 at base of accessory cell, all as in Dalcerides. Hind wings trigo- 
nate; inner margin long, anal angle sharply rounded, as also apex, the outer margin 
nearly straight; veins 2 to 5, somewhat equally spaced, 3 and 4 nearest; 6 above the 
end of discal vein, remote from and parallel to 7; 8 close to subcostal to end of cell, 
then divergent. Thinly scaled, bronzy, glistening species. 


Dec. 1898.] Dyar: On SoutH AMERICAN Morus. 233 


Type flava Walker (Cat. Brit. Mus., V, 1107) ; also cz#v7ma Schaus 
are before me. 


Family MEGALOPYGID. 
Genus Aidos Ader. 


1818—Azdos HUBNER, Verz. Bek. Schmett. 191. 

1895—Brachycodion DyAR, Can. Ent. XX VII, 244. 

This has the venation of aanda, but veins 8 and 9 form a rounded rather than an 
angular furcation and Io and 11 are very shortly stalked together. On hind wings 
veins 3 and 4 are shortly stalked; 6 and 7 separate and parallel; $ free to base. 

Type amanda Stoll ; also yamouna Dogn. (Luclea yamouna Dognin, 
Le Nat., XIII, 126) from Mr. Schaus’ collection. 


Genus Brachycodilla, nov. 


Antenne lengthily pectinated on basal half, terminal half simple (serrate), the 
regions sharply marked; head sunken, palpi short, porrect, just reaching frontal tuft. 
Robust, vestiture suberect ; legs rather long, posterior tibize with terminal spurs only. 
Venation essentially as in Azdos (vide Can. Ent., XXVII, 244), but vein 8 of hind 
wings is joined to subcostal by a strong bar at the end of the cell. 


Type castrensis Schaus (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 56) ; also B. 
carmen Schaus (Zalima carmen Sch.) and &B. admirabilis Schaus 
(Perola admirabilis Sch.) are before me, the latter retained in my 
collection by the kindness of Mr. Schaus. 


Genus Cyclara Schaus. 


1896—Cyclara ScHAUS, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, 57. 

Besides the characters given by Mr. Schaus, vein I of fore wings has a long 
branch on the lower side (characteristic of the Megalopygidz) ; vein 6 arises above 
the concavity of the cell ; cell broad ; stalk of veins 7 and 8 drooping from that bear- 
ing 9; hind wings with veins 6 and 7 remote and parallel ; 8 touching the cell ex- 
cept at base and extreme apex. Antenne much shorter than half of fore wing, but 
not disproportionately short as the body is slender, pectinated to the tip; eyes large; 
palpi very short, almost rudimentary, not reaching the front ; legs slender, rather long, 
hind tibize without spurs. A fragile insect, with proportionately large rounded wings. 


Type ovata Schaus. Mr. Schaus’ type is before me. 


Family COCHLIDIID. 


A. Male antennz bipectinate on basal portion, the terminal half simple. 
a. Discal vein long forked, the limbs forming an angle of less than go°. 


Genus Sibine 7. -S. 


1855—Sibine HERRICH—SCHAEFFER, Ausser. Schmett. I, 7. 
1855—|| Vyssca WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1132. 


234 JouRNAL NEw YorkK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


1860—Lmpretia CLEMENS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 158. 

1866—Zupaha WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. XXXV, 1927. 

1878—||.S¢vedlota BERG, Ann. Soc. Argent. V, 177. 

1878—Neomiresa BUTLER, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 74. 

Tyne zesea Stoll. Mr. Schaus has loaned me specimens labelled 
modesta Cr., plora Schaus, extensa Schaus, and ¢rzmacula Stoll. I 
should regard the first three as the same species in most genera, but 
here the larve should be known for certainty. 


Genus Episibine, nov. 


Male antennz bipectinated on basal third, the tip simple ; palpi not reaching be- 
yond the frontal hairs; fore wings with costa straight, inner margin sinuate, veins 2, 
and 3 separate, 8 and 9 stalked, 11 straight; fork of discal vein long and closed by a 
cross-vein ; hind wings triangular, veins 6 and 7 separate at base, but divergent; 8 
anastomosing at base ; hind tibize without perceptible spurs. 


Type auromacula Schaus (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 56). Mr. 
Schaus’ type is before me. This is a specialization of the ordinary 
Svbine form, the hind wings shaped as in the male of Phodetron. 


Genus Euclea Aiidner. 

1822— Euclea HUBNER, Verz. Bek. Schmett. 149. 

1854—|| Veera HERRICH-SCHAFFER, Samm]. Ausser. Schmett. I, fig. 176. 

1859—Parasa Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co. 413. 

1860—WVochelia CLEMENS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 159. 

1864—Callochlora PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 339. 

Type ceppus Cramer. 

21. Fore wings with vein 10 from end of cell (Parasa). 

E. imitata Druce $ , kindly added to my collection by Mr. Schaus. 

E. cebrenis Sch. $ 9, (9 Trabala cebrenis). The female has 
been described by Mr. Schaus and figured by H. Druce (Biol. Cent. - 
Am., Lep. Het., Il, pl. 87, fig. 11). The male associated with it is 
£. lysta Druce (Biol. Cent.-Am., II, 439) without any green on the fore 
wings. Mr. Schaus stated to me that he had a reason for this unexpected 
association, but he could not then recall what it was. 


E. minima Schaus. 

g, Identical with chlor’s H.-S., except that the green band is of 
about half the width and does not touch the base of the wing. The 
moth is a little smaller than is usual in chlorts. 

E. viridogrisea, sp. nov. 


Vertex of head and thorax above bright green; abdomen, thorax below and 
legs dark slate gray; wings uniformly dark slate gray, the veins not lined ; on fore- 


Dec. 1868. J Dyar: ON SoutTH AMERICAN MOTHS. 235 


wings a rather narrow bright green band crosses the wing at about the middle and 
runs along internal margin to base; it is edged on both sides narrowly with light red 
brown; width of band about one-fourth the length of wing, a little narrower centrally 
from the brown outer border becoming broader at that point ; the terminal space is 
slightly grizzled by pale scales. Expanse, 32 mm. 

Type, one female in the collection of Mr. Schaus, who says that 
this is the ‘‘ ch/orzs’’ of the Biologia Centrali-Americana. 

@ 2. Fore wing with vein 10 stalked (Zzclea). 
E. diversa Druce. (Semyra diversa D.) 

The figure in the Biologia is poor. ‘The silvery line near internal 
margin should be a slender zigzag, produced a little along vein 2 and 
narrowly along vein r to base. ‘The ordinary green of the genus is 
here replaced by dark brown. ‘The pretty species seems to suggest 
some affinity with AZonol/euca in markings. 


E. copac Schaus. (eomiresa copac Sch.) 
A pretty dark gray species, with ovate, rounded wings. 


Genus Metraga JVa/p. 

1855—AMetraga WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1129. 

Type ferplexa Walk. ‘This species is before me. The genus 
seems a good one, close to Huclea, but differing in the large palpi, 
which reach nearly to the vertex of head, and in the convex costa ; 
vein 11 is distinctly curved toward vein 12 at base ; the discal vein is 
long forked and the cell closed by a cross-vein. 


Genus Miresa lVa/k. 

1855—Miresa WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1123. 

Type albipuncta H.-S. In this genus the discal vein is long- forked, 
the limbs connected by a cross-vein outwardly ; but often the upper 
limb is weak, so that the cross-vein practically replaces it, and the de- 
ceptive appearance of Hampson’s figure is produced (Moths of India, 
i350). 

M. argentea Druce. (Zupalia argentea D.) 

The upper limb of the discal fork is quite strong and distinct ; the 
palpi are a little longer than normal, just exceeding the front, and the 
pectinations of antennz are not sharply marked off from the simple 
portion, the serrations running to apex. ‘This is a generalized species 
in all these characters, possibly separable generically from Aresa (it 
would fall in Asteria Feld). 


M. argentata Walk. (Wyssia argentata Walk. ) 


236 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


A true Afresa, close to the Indian species dracteata Butl., argen- 
tifera Walk., and zzvaha Moore. ‘The upper limb of discal fork is 
nearly absent, just traceable as a slight fold. 


Genus Idonauton Swxhoe. 
1892— J/donauton HAMPSON, Moths of India, I, 391. 


Type apicale Walker. 


I. straminea Schaus. (Semyra straminea Sch.) 

This may be referred here provisionally. I have no male, hence 
do not like to propose anew genus. ‘The palpi agree with /donauton ; 
head sunken, front not tufted ; hind legs with terminal spurs only ; 
venation agreeing with Hampson’s figure, vein ro from end of cell, 
but discal vein forked and closed by-a cross vein. 


6. Discal vein short-forked, the limbs forming an angle of 90° or more. 


Genus Talima Wak. 

1855— 7ahma WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1120. 

Type postica Walker. The type species is before me. Venation 
of Parasa, except for the short forked discal vein, of which the two 
limbs close the cell, widely divergent, looking like a single vein meet- 
ing the end of cell. Vein 11 slightly curved at base. ‘The palpi are 
upturned nearly to vertex ; hind tibiz with end spurs only. A thinly 
scaled, simply marked form, more generalized than the preceding. 


Genus Protalima, nov. 


Closely allied to Zama, but the palpi are short, not exceeding the frontal tuft, 
and the inner margin of hind wings is rounded, less long drawn out than in 7alima. 
This would fall in Jf@vesa, except for the structure of the discal vein. The superfi- 
cial appearance, however, is like 7a/7za, and is here really the best guide to affinity 


Type sulla Schaus (lVyssta sulla Sch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 
324). 
4. Male antennze bipectinated to the tip; fork and discal vein short and open. 


a. Palpi long, reaching near or above vertex. - 
* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings separate. 


Genus Vipsania Drvuce. 


1887— Vipsania Druce, Biol. Cent.-Am. Lep. Het. I, 217. 

Palpi as in Ayphorma, fore wings with veins 7-9 stalked; fork of discal vein 
short and open, but a peculiar deceptive fold lies from the middle of the vein to 
origin of vein 6; hind wing like Ayphorma, but discal vein not forked; veins 6 and 
7 from a point. Hind legs broken; but I learn from Sir G. F. Hampson that Druce’s 


Dec.. 1898.] Dyar: On SoutmH AMERICAN MOTHs. 237 


type has two pair of spurs. The male is needed to place this genus finally ; compare 
section C, 


Type anticlea Druce 9. Only the female is known and Mr. 
Schaus’ specimen is one of this sex. Consequently the male antenne 
are unknown. 

Genus Semyra [Valker. 

1855—Semyra WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1130. 

. 1878—Eulimacodes MOSCHLER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. XXVII, 672. 

Type coarctata Walk. The type species is before me; also Mr. 
Schaus’ type specimen of Zudimacodes méschleri, which is simply the 
female of coarctata Walk. S. distincta Moéschl., with the same struc- 
ture and pattern, but larger and S. de//a H.-S. are also before me. 
S. cardia Schaus begins to depart a little from the generic type. The 
palpi are a little shorter, not quite attaining the vertex, about as in 
Prosternidia Saalm., with which this species might be confounded ina 
synoptic table, though the markings are as in Semyra, 


Genus Prosternidia Saa/m. 
1884— Prosterniaia SAALMULLER, Lep. Madagascar, I, 208. 
Type metallica Saalm. I have not seen this type, but from the 
characters given, place in the genus provisionally . e/ea Druce 
(Perola elea D.), which is before me. 


* * Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked. 


Genus Amydona Wa/k. 

1855—Amydona WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, I1Io. 

Type subpunctata Walk. Mr. Schaus has kindly given me Peroda 
dora Druce, which he thinks is the same as suwbpunctata Walk. ‘The 
forks of discal vein form a right angle, or a trifle less; open. Con- 
generic are 4. swcéa Schaus (Perola sucta Sch.) and A. platona Schaus. 


Amydona sericea Schaus. 


This does not belong here, but I cannot place it, as the hind legs 
are gone. It is a curiously contradictory form, the male antenne 
being distinctly pectinated to the tip, though decreasing rapidly on 
terminal half, while the fork of discal vein is long and closed by a 
cross-vein. ‘The palpi are upturned above vertex, third joint long 
and slender; head rather prominent. Venation normal, vein 1 with 
many small veinlets toward the margin, but no distinct branch ; veins 
2 and 3 widely separate, 7 to 9 stalked, 11 oblique; hind wings with 


238 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


6 and 7 from a point, 8 anastomosing near base. Mr. Schaus’ type is 
before me. ‘This doubtless represents a new genus. 


6. Palpi moderate, reaching beyond frontal tuft. 
* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings separate. 


Genus Natada /Va/g. 
1855—Natada WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1108. 
Type 7vufescens Walk. Perola daona Druce is before me. It be- 
longs to this genus and seems specifically identical with JV. zasonz of 
the United States. 


Genus Sisyrosea Grote. 
1876—Stsyrosea GROTE, Can. Ent. VIII, 112. 
Type ¢extula H.-S. Amydona /ucens Walk. is before me. The 
legs are broken, but the other characters agree exactly. Semyra diana 
Druce is similarly mutilated, but otherwise falls here. 


Genus Thosea /Va/dk. 
1855— Thosea WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1068. 
Type waifascea Walk. Z. fusca Druce is before me ( Zrabala fusca 
D.) and falls here, agreeing with the characters given in Hampson’s 
‘* Moths of India.’’ 


* * Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked. 


Genus Epiperola, nov. 

Male antennz bipectinated to the tip; palpi upturned, slightly exceeding the front, 
third joint small but distinct; fore wings with costa straight, veins 2 and 3 stalked, 
7 to g stalked, 11 straight; fork of discal vein short and open; hind wings with veins 
6 and 7 from a point, § anastomosing near base; hind tibize with terminal spurs. 

Dype ducer schaus. “(Rroc: Zool) Soc Wond:, 28925) 4235) 

This differs from Pero/a in lacking the middle spurs of hind tibize 
and in length of palpi. 

c. Palpi short, not exceeding frontal tuft. 
* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked. 


Genus Perola /VaZe. 


1855— Perola WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. IV, 920. 

1855—Nomosa WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1114. 

1855—Camila WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1126. 

Type murina Walk. ‘The type species is before me. Also P. ve/- 
losipes Walk. ( Zrabala villosipes Walk. ), sericea Méschl. (Asboha sert- 


Dec. 1898. ] Dyar: On SoutH AMERICAN MOTHS. 239 


cea Méschl.), ctcur Sch., druceotdes Dogn., brumals Sch. and rubens 
Sch., all before me. I am indebted to Sir G. F. Hampson for the 
structural characters of the genera referred to the synonymy. 


Genus Paleophobetron, noy. 


Male antennz bipectinated to the tip; palpi porrect, just reaching the front; fore 
wings with costa straight, veins 2 and 3 stalked, 11 straight, fork of discal vein 
broadly open without cross-vein; hind wings triangular, veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 
anastomosing at base; hind tibize with small terminal spurs. 


Type arcuata Druce (Biol. Cent.-Am. Lep. Het., II, 444, pl. 88, 
fig. 9). 

This differs from Pero/a in lacking the middle spurs of hind tibize 
and in wing shape. 


C. Male antennze simple. 
a. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wings from a point or stalked. 


Genus Pseudovipsania, nov. 


Male antennz simple; palpi porrect, three times as long as the head, third joint 
distinct, quadrate; fore wings with costa straight, veins 2 and 3 separate, 7 to 9 
stalked, 11 very slightly curved toward 12 at base, fork of discal vein short and open ; 
hind wing with veins 6 and 7 stalked, $8 anastomosing at base; hind tibize with termi- 
nal spurs, the legs weaker than the middle pair which are apparently abnormally 
strengthened. 


Type frigida Schaus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 323). 


Genus Prolimacodes Schaus. 

1896— Prolimacodes SCHAUS, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, 56. 

Type “angulifera Schaus. Mr. Schaus has given me a specimen 
of the typical species. ‘The structure is as in the North American 
scapha, except that vein 10 of fore wings is from cell and 6 and 7 of 
hind wings from a point. It isa form a little more generalized than 
our species, but, I think, not generically distinct therefrom. 


Family PTILODONTID. 


Trabala truncata Schaus. 

Belongs to this family (Melalophide). In the synoptic table it 
falls with /Zarvpyza, but the tongue is imperceptible and the wings are 
shorter and more triangular. The palpi are scarcely curved, and ex- 
ceed the front by half their length; third joint small. I do not yet 
know enough of the South American Ptilodontid genera to place this 
form. 


240 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


THREE NEW SPECIES OF SESIIDA. 
By WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER. 


Sesia tacoma, sp. nov. 

Male: Head deep black, palpi yellow above and clothed with long black and 
yellow hair beneath. Collar narrowly yellow in front, Thorax deep black with a 
narrow yellow stripe on the patagize and a narrow, yellow, transverse mark at the pos- 
terior end. Abdomen deep black with a narrow yellow band at the end of the second, 
fourth and sixth segments. Anal tuft black, fan-like and mixed with a little yellow 
beneath at the middle. Thorax beneath with a large yellow patch on each side. 
Femora black with loose scales; tibiae banded with yellow ; tarsi yellow. Anterior 
coxze with a yellow line. Fore wings transparent, brown-black at margins and on the 
veins ; space between median vein and inner margin orange-red, also orange-red be- 
tween the veins on the outer part of wings and border of the cell. Transverse mark 
large, black and touched with orange-red on each side. Transparent part beyond 
this mark rounded; elongate and triangular in cell. Fringes brown. Hind wings 
wholly transparent and narrowly bordered with violet black; fringes brown. An- 
tenn black. Fore wings beneath largely orange-red except borders and the trans- 
verse mark which is much reduced. Hind wing like.above, but with an orange line 
in outer border. Expanse, 19-21 mm. 

Lremale; Head, thorax, legs and abdomen as in the male, but the abdomen is 
heavier with the bands somewhat broader. Palpi wholly yellow. Fore wings with the 
orange-red and heavier, giving them a red appearance with narrow black margins. 
Hind wings with a narrow red margin before the brown fringes. Underside almost 
entirely golden orange-red and narrowly bordered with brown-black outwardly and 
the fringes. Transverse mark red, sometimes with a black center. Hind wings be- 
neath similar to the above. Abdomen beneath with three bands at.end. Anal tuft 
black, a little yellow beneath. Expanse, 20-22 mm. 


flabitat: 1 &, Big Horn Mts., Wyoming, July 11, 1896 (R. P. 
Currie), Dype, U:*s. National Museum); 3°45 6 2) Mtaakanier 
6,300 feet, Washington State, August, on Veratrum viride (C. V. 
JEDI ))s 


Sesia arizone, sp. noy. 

Head brown black; collar canary yellow in front ; palpi wholly canary yellow. 
Thorax brown-black with a narrow yellow line on the patagiz. Abdomen blue 
black ; first segment yellow and with a yellow band at the ends of the 3-7 segments, 
inclusive, those on the third, fifth and seventh segments twice as broad as the others. 
Anal tuft largely yellow, black at the sides and beneath. ‘Thorax beneath with a 
large yellow patch on each side. Abdomen beneath with the bands repeated or only 
partly repeated. Femora blue-black ; tibize banded with yellow, tarsi wholly yellow 
as are also the anterior coxee. Fore wings violet brown, with the usual transparent 
spaces, wholly or partly filled with golden-orange and only slightly transparent be- 
yond the golden-orange transverse mark, also streaked with this color between the 


Dec. 1898.] DyarR: Lire—Histories or N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 241 


veins on the outer part of the wings. Hind wings transparent, fringes fuscous, nar- 
rowly orange at base. Underside of fore wings golden-orange with the veins on 
outer part violet. Hind wings beneath same as above. Antenne black. Expanse, 
22 mm. 
1 9, Summit of Mt. Union, 9,000 feet, Arizona, July 3, 1887, 
flying about scrub oak (G. D. Hulst). Coll. Hy. Edwards. 
peoebexas. Coll) Urs. Nat. Mus: 


Pyrrhotznia coccinea, sp. nov. 

Head black; palpi yellow, tip black; collar narrowly edged with white in front. 
Thorax and abdomen bronzy-black with a metallic reflection. Antennze brown-black. 
Underside of thorax with a scarlet patch on each side. Legs metallic blue-black. 
Fore wings bright scarlet-red, outer border and a round spot at end of cell bronzy- 
brown. Hind wings brown, Underside of fore wings light orange, outer part brown, 
discal spot much reduced. Hind wings beneath same as above. Expanse, 12 mm. 

1 @, Albuquerque, New Mexico. (Cockerell.) Type, Coll. U. 
S. Nat. Mus. 

_ Very different from any of the hitherto known species. It may be 
at once recognized by the bright red fore wings with brown outer bor- 
der and discal spot. 


THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG 
CATERPILLARS.—XVII. 


PLATE XI, FIGS. I-12. 
By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., PH.D. 


Heterogenea shurtleffii Packard. 


1864— Hererogenca shurtleffit PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 346. 
1882—feterogenca shurtleffii GROTE, Check List. p. 18. 

1891—Ffeterogenea shurtlefii and var. cesonia SMITH, List Lep. p. 209. 
1892—feterogenea shurtleffit Kirpy, Cat. Lep, Het. I, 556. 
1894—FH/elerogenea casonia ? NEuM@GEN & Dyar, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 74. 


SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS. 


Dorsal space rather narrow and of uniform width, narrowing a lit- 
tle posteriorly, but scarcely so anteriorly ; full, rounded, not concave. 
Sides obliquely concave ; subventral space small, retracted. Ridges 
at first prominent, with large, low, distinct segmentary tubercles ; 
later the subdorsal ridge indicated by the change in direction between 


242 JourNaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


back and sides, lateral one projecting, smooth, neither ever spinose. 
Sete of stage I, as in Zortricidia pallida, differing only in detail. 
Later the warts are represented by distinct short setee which diminish 
nearly to obliteration during ontogeny. Depressed spaces well devel- 
oped, fairly large, (1) to (8) present. Skin at first smooth, later 
covered with round, clear granules, each with a minute central spine 
and crown of four to eight around it, causing the skin to appear mi- 
nutely furry. The granules appear well formed first on the ridges, 
later spreading more evenly over the body. ‘The fur-like spines be- 
come smaller at each subsequent molt till in the last stage they are ab- 
sent, leaving the granules perfectly smooth. Coloration green with 
yellow lines and a small red mark. ‘There are six larval stages. 


AFFINITIES, Hapits, Etc.* 


Allied to Zortricidia pallida and Heterogenea flexuosa. Stage I 
is most like fexwosa, but the Y-shaped setze are distinctly alternating, 
as in paliida, or more so, and there is a brown cervical shield. In 
stage II the seta persist as in pad/ida, but the granulation is at once 
distinguished from either by the peculiar fur on the ridges, which 
passes less perfectly into the spaces. The ridges are prominent and 
distinc tlysegmentarily beaded as in neither of the alles. Later, owing 
to the diminution of the fur and the small size of the red mark, the 
larva resembles most flexuosa, and may be distinguished from some 
forms of that species only by the yellow collar. It is less strongly 
pigmented, a clearer, less yellowish-green, while the pattern of color- 
ation is much less extended, though essentially the same as in both al- 
lies. The transverse yellow line on joint 3, or collar, is present in 
this species only. The depressed spaces are yellow, as in f/exwosa. 

The moths emerge somewhat later than those of the allied species, 
during the first weeks in July. ‘The larvz have the same habits and 
occur in the same situations as flexuosa, but show a more marked pref- 


* The nearest ally of our H. shzrtleffii will doubtless prove to be the European 
H. cruciata. The moths are strictly congeneric, whereas H. flexuosa and its variety 
cesonia do not belong to Heferogenea or to Lithacodes, but properly to Tortricidia. 
H. shurtlefii has been very rare in collections, only the type being kuown for thirty- 
four years. Consequently it appeared to Mr. Neumcegen and myself that it might 
prove an aberrant form of c@sonia. However we overlooked two important struc- 
tural characters, not having the type for examination ; but this has recently been sent 
to me by Mr. Henshaw. It agrees with my bred specimens, of which a full account 
is presented herewith. The specimens are deposited in the U. S. National Museum. 


Dec. 1898.] Dyar: Lire—HistTories of N. Y.SLuG CATERPILLARS. 243 


erence for large trees. JI have found them rarely in Van Courtlandt 
Park, New York, and in several places on Long Island, most numer- 
ously at South-haven and Speonk. Mr. Joutel has found them at 
Glendale, but on small trees, as he tells me. ‘This species is distinctly 
a local one, and when once found, a number of larve can be secured. 
I have encountered a colony in the District of Columbia on some iron 
wood trees growing on the shores of Rock Creek and overhanging the 
water. ‘The situation is such that any other of our Eucleids could not 
live there, as they would fall in the water and be drowned at pupating 
time. 

The larval stages are passed with unusual rapidity. Mature larvee 
are first seen early in August, and but few last into September. With 
the exception of Avonea minuta, this is our smallest Eucleid larva. 


CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS. 


This larva has not been described, yet a specimen was seen by us 
before writing the synoptic table (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., II, 146), 
and confused there with /eterogenea flexuosa.* Only the last five 
words of the diagnosis were written actually from a specimen of flexu- 
osa ; the other words apply to the species, although not indicating the 
best specific differences. A corrected synoptic table will be given at 
the end of these articles. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL. 

Lgg.—Very small ; elliptical, flat, shining, slightly milky and iri- 
descent. Keticulations obscure, linear, elongated and irregularly 
quadrangular, not peculiar; size .8 x .5 mm., rarely 1.0 x .6 mm. 

Stage /.—Highest in front at first, later higher in the middle and 
more rounded, truncate before, tail rounded. Spines as in 7: palida, 
but smaller, distinctly alternating, the Y-shaped spines of joints 5, 7, 
g and 11 leaning out sometimes so much so that those of joints 7 and 
g lean at go° and those of joints 5 and 11 at 45° with the erect ones 
on the strong segments. The anterior limb of the Y-spines has a 
tendency to be shorter, especially on the weak segments, where, as on 
joint 11, it may be scarcely more than half as long as the other and 
lack the cleft tip. Tips bifid or trifid, brown, narrowed just before 


*In the long series of bred flexuosa-cesonia from the collection of the late Mr 
S. L. Elliot, occurs a single specimen of shurtleffii, showing that he, too, had con- 
fused the larvae, 


244 JouRNAL NEw YorkK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


the apex, the shaft of the spine pale. Color whitish, no marks except a 
large brown cervical shield. Head pale, eye black, mouth brown. Skin 
smooth as usual. Length .8-1.2 mm. Duration of the stage seven days. 

Stage /7.—Elongate elliptical, joint 3 truncate before, tail broadly 
square, scarcely notched at the sides. Dorsum and sides moderate, 
not distinctly concave, nearly flat. Subdorsal ridge segmentarily 
tubercular with large, low, round tubercles, bearing two short, blake 
sete, alternating, the tubercles of joints 5, 7 and 9 a little tipped 
outward. Lateral ridge not tubercular, gently waved segmentarily. 
Both ridges broadly covered with nearly contiguous granules, produced 
with pale slender spines, several from a granule ; on the apices of the 
tubercles and edge of the lateral ridge these spines are usually dark 
and distinctly seen, under a high power, to be arranged in the form 
of a radiating crown of 4 to 6 around an erect central spine (Plate XI, 
Fig. 5). Dorsal and lateral spaces centrally nearly smooth, the 
granules feebly developed. Depressed spaces indicated, slightly 
sunken, not fully differentiated and protected between the setose 
ridges. Color whitish, faintly tinged with green; dorsum darker 
from the food showing by transparency. Length, 1.2-1.9 mm. 

Stage [//.—Elliptical, not much elongated, tail rounded, quad- - 
rate, distinctly notched at the sides. Dorsum slightly, lateral space 
distinctly concave, subventral space very small and retracted. Sub- 
dorsal ridge prominent, segmentarily beaded tubercular. Both ridges 
with short, distinct black primary sete. Depressed spaces rather 
large and distinct, especially (1) and (4), the other small ones 
visible in a good light, none very sharply edged. Skin granules 
large on the tubercles, bearing a crown of minute black spines, losing 
these and grading off into smaller granules on the latticed ridges. 
The paler spines on these ridges may be seen in favorable lights to 
overhang the edges of the depressed spaces like minute fur. Lateral 
ridge weakly segmentarily waved with single setze at the projections. 
The latticed ridges are broad, several granules wide, the depressed 
spaces finely granular in the bottom. Color frosted whitish, opaque, 
no marks; later all faintly bluish-green from the blood, still without 
marks ; still later a narrow yellow subdorsal line appears in a series of 
dots on joints 4 to 10, free, or connected by a short bar on joint 8, 
either yellow or pinkish red. The brown rosette spines on the ridge 
give a shade along all the ridges and joining at the ends. Length, 
1.8—2.8 mm. : 


Dec. 1898.] DYAR: LiFE—HISTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 245 


Stage JV.—Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate, in general as 7. pa/- 
lida ; ridges, especially the sub-dorsal, slightly segmentarily waved. 
Depressed spaces deep, well marked with perpendicular sides. Skin on 
the latticed ridges shortly, finely, densely white pubescent with minute 
colorless fur arising in a crown from each small granule. On the 
ridges the fur is usually dark, but it may be pale and concolorous with 
the rest. Granules nearly uniform on all the latticed ridges, which 
are at least four granules wide. Depressed spaces (1) to (8) present, 
(7) and (8) partly confluent obliquely. Color light yellowish-green, 
sparsely pigmented in patches dorsally and in the upper half of lateral 
space, the ridges clearer. A narrow wavy yellow sub-dorsal line on 
joints 4 to 13, often appearing double at a certain angle by the refrac- 
tion of the distinct clear ridge, the pair connected by a narrow crim- 
son bridge on joint 8, varying in different examples. A faint yellow 
or salmon colored transverse band on the anterior edge of joint 3, 
shaded dusky by the dark rosette spines. Sides paler green, depressed 
spaces darker, without colored centers. Head green, width about .5 
mm. Length, 2.6—4.0 mm. 

Stage V. —Elliptical, tail rounded, slightly notched at the sides ; 
dorsal space about half as broad as the lateral one, flat; lateral space 
steep above, slightly concave ; subventral small, retracted ; the larva is 
therefore flattened. Subdorsal ridge indicated by the angular change 
in direction between back and sides; lateral ridge prominent. De- 
pressed spaces fairly large, distinct. Latticed ridges rounded, the 
sides not always perpendicular. The skin looks smooth, minutely 
granular, even shining a little ; but under a high power the 4 to 6 ro- 
sette spines are still seen on the granules, very short and pale. The 
granules are small, rounded, not quite contiguous, uniform’ all over, 
the narrowest latticed ridge four granules wide. The rosette spines 
are dusky on the anterior edge of joint 3. Color bright yellow green, 
rather translucent on the edges. The yellow subdorsal lines extend 
from joint 3 posteriorly to joint 13 anteriorly, narrowed at the addor- 
sal depressed spaces, slender, not reaching the extremities. A yellow 
band on joint 3 anteriorly, shaded with crimson below. Depressed 
space (4) yellow in the base witha green center. Subdorsal lines free 
at the ends, a yellow bridge centrally, varying in different examples. 
It may become broad, covering joints 7-9, containing a round red 
spot on joints 7-8, scarcely even widening the subdorsal line. Length, 
3.8-5.7 mm. 


246 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Stage VZ.—Shape as described. Absolutely smooth, finely clear 
granular, the granules low, rounded, contiguous, but not appressed, 
without a trace of the rosette spines. Depressed spaces rather small, 
but sharp, the latticed ridges not less than five granules wide. Spaces 
very finely granular in the bottom; (1) flat before, with green glan- 
dular center, (2) rounded, highest in the center, (4) elongate. Pale 
yellowish-green, shading to nearly colorless on the lateral ridge, the 
dorsum and upper part of lateral area on joints 6 to 11 distinctly 
spotted with emerald green pigment. A narrow yellow sub-dorsal 
line, straight, but slightly crinkly edged, on joints 4 to 13, the pair 
free and uniform (Plate XI, Fig. 10), or partly or wholly connected 
by a yellow bridge, usually with a small red spot (Plate XI, Fig. 8), 
or rarely a rather large one covering joints 7 and 9g and widened on 
joint 8 (Plate XI, Fig. 9). The red spot varies in color from vermil- 
ion red to light blue or dark slaty blue, edged with crimson. On 
joint 3 in front, a transverse yellow line, edged with crimson below. 
A series of red spots usually appears, beginning on the collar in front 
and extending to joint 5, not discoloring the dorsal depressed spaces. 
The spots are dull and diffuse. At the end of the stage the pigment 
is all dissolved and the larva appears entirely transparent, dirty whit- 
ish or waxy greenish, the internal organs visible in motion. It eats 
for only a short time in this condition, and leaves the twig to spin. 
Length, 4.8-8.2 mm., in some large larve suddenly increased to 
13.3 mm. at the end of the stage by the degenerative change in shape 
accompanying the loss of the pigment. 

Cocoon as usual, ellipticai, very small. The larvze do not leave 
the tree, but spin in the crevices of the bark. 

Food plants. Black oak, chestnut, beech, iron wood. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. 


. Larva, stage I, side view enlarged. 

. Two of the Y shaped setze more enlarged. 

. Young larva, stage III, dorsal view. 

. Asection of the skin granules, back and sides, stage II] more enlarged. 
. A single skin granule with rosette spines, top and side views. 


. The same side view. 

. The same, dorsal view, the usual colorational form. 
. The same, showing the largest red spot seen. 

. The same, showing the absence of the red spot. 

«¢ a1. Moth of Heterogenea shurtleffit §, suffused form. 

‘« 12. The same, 9, normal form. 


I 
2 
3 
4 
5 
a6 6. Mature larva, front view. 
il 
8 
9 
fe) 


Dec. 1898.] SLOSSON: SPIDERS OF FRANCONIA, N. H. 247 


LIST OF ARANE TAKEN IN FRANCONIA, 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


By ANNIE TRUMBULL SLOSSON. 


These spiders, taken by me during the last five years in Franconia, 
have all been examined and identified by Mr. Nathan Banks. There 


are 147 species in the list: 


Micaria montana £7. 
Micaria formicoides B&s. 
Graphosa conspersa Zor. 
Graphosa brumalis Zhor. 
Graphosa parvula Bés. 


Clubiona canadensis £7:. 
Clubiona abbotti Koch. 
Clubiona riparia Koch. 
Clubiona crassipalpis £72. 
Thargalia bivittata Keys. 


Agalena nzvea /7z. 
Tegenaria derhami Scop. 


Dictyna sublata “zz. 
Dictyna frondea £m. 
Dictyna maxima Bes, 


Theridium tepidariorum Koch. 
Theridium differens 27. 
Theridium sexpunctatum £772. 
Theridium rupicola Em. 
Steatoda borealis Hz. 
Steatoda marmorata ///z. 
Lithyphantes corollatus 2277. 
Euryopsis funebris //z. 
Diopcena nigra £77. 
Argyrodes trigonum /7//z. 
Ceratinella minuta 277. 
Ceratinella fissiceps Camér. 
Ceratinella micropalpus £7. 


DRASSIDE. 


Drassus neglectus Keys. 
Prosthesima atra Az. 
Prosthesima ecclesiastica “7/7z. 
Pythonissa imbecilla Keys. 
Peecilochroa montana £72. 


CLUBIONIDE. 


Thargalia pinnata £m. 
Agrceeca pratensis £77. 
Phrurolithus pugnatus £m. 
Phrurolithus alarius Azz. 


AGALENID. 


Cicurina creber Bé&s. 
Hahnia agilis Keys. 


DICTYNID#. 


Dictyna volucripes Keys. 
Dictyna foliacea “ez. 
Amaurobius ferox Koch. 


THERIDID. 


Tmeticus, n. sp.? 

Erigone persimilis Camdér. 
Linyphia mandibulata 27. 
Linyphia communis //¢z. 
Linyphia marginata Koch. 
Linyphia phrygiana Koch. 
Linyphia variabilis Bés. 
Lepthyphantes minuta 474, 
Lepthyphantes nebulosus Szzzd. 
Helophora insignis AZZ. 
Drapetisca socialis BZ£. 
Diplostyla nigrina Rezss. 
Bathyphantes zebra 27. 


248 JouRNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Ceratinella emertoni Camzbr. 
Ceratinella pygmzea £77. 
Ceratinopsis nigriceps £7. 
Cornicularia directa Camobx. 
Lophocarenum floreus Camzbr. 
Tmeticus plumosus £77. 


Epeira solitaria 2772. 
Epeira corticaria £77. 
Epeira cavatica Aeys. 
Epeira nordmanni Zhor. 
Epeira silvatica “72. 
Epeira sclopetaria Clerck. 
Epeira patagiata Koch. 
Epeira strix “Zz. 

Epeira trifolium /7/Zz. 
Epeira insularis és. 
Epeira trivittata Aeys. 
Epeira pratensis £7. 
Epeira displicata A/z. 
Epeira prompta ///z. 
Epeira placida Azz. 


Xysticus stomachosus Keys. 
Xysticus emertoni Keys. 
Xysticus elegans Aeys. 
Xysticus limbatus Keys. 
Xysticus 4-lineatus Keys. 
Xysticus galosus Keys. 
Xysticus triguttulus Keys. 
Xysticus gramineus £72. 
Xysticus formosus Bes. 


Lycosa pratensis Em. 
Lycosa frondicola £7. 
Lycosa erratica Fz. 
Lycosa carolinensis fz. 
Pardosa montana 27. 
Pardosa pallida Zm. 
Pardosa nigripalpis 2m. 
Pardosa brunnea £7. 
Pirata minuta Em. 


Bathyphantes alpina £m. 
Bathyphantes bihamata £m. 
Micronecta 5-dentata £m. 
Micronecta olivacea Em ? 
Micronecta discolor £7. 


EPEIRIDA. 


Epeira gibberosa /Zz. 
Plectana stellata //¢z. 
Singa variabilis Z7z. 

Singa maculata yz. 
Cyclosa conica Pad/. 

Zilla montana Koch. 
Cercidia prominens West. 
Argiops transversus £77. 
Larinia borealis Bhs. 

Meta menardi La¢r. 
Theridosoma gemmosum Koch. 
Pachygnatha brevis £7. 
Tetragnatha grallator //7z. 
Tetragnatha extensa Zzn7. 


THOMISID:. 


Coriachne versicolor Keys. 
Oxyptila conspurcata Zhor. 
Synzena obscura Keys. 
Misumena vatia Clerck. 
Tmarsus caudatus /7/z. 
Tibellus oblongus Walck. 
Thanatus rubicundus Aeys. 
Philodromus rufus Wadck. 
Philodromus vulgaris //z. 


LYCOSID/. 


Pirata insularis £72. 

Pirata montana £72. 

Pirata, n.sp.? 

Trochosa rubicunda Keys. 
Ocyale undata //zz. 
Dolomedes tenebrosus 77z. 
Dolomedes scriptus /z. 
Dolomedes sexpunctatus és. 


[Vol. VI. 


Dec. 1898.] COQUILLETT: 


Phidippus rufus /7/z. 
Phidippus mystaceus “7s. 
Phidippus borealis 22s. 
Philzeus militaris 77/2. 


Dendryphantes octavus “Zs. 


Icius elegans /7/z. 
Icius similis Bzs. 
Neon nellii Peck. 


LARV& OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS. 


ATTIDAL. 


Habrocestum decorum AZ2. 
Habrocestum borealis Bzs. 


Habrocestum cristatum ///z. 


Ergane borealis ZA. 
Saitis pulex /éz. 

Attus palustris Peck, 
Attus cruciatus £7. 
Zygoballus iridescens Bs. 


249 


Habrocestum coccatum ///z. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS 
LARVA. 


By D. W. CoguiLLETttT, 


Nola miniuscula Ze//. 


Body light bluish-green or light gray, on each of the segments 
four to eleven is a transverse row of four very large brownish warts, 
which are thinly covered with short whitish hairs, while below the 
lowest of each, and on 1, 2, 3 and 12 segments is a smaller 
greenish or gray wart thinly covered with longer white hairs; a 
subdorsal wavy black line on anterior part of body, sometimes ex- 
tending nearly the entire length of the body; head small, wholly 
contractile in the first segment, light brownish, a black dot on each 
side, spiracles wholly brown ; fourteen legs, none under segment six. 
Length, 12 mm. 

Found one June gth and three June 11th, 1886, feeding upon a 
Tenthridinid gall on willow ; they feed upon them from the outside. 
Two spun whitish, elongate-ovate, tough cocoons June 12. ‘The date 
of the issuing of the moths was not noted. 


Scepsis wrightii Groce. 

A caterpillar pupated December 14, 1889, and the moth issued 
February 11 of the following year. ‘The chrysalis is pale yellowish, 
marked with a dorsal, lateral and ventral broad black interrupted band 
and a subdorsal row of black dots. Another caterpillar pupated Feb- 
ruary 18, 1890, and the moth issued March 21, of the same year. 


250 JourNaL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY [Vol VI. 


Arctia nevadensis Groce. 

Body black, with a purplish tinge, the portion below the spiracle 
lighter, more grayish; a broken dull white dorsal line; warts light 
gray, hairs issuing from them in spreading clusters not concealing the 
ground color, mixed black and reddish, or black and yellowish, the 
red and yellow hairs most numerous in the middle of the dorsum and 
low down on each side of the body, and varying in color from a bright 
brick-red to a pale straw-yellow ; spiracles yellowish-brown, ringed 
with black ; head black, the sulcus on top between the two lobes, usu- 
ally the sides and lower margin of the clypeus and a dot at the base of 
each antenne, yellow, mouth parts marked with yellow, anal and ab- 
dominal prongs largely pale yellowish. Length, 36 mm. 

Found a great many from one-half to nearly full grown feeding 
upon various plants at Santa Monica, California, March 14, 18g91. 
Placed leaves of Malva borealis in their cage, and they fed greedily 
upon them. One moth issued July 29 ; at this date there were two 
chrysalids and ten larve ; the remaining moths issued in August and 
September. All the moths bred had the black thorax. 


Hemileuca electra Wright. 

Body black, thickly dotted with white ; an indistinct broken black 
dorsal line bordered by a white line; a yellowish or white subdorsal 
and two stigmatal lines, one of the latter above and the other below 
the spiracles ; spines short, in thin spreading clusters, those in the two 
dorsal rows simple except on segments one and two, in the other rows 
a branched spine arises from the middle of each cluster, each branch 
terminating in a long slender bristle ; body thinly covered with short 
stiff white hairs, not concealing the ground color ; head shining black, 
thinly covered with short stiff white hairs ; space between the two 
stigmatal lines less dotted with white than the remainder of the body ; 
sutures more or less brownish; spiracles brown, ringed with black. 
Length, 45 mm. 

Found several on Lriogonum fasciculatum on a high hill near 
Riverside, California, April 12, 1887. One pupated May 8, and the 
moth issued November 1, of the same year. 


Dec, 1898]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 261 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL SOCIETY. 


MEETING OF DECEMBER 21, 1897. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Palm in the chair. Ten members and several visitors present. 

The resignations of Messrs. Pike and Kiichler were read and accepted. 

Mr. Groth moved that the President appoint a committee to propose names for 
the officers for 1898. Accepted. Messrs. Beutenmiiller, Zabriskie, Groth and 
Daecke were appointed to serve on this committee. 

Mr. Shoemaker read a paper on ‘‘ Sugaring for Moths,’’ in which he stated that 
he had collected during the past summer at Aqueduct, Long Island, from June 16th to 
October 16th, and that he had taken 118 species of Noctuidze on 26 trips, and 
amongst which were-species of Agrotis, Teniocampa, Scopelosoma, Cucullia, Plusia, 
Fladena, Mamestra, etc. His method of collecting was to suspend dried apples 
that had been strung on a copper wire and soaked in the sugaring mixture. These 
were hung on bushes and small trees along thickets. While the usual bait of beer; 
molasses and rum was attractive to the moths, he found that adding a little asafcetida 
rendered the mixture still more attractive, and that the moths would prefer this 
mixture to the former. He stated that weather conditions most favorable to 
collect in were clear, dark nights with a light breeze, and that it made no difference 
if it was warm or cold. There were few moths flying on moonlight nights. During 
the summer he spent several days collecting in the same locality for Lepidoptera 
and took Argynnia idala, Pamphila pontiac, Chrysoph. thoé, Neonympha canthus, 
Acontia delecta, Doryodes bistriaris, Cilla distema, and also pupee of Hydrecta ne- 
copina in stalk of wild sunflowers. 

Mr. Blackburn, exhibited a book of butterflies, which proved a novel way of 
mounting them. He explained that by taking some paper slightly gummed and 
pressing the wing between two pieces, all the scales would adhere to the paper and 
by painting in the body of the insect in its proper place, a perfect representation of 
the insect could be obtained. After discussion, adjournment. 


MEETING OF JANUARY 4, 1808. 


Held in the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Palm in the chair. ‘Twelve members present. 

The Treasurer’s Annual Report was read, approved and referred to the oe 
Committee. 

The following officers for 1898 were elected. President, Dr. E. G. Love; 
Vice-President, G. F. Groth; Treasurer, L. H. Joutel ; Recording Secretary, E. 
Daecke ; Corresponding Secretary, Ernest Shoemaker ; Executive Committee, Messrs. 
Zabriskie, Palm, Daecke, Hug, and Dr. Ottolengui ; Publication Committee, Messrs. 
Beutenmiiller, Joutel, Schaeffer and Groth. 

Rev. Zabriskie exhibited a small Proctotrypid Hymenopteron, Dyryinzs, sp., 
with chelate anterior tarsi. He referred to the fact of the Hymenoptera being in 
general beneficial to man, because of their preying, as captors or parasites, upon in- 
jurious insects; the Proctotrypidz being especially beneficial as parasites upon the 


252 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


smaller insects, and largely upon insect eggs. The Dryinz are said to confine their 
atfacks to small hymenopterous insects such as Jassidze, etc., and to live in small felt- 
like sacks protruding from the abdominal spiracles of the host. A curious feature 
found only in this one sub-family of hymenoptera, is that of the chelate anterior 
tarsi of the females. These chelze are formed somewhat on the plan of the formid- 
able pincers of the lobster, although relatively more slender, They are outgrowths 
from the inner side of the fourth tarsal joint and are of comparatively large size, so 
that when opened in a straight line, the expanse is nearly equal to the combined 
length of all five tarsal joints; when the two members of pincers are closed together, 
the lid is folded upward against the inner side of the first, second and third tarsal 
joints. They are probably used for holding the prey when the female is ovipositing, 

Mr. Beutenmiiller showed a number of remarkable Australian Hepialids from Mr. 
Schaus’ collection; among which were Zelotypia stacyi, Hlepialus virescens, 7. 
swainsonit, H. daphnandre, H. eximia, H. splendens, H. lignivorus and H. lewinit. 

Mr. Joutel spoke on the protective habit of Cotalpa Janigera. He stated that the 
beetle, which is bright yellow and a very conspicuous object, has the habit of drawing 
the edges of the leaves together with its claws, so that it is completely hidden. 
Several may be on the same bush, but from this habit not one will be seen. He also 
exhibited eggs of the common walking-stick. They very much resemble seeds, in 
color, size and shape. Adjournment. 


MEETING OF JANUARY 18, 1898. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Dr. Love in the chair, Eleven members present. 

The Auditing Committee reported on the Treasurer’s accounts as being correct. 

Dr. Ottolengui spoke on the genus P/usza and pointed out the relative differences 
and doubtful nomenclature of various species of this genus. 


MEETING OF FEBRUARY I, 1898. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Dr. Love in the chair. Twelve members and several visitors present, 
amongst which were Professor Smith, Messrs. Southwick and Ormond. 

Mr. Joutel proposed Mr. W. T. Davis for membership. 

The President appointed Messrs. Zabriskie, Palm and Beutenmiiller, to form an 
auditing committee for 1898, and Messrs. Loss and Munch as the field committee. 

Mr, Crampton spoke upon experiments upon the grafting of pupze of Lepidoptera. 
He described in detail a series of experiments upon pupz performed during the spring 
of 1897. These experiments, he added, were similiar to those made by Dr. Born 
upon the coalescence of portions of different embryos of Amphibia. Besides the possi- 
bility of coalescence of two individuals or parts of individuals, there appeared in the 
Lepidoptera experiments certain other interesting problems, which related chiefly to 
the causes producing the magnificent colors of the imago. From the work of Mayer 
and others it has been shown that the pigmented colors are produced by the chemical 
decomposition of the hzemolymph in the empty scale cells. Hence, @ friorz, it 
might be possible to produce reciprocal color effects of one moth upon another differ- 
ently colored moth by uniting the hemolymph of each with that of the other. The 
problem of heredity involved in such cases, as C. promethea where the male and female 


Dec. 1898.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 253. 


are of different colors is the question whether the gonad of a certain sex and the color, 
are both the effects of a common set of causes, or whether the color is more directly 
dependent upon the gonad of a certain sex. As the color is produced by a chemical 
decomposition of the hemolymph, and as the hemolymph can hardly escape being 
reciprocally affected chemically by the sexual organs, the second of the assumptions 
would be indicated. 

The results so far obtained, however, do not warrant any final opinion upon this 
subject. The pupz used were those of the common Saturnidze, Ca//osamia promethea, 
Platysamia cecropia and Telea polyphemus. A cartilage knife or razor was used in 
cutting the pupe. The two portions to be united were placed in apposition and 
melted parafine was applied with a camel’s hair brush to the edges of the common 
wound. The cooled parafine formed a ring which kept the parts together and pre- 
vented the escape of the hemolymph. ‘Three groups of operations were recognized 
according. to the make-up of the complex. First, where parts from two different 
pupze were united in normal proportions. 

Homoplastic operations upon Cyz¢hza furnished three successful cases, Only 
one heteroplastic union was obtained. In this specimen a part of the abdomen of a 
female Aromethea was united to the rest of the body of a cynthia. ‘The part of the 
imago derived from the Aromethea showed no trace of ared color, but was buff, the 
ground color of the cyuthia. ‘‘Tandem’’ fusions formed the second group. In 
these a head was cut from one pupa and a part of the abdomen of the other, the parts 
being united on a long axis. ‘The resulting moths possessed four pairs of wings and 
six pairs of legs. Heteroplastic and homoplastic. 

Twin unions formed the third group. In these but little of each pupa was cut 
off. Moths joined by the heads, by their backs or tails or sides could be produced by 
corresponding operations. In some of the heteroplastic unions, however, was there 
any indications of reciprocal color effects. 

In summary it was pointed out that homoplastic unions were easier to produce 
than heteroplastic ones. Eleven per cent. of the latter was successful, while fifteen 
per cent. of the former furnished imagines. The mortality was greatest among the 
pupze of the first group, only six surviving the operation. The ‘‘Tandem”’ give a 
percentage of success of eleven. ‘The ‘‘ Twins’’ furnished twenty per cent. of suc- 
cessful operations. He hoped that future operations and experiments will furnish data 
for the solution of the problem of reciprocal color effects. Atter a lengthy discussion 
the meeting adjourned. 

MEETING OF FEBRUARY I5, 1808. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 
President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present and several visitors. 
Mr. Davis was elected an active member. 
Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited specimens of the curiously formed butterflies, 4r- 
mandia lidderdalii and A. thaidina. 
Mr. Joutel showed living specimens of Ceruchus piceus in decayed white birch. 
After discussion, adjournment. 
MEETING OF MArRcH.1, 1898. 
Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 
Vice-President Groth in the chair. Twelve members present. 


954 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. 


Mr. Ditmars read a popular paper on the Transformations of Insects, and de- 
scribed in some details the main characteristics of the different orders. He also ex- 
hibited a series of prepared specimens of transformations preserved in alcoho] and 
some anatomical models. 

A brief note from Dr. Kunze on Zuchloé ima was read by Mr. Beutenmiiller. 
He stated that Aza is single brooded and flies in Pima and Maricopa Co., Arizona, 
principally during March. Dr. Kunze took it also on February 28, 1898. Pima 
rifles the flowers of a hirsute plant called Amsinckia spectabilis and stated that he 
never observed it feeding on any other plants. It is difficult to differentiate between 
the sexes on the wing, as both are exactly alike in color. Besides the female is very 
scarce and about in proportion as I to 20. 

Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited about 100 species of Sphingidz from Mr. Schaus’ 
collection. Amongst which were Ambulyx substrigalis, A. rubicosa, Pterogon gor- 
gonides, Sataspes infernalis, Maruba roseipennis, Amblypterus panopus, etc. 


MEETING OF MARCH 15, 1808. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Dr. Love in the chair. Fourteen members and visitors, Messrs. Kear- 
fott and Southwick, present. 

Mr. Southwick read a paper on the economic entomological work done in the 
parks of New York City. 

He enumerated and described in detail the various insects and the modes of de- 
stroying them, the sc aping of the egg-masses and cocoons in winter and the spraying 
of the foliage in summer. 

Mr. Southwick described the various emulsions for the destruction of insects, and 
Stated that a mixture of London purple against the Elm beetle was very effective, 
The work against the beetle is begun about the middle of May by spraying and again 
about June 6th for their larvze with an emulsion of soft soap, kerosene, carbolic acid 
and water, ‘The various borers are treated with bisulphide of carbon. Fungi which 
promptly appear after trees have been wounded are scraped off and the affected places 
painted with celluloid. The bag-worm, 7hyridopteryx ephemera formis, formerly very 
abundant, has almost entirely vanished from the parks by effective work ; similarly the 
scale-louse, Puluinaria innumerabilis, formerly common in the parks, hasalmost entirely 
disappeared from that place. The speaker pointed out the effective work which is 
constantly in progress against a number of other injurious insects, such as the Ozgyza, 
different species of Datana, Hyphantria, oyster-shell bark louse (AZyéilaspis) and 
different Hackberry Galls (Pachypsylla). 

In conclusion the speaker showed a number of tools used for economic ento- 
mological work, such as knives, scrapers, spraying nozzles, etc. 

Mr. Palm exhibited some rare Coleoptera collected by Dr. Kunze in Arizona. 

Mr. Kearfott showed a box of inflated larvee. After discussion adjournment. 


MEETING OF APRIL 5, 1898. 
Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 
President Dr. Love in the chair. ‘Ten members present. 
Dr. Seifert spoke on experiments of heat and cold upon pupze of Lepidoptera. 
He stated that larva exposed to an abnormal degree of heat or cold showed no visible 


Dec. 1898.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 255 


differences in the imago, pupz, however, exposed to heat yield images of darker and 
more intense coloring, while such exposed to a longer period of abnormal cold will 
produce comparatively lighter effects. Excessive moisture causes a scarcity of scales 
and gives the wings a glassy semitransparent appearance. He exhibited a number of 
specimens produced by abnormal temperature. 

Mr. Davis spoke on the dragonflies of Staten Island. 

Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited a nest of Vespa crabro from Europe. ‘This nest had 
evidently been built between the rafters of a house, being covered with a very brittle 
wood-pulp from which the resinous substance exuded, giving the nest a variegated ap- 
pearance. Usually this species builds its nest in a hollow tree. 

Mr. Groth exhibited a series of biological sets and transformations of Wasps. 
After discussion, adjournment. 


MEETING OF May 3, 1808. 

Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

Dr. Love in the chair. ‘Ten members present. 

Mr. Schaeffer made some remarks on the genus Omus, and exhibited O. lecontez, 
edwardsiz, seqguoiarum, californicus, audouint, ambiguus and dejeani, all from the 
Museum collection. 

Mr. Beutenmiiller spoke on the genus Zzch/oé and pointed out that the American 
species may be placed into three groups according to venation, Midea, Euchloé and 
Anthocharis. 


After discussion, adjournment. 


MEETING OF MAy 17, 1898. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Dr. Love in the chair. “Ten members present. 

The publication committee reported that they discussed the expediency of holding 
an auction sale of insects for the benefit of the JOURNAL, 

Dr. Love proposed the following amendment to the constitution and by-laws: 

** Resolved, That Article XVI be amended by inserting the words ‘and Sep- 
tember’ after the word ‘ August’ and by the omission of the word ‘and’ between 
the words July and August.’’ 

The resignation of Mr. Nushardt was read and accepted. 

Mr. Deecke gave some notes on Zhecla damon, in which he stated that this 
creature had the habit of dropping to the ground when disturbed, and owing to its 
green and brown colors was difficult to detect amongst grass. 

Mr. Beutenmiiller, stated that the Museum collection of Coleoptera is now be- 
ing arranged, and he estimated that it contained at least 150,000 specimens. 

A general discussion of the species of Czcinde/a was held, after which followed 
adjournment. 

MEETING OF JUNE 7, 1808. 

Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present and several visitors. 

Mr. Beutenmiiller announced a donation by Mr. Schaus of $50.00 to the Jour- 
NAL fund and it was moved and accepted that the Secretary forward a letter of 
thanks to Mr. Schaus for this generous donation. 


256 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE: 


The amendment to the constitution and by-laws announced at the previous meet- 
ing was accepted. 

Mr. Schaeffer proposed for active membership Messrs. Joseph E. Graef and F 
A. Stinner. 

A discussion on the species of the genera Pamphila and Leptura was held. 
Adjournment. 


MEETING OF JUNE 21, 1898. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present. 

Messrs. Stinner and Graef were elected as members of the Society. 

Mr. Beutenmiiller proposed Mr. W. D. Kearfott for active membership. 
After a discussion on various topics the meeting adjourned until October. 


MEETING OF OCTOBER 4, 1898. 


Held at the American Museum of Natural History. 

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present. 

Mr. Kearfott was elected as member of the Society. 

It was moved and accepted that a vote of thanks be extended to Mrs. A. T. 
Slosson for a number of rare Zefzdoptera which she donated for the auction sale. 

Mr. Joutel made some remarks on a curious variety of Spilosoma latipennis 
which had yellow forelegs. He stated that these were bred from eggs of a specimen 
which had pink forelegs, the normal form. 

Mr. Beutenmiiller spoke on the observations made by Dr. Seifert on three closely 
allied species of Arctia—nais, phalerata and vittata, and proved the validity of these 
three species. 


INDEX To VoLumE VI. 


Acanthocnema, gen. of, 161 


Acicephala, gen. nov,, 161 
polita, sp. nov., 163 
pilosella, sp. nov., 163 


Acoloithus rectarius sp. 
noy., 
Acontia obscura, sp. 


44 


nov., 117 
trilinea, sp. nov., 117 
Acraga, genus of, 232 
Actobius pzderoides, 204 
umbripennis, 205 
/Eschna constricta, 197 
verticalis, 196 


/&thria rubipectus, sp. n.,139 
Agrotis aureolum, sp. 


nov., 107 
lacrumans, sp. nov., 139 
molepa, sp. nov., 108 
oaxacana, sp. nov., 107 
perotensis, sp. nov., 107 
Agliadze, class. of, 9, 18 
Aidos, gen. of, 233 
Alibama scuroba, sp. 
nov., 112 
Anax junius, 197 
longipes, 197 


Anicla mahalpa, sp. n., 109 
Anomalagrion hastatum, 196 
Amathes gasiva, sp. nov. ,108 


yaxdcaba, sp. nov., 108 
Amphiagrion saucium, 196 
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 69 

brevicollis, sp. nov., 70 

gracilis, sp. nov., 69 


grandicollis, sp. novy., 69 
maritimus, sp. nov., 68 
punctipennis, sp. noy., 68 


teres, sp. nov., 70 
Amydona, gen. nov., 237 
sericea, 237 


Apatela minella, sp. nov., 41 
Apoda y-inversa, life hist.155 
Aplogompha chortaria, sp. 


nov., 145 
Apatides, gen. nov., 70 
fortis, sp. nov., 70 
puncticeps, sp. nov., 71 
robustus, sp. nov., 71 
Aranee, list of, 247 


Ardis, 128 
Argia forcipata, 196 

violacea, 196 
Arctia nevadensis, 250 


Ashmead, gen. nov., by, 


127, 128 
Aspidiotus albopictus, 179 
var. leonis, nov., 179 
agavis, sp. nov., 178 
jatrophe, sp. nov., 178 
koebelei, sp. nov., 179 
Atethmia editha, sp. 
nov., II5 
paulensis, sp. nov., 116 
targa, Sp. nov., II5 
Attacine, class. of, 9 
Automerine, class. of, 9 


Automeris castrensis, sp. 


nov., 141 

naranja, sp. Nov., 140 

zaruma, sp. nov., 140 
Azelina castraria, sp. 

nov., 147 
Baccha tropicalis, 50 
Baker, article by, 53 
Banks, article by, 181 


Bapta ruptilinea, sp. nov.,145 
Basizeschna janiata, 196 
Bathyphantes, sp. nov., 214 


Batrisus ferox, 215 
globosus, 222 
Bertholdia, species of, 36 
schausiana, sp. nov., 36 


Beutenmuller, articles by, 


Blennocampa, 
Bostrichini, genera of, 
Bostrichus armiger, 


angustus, sp. nov., 72 
bicornis, 72 
californicus, 72 
truncaticollis, 72 
Boyeria vinosa, 196 
Brachycis, gen. nov., 86 
brevicollis, sp. nov., 87 


Brachycodilla, gen. nov. ,233 


Brachymyrmex heeri, 216 
Bruceia hubbardi, — sp. 
nov., 33 


Calozarca, gen. nov., 129 


Camponotus melleus, 220 
Capulinia jaboticabe, 174 
sallei, 173 
Carneades cofrensis, sp. 
nov., 109 
colima, sp. nov., 109 
Casey, article by, 61 
Celithemis elisa, 198 
eponina, 198 
Ceracis punctulata, sp. 
nov., go 
sallei, go 
Cerococcus corticis, sp. 
nov., 170 
Ceroplastes roseatus, sp. 
nov., 116 


Cerura nivea, life history 
of, 188 
Cheetosa, gen. nov., 161, 163 


Chelanops tristis, 204. 
Chlorizagrotis sorella, sp. 
nov., 141 
Chloridea distincta, sp. 
nov., 117 
Chlorops, aristalis, sp. 
nov., 46 
assimilis, 47 
graminea, sp. nov., 47 
prolifica, 48 
pullipes, sp. nov., 47 
rubida, sp. nov., 46 
scabra, sp. nov., 46 
Chrostosoma  cardinale, 
sp. nov., 139 
Cicurina arcuata, 214 
creber, 214 
Cioidze, 77 
Cis carolina, sp. nov., 78 
congesta, sp. nov., 82 
creberrima, 80 


curtula, sp. nov., 83 
duplex, sp. nov., 82 
fraterna, sp. nov., 80 
fuscipes, 78 
hirsuta, sp. nov., 83 
horridula, sp. nov., 81 
hystricula, sp. nov., 82 
illustris, sp. nov., 81 
impressa, sp. nov., 79 
macilenta, sp. nov., 80 


258 
montana, sp. nov., 82 
mormonica, sp. noy. 81 
pallens, sp. nov., 78 
pistoria, sp. nov., 79 
soror, sp. nov., 83 
striolata, sp. nov., 79 
ursulina, sp. nov., 83 
versicolor, sp. nov., 80 
vitula, 81 

Citheroniidze, 9 

Cockerell, article by, 165 


Compsomyia, macellaria, 204 
Coquillett, articles by, 160, 
187, 249 
Cordulegaster maculatus, 196 
Cordylura nebulosa, sp. 


nov., 164 

slossonze, 164 
Cosmosoma _biseriatum, 

sp. nov., 138 

bolivari, sp. nov., 138 

dorsimacula, sp. nov., 138 
Crambidia lithosoides, sp. 

nov., 33 


uniformis, sp. nov., 33 
Cremastogaster lineolata,208 
Ctenochiton aztecus, sp. 

nov., 176 
Cucullia lilacina,sp. nov. ,116 


strigula, sp. nov., 116 
Cyclara, 233 
Cydosia, synopsis of, 41 
Cynorta mexicana, sp. 

nov., 181 


Dacira ranapa, sp. nov., 116 


Dalceridz, genera of, 231 
Dalcerides, 232 
Dalcera, 231 
Dalcerina, gen. nov., 232 
Davis, article by, 195 


Dendrobiella, gen. nov., 67 
pubescens, sp. nov., 67 
ee 


quadrispinosa, 7 
sericans, 67 
subleevis, sp. nov., 68 
Diaspis baccharidis, sp. 
nov., 179 
Diczlus ovalis, 215 
Dinoderus amplus, sp. 
nov., 75 
asperulus, sp. nov., 74 
cribratus, 75 
densus, 75 
hispidulus, sp. nov., 75 
opacus, sp. nov., 75 
pacificus, sp. nov., 74 


parvulus, sp. noy., 
porcatus, 


INDEX. 


punctatus, 76 
pusillus, 76 
sobrinus, sp. nov., 74 
substriatus, 73 
truncatus, 76 
Diplax, list of, 198 


Dirphia muscosa, sp. 
nov., 141 
Dragonflies, list of, 196 
Drosophila ampelophila, 220 
Dyar, articles by, 
I, 33, 94, 121, 150, 
I5I, 158, 231, 241 
Dyomyx jonesi, sp. nov., 120 
volcanica, sp. nov., 119 
Eleusis pallida, 204 
Enallagma, list of, 196 
Endromide, 9g, 10 
Ennearthron californicum,89 
ccnvergens, sp. nov., 
discolor, sp. nov., 


grossulum, sp. nov., 89 
laminifrons, sp. nov., 89 
piceum, sp. nov., 88 
pullulum, sp. nov., go 
thoracicorne, 88. 
unicorne, sp. nov., 90 
Entodecta, 129 
Epizschna heros, 196 
Epicinconia, gen. nov., 232 
Epiperola, gen. nov., 238 


Episibine, gen. nov., 
Erigone albescens, 205, 
Erginus mexicana, sp. 


nov., 181 
Erythraspides, 128 
Eubaphe ostenta, 39 

splendida, 


Euceratocerus macer, sp. 
nov., 
pleuralis, sp. nov., 


saginatus, sp. nov., 65 
Euclea, 234 
cebrensis, 234 
copac, 235 
diversa, 235 
minima, 234 
unitata, 234 


viridogrisea, sp. nov., 
Euclidia diagonalis, sp. 


nov., 41 
Eudyaria venata, larva, 150 
Eupeodes volucris, 50 
Eurina exilis, sp. nov., 45 
Eurois bertha, sp. nov., 143 

orbiculata, sp. nov., 143 
Eustrotia bertha, sp. n., 118 

malonia, sp. nov., 144 


Feralia jocosa, life-history 


of 182 
Fenusa, 127 
Galgula castra, sp. nov., 119 


cuprea, sp. nov., 119 
Gaurax anchora, 48 
montanus, sp. nov., 48 
Gomphus exilis, 196 
villosipes, 196 
Gorgonidia, gen. nov., 36 
mirabilior, sp. noy., 37 
Grote, articles by, 9, 60 


Grotella dulcita, sp. nov., 


: 144 
Hadena dyschoroides, sp. 


nov., 142 

lignaris, sp. nov., 112 

orizabena, sp. nov., 142 

zuelana, 5p. nov., 143, 
Harpalus faunus, 208 
Hecatera marmica, sp. 

nov. 112 


> 
Helicodiscus lineatus, 


12035205, 
Hemichroa albidovariata, 


larva of, 125 

fraterna, life-history, 124 
phytophagica, sp. nov., 

125 

Hemileucine, 9 
Hemileuca electra, larva 

of, 250: 


Henicomyia, gen. nov., 187 
hubbardii, sp. nov., 187 

Heterogenea flexuosa, 
life-history of, 94 
shurtleffii, life history, 241 

Hexamitocera, genus of, 167 


vittata, sp. nov., 165. 
Hippelates bicolor, sp. 

nov., 48 

capax, sp. nov., 48 
Hydromyza, 161 


Hylesia nigricans, larva, 150 
Hyperchiria coreus, larva, 


150: 

viridescens, larva, 150: 
Hypoprepia mexicana, 33 
Icerya littoralis, 168 
maskelli, 166 
montserratensis, 167 
palmeri, 167 
purchasi, 165. 
rose, 168 
Idonauton, genus of, 236 
straminea, 236 
Ischnura ramburi, 196 
verticalis, 196 


Isobates minutus, 

Isodyctium, gen. noy., 
synopsis of, 
calricolium, larva, 
floridense, sp. nov., 
infrequens, sp. nov., 
murtfeldtiz, sp. nov., 
subgregarium, sp. n., 

Kunze, article by, 

Kaliosysphinga, 

Lacosoma arizonicum, 
sp. nov., 

Lasius americanus, 
flavus, 

Lathrobium simile, 

Lebena, synopsis of, 

Lecanium tuberculatum, 
sp. nov., 

Leptobunus spinulalis, 
sp. nov., 

Lestes, species of, 

Leucania misteca, sp. 
nov., 
oaxacana, sp. nov., 
jaliscana, sp. nov., 
oriza, sp. nov., 
orizaba, sp. nov., 

Leucorhinia intacta, 

Libellula, list of, 

Lichtensia mimosz, sp. 
nov., 

Limenitis floridensis, 
eros, 

Liobunum albipalpe, sp. 
noy., 
mexicanum, sp. nov., 

Lozogramma, setaria, 
sp- nov., 

Lucilia cesar, 

Lyczna fulignosa, 


214, 


Lycomorpka, synopsis cf, 35 


pulchra, sp. nov., 
Mamestra baruna, sp. 
nov., 
ciniva, sp. nov., 
gasiva, sp. nov., 
janeira, sp. nov., 
subpicta, sp. nov., 
zobira, sp. nov., 
trocas, sp. nov., 
Meganola, gen. nov., 


conspicua, gen. nov., 
Megapsyllide, 
Megapsylla, gen. nov., 

grossiventris, 


Mentaxya biformis sp. 
nov., 
butleri, sp. nov., 


34 


INDEX. 


Metatraga, 235 
Mesothemis simplicicollis, 
198 
Micropate, gen. nov., 72 
cristicauda, sp. nov., 73 
dinoderoides, 72 
simplex, 73, 
Miresa argentea, 235 
argentata, 235 
Micrathyria berenice, 198 
Microgonia fulcata, sp. 
nov., 146 
gilva, sp. nov., 146 
Momorepedius bellus, 204 
Monomorium minutum, 206 
Motter, article by, 201 
Myrmicina latreillei 216 
contracta, 223 
Nannothemis bella, 198 
Napata unifascia, sp. 
nov., 140 
Natada rufescens, 238 
Nehalennia posita, 196 
Nematus chloreus, life- 
history, 123 


Neritos, synopsis species, 37 
Noctua bolteri, sp. nov., 104 


calgary, sp. nov., Kopi 
cynica, sp. nov., IOl 
esurialis, 102 
exuberans, sp. nov., 103 
herculeana, sp. nov., 107 
hospitalis, 100 
inopinatus, sp. nov., 103 
jucunda, Iol 
plebeia, sp. nov., 105 
rosaria, 102 
rubifera, 100 
smithii, 99 
treatii, 103 
Nolide, 4L 
Nola, synop. of species, 42 
exposita, sp. nov., 43 
involuta, sp. nov., 42 
miniuscula, larva of, 249 
phylla, sp. nov., 43 
Nycteolidz, 40 
Nycteola proteella, 40 
Octotemnus denudatus, 
sp. nov., gI 
leevis, sp. nov., gI 
Odontosphindus _ clavi- 
cornis, sp. noy., 92 
denticollis, g2 


Oligia apicalis, sp. nov., 113 


cadema, sp. nov., 113 
niveiplaga, sp. nov., I12 
thoracica, sp. novy., I13 


259 
Opharus, synopsis of, 38 
Ophyra-leucostoma, 223 


Ophthalmophora fasciata, 


sp. nov., 145 
Opsiomyia, gen. nov., 

161, 162 

palpalis, sp. nov., 162 


Oreesia serpens, Sp. Nov., 120 


Orthocheeta, 161 
Orthocis, gen. nov., 84 
aterrima, sp. nov., 84 
punctata, 84 
Ortonia primutiva, sp. 
nov., 169 
Oscinidz, 45 
Oscinis  pectoralis, sp. 
nov., 49 
virgata, sp. nov., 49 
Oxacis dorsalis, 200 


Paramya flavia, sp. nov., 139 
Packardia geminata, larva, I 
Pachydiplax longipennis, 198 
Pzederus littorarius, 204 
Paleophobetron, gen. n., 239 
Palpidia, gen. noy., 33 

pallidior, sp. nov., 
Palindia hermura, sp. n., 119 


Palmatopus, 127 
Pamphila omaha, 57 
Pantala flavescens, 197 
Pareophora, 128 
Parazarca, gen. nov., 128 


Periclista albicollis, larva, 130 


chionanthi, 132 
diluta, larva, 129 
emarginata, larva, 132 
media, larva, 132 


purpuridorsum, sp. n., 129 
subtruncata, sp. nov., 131 


Peridroma scortea, sp. 
nov., 141 

Perola, genus of, 238 

Perithemis domitia, 198 


Pheia hamapera,sp.nov., 
Phenacoccus gossypii, sp. 


nov., 170 
Phobetron pitheceum, 157 
Phrodita bilinea, sp. 

nov., 120 
Phylmatocera, 128 
Physocleora obscura, sp. 

nov., 148 

punctella, sp. nov., 148 

tascaria, sp. nov., 147 
Piophila casei, 205 
Pityeja picta, sp. nov., 145 


Plagiomimicus musculus, 


sp. nov., 144 ° 


260 


Plathemis trimaculata, 198 
Plesciocis, gen, nov., 87 

cribrum, sp. nov., 87 
Polyphzenis aurea, sp. n., 110 

psittacea, sp. nov., I10 
Ponera contracta, 216, 223 
Pontania consors, larva, 121 


borealis, I21 
Praina, gen. nov., 114 
radiata, sp. nov., 114 


Proceedings, N. Y. E. 


Soc., 199, 251 
Prolimacodes, 239 
Prosternidia, 237 
Prosopophoria manihotis, 

sp. nov., 172 
Protalima, gen. nov., 236 

sulla, 236 
Pseudoparlatoria serrulata, 

Sp. nov., 188 


Pseudovipsana,gen.nov., 239 
Psilopora thesea,sp. nov.,147 
Pteronus carpini, larva, 121 
integer, larva, 122 
quercus, larva, 122 
Ptilmus acuminatus, sp. 


nov., 63 
basalis, 62 
flavipennis, sp. nov., 64 
lobatus, sp. nov., 62 


pruinosus, sp. nov., 63 
ramicornis, sp. nov., 63 
ruficornis, 62 
Ptychoglena, synopsis of, 40 
flammans, sp. nov., 
Pulex arizonensis, sp. n., 
brunneri, 


gillettei, 54 
howardii, 54 
lamellifer, 54 
longispinus, 54 


multispinosus, sp. nov., 54 
Pygarctia muricolor, sp. 


nov., 38 
Pyrrhotzenia coccinea, sp. 
nov., 241 
Rhadinocerea, 128 
Rhizophagus scalpturatus, 
204 
Reeselia, 42 
Saturniidz, 9, 14 
Scatophaga, 161 


INDEX. 


furcata, 
vulpina, sp. nov., 162 
Scepsis wrightii, larva of, 249 
Schaus, articles by, 107, 138 
Schinia brevis, 200 
Schizogenius amphibius, 214 


Scolinoneura, 129 
Seifert, article by, 182 
Selandriide, 127 


Semiothisa oaxacana, sp. 


nov., 146 
Semyra, 237 
coarctata, 237 
Senoclia, 129 
Sesia arizon#, sp. noy., 240 
tacoma, sp. nov., 240 
Setagrotis elata, sp. 
nov., 106 
Sibine, 233 
stimulea, life-history, 155 
Sigalcessa flaveola, sp. 
nov., 49 
Sisyrosea, genus of, 238 
textula, larva of, 157 
Siphonella inquilina, sp. 
nov., 48 
Slosson, article by, 247 
Spaziophora, 161 
Sphindus americanus, 93 
crassulus, sp. noy., 93 
trinifer, sp. nov., 93 
Sphingide, 12 
Staphylinus cinnamop- 
tora, 314 
Stenaclidia cindica, sp. 
nov., 148 
Stibadium corazona, sp. 
noy., 144 
jalada, sp. nov., 144 
Tabanus atratus, 50 
Tachardia mexicana, 173 
nigra, sp. nov., 172 
Talmia, 236 
Tarache axendra, sp. 
nov., 117 
duenna, sp. nov., 118 
jaliscana, sp. nov., 118 
mizteca, sp. nov., 118 
pyralidia, sp. nov., I17 
Telicota dara, 58 
Tenebrioides laticollis, 215 
Tenella, 127 


ERRATA. 


162} Tephrina griseata, 


sp. 
nov., 149 
quadarana, sp. nov., 149 
submarcata, sp. nov., 149 
Termes flavipes, 206 
Tetragoneuria cynosura, 197 
Theridion subterranea, 205 
Thosea, 238 
Tomestethus, 128 
Tortricidia pallida, life- 
history of, 151 


testacea, life-history of, 155. 


Townsend, articles by, 
50, 165 

Trachea paranica, sp. 
nov., 114 
Trabala truncata, 239 
Tramea carolina, 197 
lacerata, 197 


Trichodesma obliqua, sp. 
nov., 140 

Trichopteryx haldemanii, 222 

Trichromia, synopsis of, 37 


neretina, sp. nov., 37 
Tsanthrene pentagona, 
sp. nov., 139 
Typhlopsylla assimilis, 55 
bidentatiformis, 55 
charlottensis, sp. nov., 56 
nudata, sp. nov., 56 
pectiniceps, 55 
Uropoda depressa, 205 
Vipsania anticlea, 236 
Vespa crabra, nest of, 199 
Vitrea electrina, 215 
Volucella tamaulipana, 
sp. nov.. 51 
Webster, article by, 27 
Xenopates, 127 
Xanthoptera auruda, sp. 
nov., 118 
Xestocis, gen. nov., 85 
biarmata, 86 
insolens, sp. nov., 86 
levettei, sp. nov., 85 
miles, sp. nov., 85 
opalescens, sp. nov., 86 
Zadion albonotatum, 52 
Zarca, 129 
Zeuzera asylas, 60 
canadensis, 59 
Zoniloides miniusculus, 214 


Page 45, for Eurinzexilis, sp. nov., read Eurina exilis, sp. nov. 
Page 194, line 9, for immediate read immaculate, 


Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. VI, Pl. I. 


Life-Histories of Packardia geminata and elegans. 


— i 


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Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Val VIS Lila LY, 


Drasteria erechtea. 


Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. VI, PIV. 


ie 


Sa ee 


Drasteria erechtea. 


Journ. VN. Y. Ent. Soc. Win, WIL SEY, WHE 


ie 


“a0 


i 


ees 


Life-History of Heterogenea flexuosa. 


Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vo Vis EL VILL, 


Genitalia of Noctuide. 


Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 


Life-History of Tortricidia 


Vol Vi EL VILE 


testacea. 


Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vole VEE ELE Xe 


Nest of Vespa crabro. 


XG cle A ‘0S ‘ua (x ‘AT “uAnof 


. oh it 


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Prema te es 


Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. Vix Pl. XT, 


wis 9 


Life-History of Heterogenea shurtleffii. 


OF THE 


NEW YORK 


He MARCH, 1898. 
¥ 4 Edited by Witt1am BeurENMULLER. 
; ok : 
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NEW YORK. 
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; “i a * 7 Entered as second-class matter at the New York Post Office, June 11, 1895 


THE NEW ERA PRINT, LANCASTER, PA, 


os a & ‘The Life- “Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars: 3 Ey EPatraco! G. 


CONTENTS, 


An Attempt to Classify the Holarctic Eeniaentes from ‘the Acasa f ‘the 
- Wings. By A. RADCLIFFE GROTE,. . . 

- Notes on the Development of Drasteria erechtea. By I F. M. “WERSTER, 

New American Moths and Synonymical Notes. By HARRISON G. Dyar, 

- Notes and Descriptions of Oscinide. By D. W. CoQuILLETT, . oe 

Diptera from the Lower Rio Grande or Tamaulipan Fauna of Texas. 
TYLER TOWNSEND i ae ea y 

Notes on Siphonaptera, with Deseriptions of New. species. By Cant F. BAKER 

‘Notes on Lepidoptera. By W. J. HOLLAND, _ 
Nid Reply to Dr. aa Note, . 


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